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ABDURRAHMAN I Skip to content Ebü’l-Mutarrif Abdurrahmân ed-Dâhil b. Muâviye b. Hişâm (ö. 172/788)
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin kurucusu (756-788).
113 (731) yılında Dımaşk yakınlarında Deyrihannâ’da doğdu Annesi Râh, Berberî Nefzâ kabilesine mensup bir câriye idi. Küçük yaşta babasını kaybettiği için dedesi Halife Hişâm’ın yanında büyüdü. Abbâsî katliamından kurtulduktan sonra bir süre Fırat civarında gizlendi. Niyeti doğuya kaçmaktı, fakat Abbâsî askerlerinin kendisini takip ettiğini öğrenince âzatlı kölesi Bedr ile birlikte Suriye, Filistin ve Mısır üzerinden İfrîkıye’ye ulaşmayı başardı. İfrîkıye Valisi Abdurrahman b. Habîb el-Fihrî, Abbâsîler’e karşı olmasına rağmen, bağımsızlığını kazanmak arzusunda olduğu için Abdurrahman b. Muâviye’nin Kayrevan’da kalmasına izin vermedi. Bunun üzerine bir süre Berka’da kalan Abdurrahman buradan Tâhert’e, oradan da Fas’ın Akdeniz sahilinde yaşayan Nefzâ kabilesinin yanına gitti.
Abdurrahman, Kuzey Afrika’da beklediği desteği bulamayınca Endülüs’e geçmeye karar verdi. Ancak, önce yanından hiç ayrılmayan âzatlı kölesi Bedr’i göndererek durumu öğrendikten sonra hareket etmenin daha uygun olacağını düşündü. Bedr, Haziran 754’te İspanya’ya geçti; Emevî taraftarı olan kumandanlardan Ubeydullah b. Osman ve Abdullah b. Hâlid ile görüşerek Abdurrahman’ın mesajını iletti. Bu iki kumandan, Emîr Yahyâ b. Buht’u da aralarına alarak Endülüs’ün önemli simalarından Sarakusta (Saragossa) Valisi Sumeyl’den yardım istemeye karar verdiler. Sumeyl ilk görüşmede Abdurrahman’ın Endülüs’e gelmesini destekleyeceğini belirtmesine rağmen daha sonra fikrinden vazgeçti. Bunun üzerine onlar da Yemen asıllı kabilelerin yardımını sağlama yoluna gittiler. Bu kabileler Abdurrahman’ı Endülüs’e davet ederek ona her hususta yardım edeceklerine dair söz verdiler.
Abdurrahman b. Muâviye, Endülüs’ten gerekli yardım vaadlerini alınca, gönderilen bir gemi ile 1 Rebîülevvel 138 (14 Ağustos 755) tarihinde Gırnata sahillerinde Münekkeb’e (Almunecar) çıktı. Burada Ubeydullah b. Osman ile Abdullah b. Hâlid tarafından karşılandı ve Ubeydullah’ın elinde bulunan Torrox Kalesi’ne götürüldü. Abdurrahman’ın Endülüs’e geçtiğini haber alan Vali Yûsuf el-Fihrî, çeşitli vaadlerde bulunarak onu siyasî emellerinden vazgeçirmek için bir heyet gönderdi ise de sonuç alamadı. Abdurrahman, idareyi bir an önce ele geçirmek için harekete geçti. Şezûne (Sedona) ve İşbîliye (Sevilla) üzerinden Kurtuba’ya doğru ilerlerken taraftarlarının sayısı süratle arttı. 11 Mayıs 756 tarihinde Vâdilkebîr (Guadalquivir) nehri sahiline ulaşarak karargâh kurdu. Yûsuf el-Fihrî de şehirden çıkarak nehrin diğer sahilinde Musâre mevkiine geldi. Barış için karşılıklı elçiler gönderilmesine rağmen Abdurrahman kesin olarak savaş kararını vermişti. Gece karanlığından faydalanarak bütün birliklerini nehrin karşı tarafına geçirdi ve 15 Mayıs sabahı Yûsuf el-Fihrî’nin üzerine saldırdı. İki taraf arasındaki kanlı savaş Abdurrahman’ın galibiyetiyle sona erdi ve bu zafer ona Kurtuba’nın kapılarını açtı. Böylece Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin temelleri atılmış oldu.
Musâre Savaşı’nda mağlûp olan Yûsuf el-Fihrî ve Sumeyl, Abdurrahman’la yeniden savaşmak için hazırlıklara başladılar. Gırnata’yı ele geçirip yeterli miktarda kuvvet topladıktan sonra Kurtuba’ya doğru harekete geçtiler. Diğer yandan Abdurrahman, Yûsuf el-Fihrî ve taraftarlarının kendisi için her zaman tehlike teşkil edeceğini bildiğinden, daha fazla kuvvetlenmesine fırsat vermeden Gırnata üzerine yürüdü. Abdurrahman, Yûsuf ve Sumeyl’in Kurtuba’da oturmalarına izin verilmesi ve mallarına dokunulmaması tekliflerini kabul ederek savaşmaktan vazgeçti. Bununla birlikte, yıllardan beri Endülüs’te valilik yapan Yûsuf el-Fihrî’ye iki iktidardan uzaklaşmak ağır geliyor, ayrıca Abdurrahman’ın Yemen kabilelerinin desteğiyle Endülüs’ü ele geçirmesini hazmedemeyen diğer bazı kabileler devamlı olarak onu isyana teşvik ediyorlardı. Bu tahriklere kapılan Yûsuf, Kurtuba’yı terkederek Mâride’ye (Mérida) gitti ve burada isyan bayrağını açarak etrafında toplanan kalabalık bir grupla İşbîliye üzerine yürüdü. İşbîliye Valisi Abdülmelik b. Ömer el-Mervânî onu mağlûp etti (758). Tuleytula’ya (Toledo) doğru kaçan Yûsuf yakalanarak öldürüldü. Bu olayı Sumeyl’in hapse atılarak boğdurulması takip etti. Bu sırada Yûsuf’un oğulları Muhammed ve Kāsım’ın isyan teşebbüsleri de kolaylıkla bertaraf edildi.
Abdurrahman’ın Endülüs’te kısman sükûneti sağladığı bir sırada Alâ b. Mugīs el-Yahsubî, Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr’un desteğiyle Mağrib’den Endülüs’e geçerek Bâce bölgesinde isyan etti. Abdurrahman’dan memnun olmayan kalabalık bir grup da onun etrafında toplandı. Bâce ve çevresini ele geçiren Alâ, önce Kurtuba’ya doğru hareket etti. Ancak yanında fazla kuvveti bulunmayan Abdurrahman onu başşehrin uzağında karşılamak düşüncesiyle Karmûne’ye (Carmona) gelerek kaleye çekildi ve beklemeye başladı. Alâ kısa bir süre sonra Karmûne’ye ulaşarak şehri kuşattı. Kuşatma iki aydan fazla sürdü. Muhasaranın uzaması Alâ’nın taraftarları arasında anlaşmazlık çıkmasına sebep oldu. Bu fırsatı değerlendirmek isteyen Abdurrahman, beklenmedik bir anda kaleden çıkarak hücuma geçti. Alâ’nın kuvvetleri bu hücum karşısında dayanamadı, kendisi de dahil kuvvetlerinin büyük bir kısmı savaş meydanında hayatlarını kaybettiler (763). Halife Mansûr bu ilk teşebbüsünün başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmasına rağmen her fırsatta Endülüs’e müdahale ediyordu. Yine Kuzey Afrika’dan İspanya’ya geçmiş olan Abdurrahman b. Habîb es-Sıklebî, 779 yılında Tüdmîr bölgesinde isyan ederek halkı Abbâsîler’e biat etmeye çağırdı. Kendisi gibi Abdurrahman’a isyan etmiş olan Barselona Valisi Süleyman b. Yakzân ile iş birliği yaptı. Bunun üzerine Abdurrahman b. Muâviye Tüdmîr üzerine yürüdü. Bir süre onun kuvvetlerine mukavemet eden Abdurrahman b. Habîb, Tüdmîr’i terkederek Belensiye’ye (Valencia) kaçtı ve burada kendi adamlarından bir Berberî tarafından öldürüldü (779).
Fakat isyanlar birbirini takip ediyordu. 778 yılında Sarakusta’da Hüseyin b. Yahyâ ile Barselona Valisi Süleyman b. Yakzân ayaklandılar. Süleyman, Kurtuba emîrine karşı Frank Kralı Büyük Karl (Charlemagne) ile iş birliği yaptı. Bu anlaşmaya bağlı kalan Büyük Karl, Sarakusta üzerine yürüdü ise de mağlûp olarak geri çekildi. Franklar’ın çekilmesinden sonra Abdurrahman kalabalık bir ordu ile Sarakusta’yı kuşattı. Hüseyin b. Yahyâ, daha önce Süleyman b. Yakzân’ı öldürerek Sarakusta’ya tek başına hâkim olmuştu. Hüseyin, Abdurrahman’ın tâbiiyetini kabul ederek kuşatmanın kaldırılmasını sağladı. Ancak Kurtuba emîrinin geri çekilmesi üzerine tekrar isyan edince, üzerine İbn Alkame gönderildi. İbn Alkame Sarakusta’ya girerek Hüseyin’i yakalayıp Abdurrahman’a gönderdi. Hüseyin Kurtuba’da idam edildi (783).
Abdurrahman’a karşı yapılan isyanların hemen hepsi siyasî bir mahiyet taşımakta, sadece Şakyâ b. Abdülvâhid’in ayaklanması farklılık göstermektedir. Endülüs’ün doğusunda oturan Berberî Miknâse kabilesine mensup olan Şakyâ, Hz. Hüseyin’in soyundan geldiğini iddia ediyordu. Endülüs’teki Emevî hâkimiyetine son vererek Şiî bir devlet kurmak için âlimlerden kendisini desteklemelerini istedi (769). Endülüs’teki Berberîler’in büyük bir kısmı da onun etrafında toplanmıştı. Taraftarlarının çoğalması üzerine Şentemeriye’yi (Santaver) kuşattı, valisi öldürüldü ve bu bölgede bağımsız bir devlet kurdu. Bunun üzerine Abdurrahman b. Muâviye bu âsi üzerine kuvvetli bir ordu gönderdi. Bu orduyla mücadele edemeyeceğini anlayan Şakyâ dağlık bölgeye çekilerek çete savaşına başladı. Emevî ordusu bu taktik karşısında bir varlık gösteremeyerek Kurtuba’ya dönünce, Şakyâ yeniden Şentemeriye’ye hâkim oldu. Abdurrahman tarafından gönderilen ikinci orduyu Şentemeriye önlerinde yenen Şakyâ, Kūriye (Coria), Medellin ve Mâride’yi işgal etti. Abdurrahman’ın âzatlı kölesi Bedr kumandasındaki ordu da başarı sağlayamadı. Tehlikenin süratle büyüdüğünü gören Abdurrahman, âsi üzerine bizzat kendisi gitmeye karar verdi. Fakat bu sefer Şakyâ, Abdurrahman’ın karşısına çıkmadı. 772 yılında Abdurrahman Şentemeriye’ye karşı düzenlediği ikinci seferi de bir sonuç vermeyince Berberîler arasında sevilen Hilâl el-Medyûnî’ye Şakyâ’nın kontrolündeki bölgelerin valiliğini vererek onu âsilerle mücadeleye memur etti. Bunun üzerine Berberîler Şakyâ’yı bırakıp Hilâl’in etrafında toplanmaya başladılar. Bu gelişme karşısında Şakyâ Şentemeriye’yi terkederek Huf’a çekilmek zorunda kaldı. Kurtuba hükümetini birkaç yıl daha uğraştıran Şakyâ, sonunda Şentemeriye yakınındaki bir köyde iki kumandanı tarafından öldürüldü.
Abdurrahman b. Muâviye devri âdeta bir isyanlar devri olmuştur. Yukarıda bahsedilen isyanlar dışında Şezûne (Sedona), Tuleytula (Toledo), İşbîliye (Sevilla), Lebbe (Niebla), Kurtuba ve diğer küçük şehirlerde çeşitli zamanlarda ya müstakil olarak veya diğer isyanların devamı şeklinde isyanlar çıkmış, fakat Abdurrahman bu isyanları bastırmada fazla zorluk çekmemiştir.
Abdurrahman b. Muâviye bütün gücünü isyanları bastırmak için harcadığından hıristiyanlara karşı büyük bir sefer yapma imkânı bulamamıştır. Bununla birlikte hıristiyanlarla müslümanlar arasında mücadeleler eksik olmuyordu. Abdurrahman’ın Endülüs’te iktidarı ele geçirmesinden bir yıl sonra ölen Asturia Kralı I. Alfonso’nun yerine geçen oğlu I. Fruela, 768 yılında ölümüne kadar müslüman topraklarına akınlar yapmış ve Abdurrahman’ın isyanlarla uğraşmasından faydalanarak bazı küçük başarılar kazanmıştır. Abdurrahman’ın âzatlı kölesi Bedr kumandasındaki bir ordu 767’de Alava bölgesine zaferle neticelenen bir sefer düzenlemiş, yapılan anlaşma ile bölge halkı İslâm hâkimiyetini ve vergi ödemeyi kabul etmişti.
Abdurrahman devrinin en önemli askerî harekâtı, Büyük Karl’ın Sarakusta seferidir. Büyük Karl, Hüseyin b. Yahyâ ve Süleyman b. Yakzân’ın Sarakusta isyanı sırasında Süleyman’ın tahrik ve teşviki üzerine 778 ilkbaharında Pireneler’e doğru hareket etti. Pireneler’i Roncevaux Geçidi’nden geçip Pamplona ve Huesca üzerinden Sarakusta’ya gelerek şehri kuşattı. Fakat bir taraftan muhasaranın uzaması, diğer taraftan Saksonya’da bir isyanın çıktığı haberinin gelmesi üzerine kuşatmayı kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. Dönüşte Roncevaux Geçidi’nde Frank ordusunun artçı kuvvetleri müslümanlar ve Vasconlar’ın baskınına uğrayarak kılıçtan geçirildi. Bu baskın sırasında Bretagne Dükü Roland, saray kontu Anselmo ve daha birçok asilzade hayatlarını kaybetmişlerdir. “Chanson ve Roland” adı verilen Fransız millî destanı bu hadiseyi işlemektedir.
Abdurrahman otuz iki yıllık yorucu bir hükümdarlıktan sonra 25 Rebîülâhir 172 (2 Ekim 788) tarihinde öldü.
Abdurrahman b. Muâviye Kurtuba’da iktidarı ele geçirdikten sonra bir yandan ülkede birliği sağlamak için birbirini takip eden isyanları bastırmakla uğraşırken diğer yandan da yeni kurulan devleti teşkelâtlandırdı ve bazı imar faaliyetlerinde bulundu. Emevî hilâfetinin bir vilâyeti olan Endülüs’te artık bir devlet kurulmuştu. Vilâyetten devlete geçmek için idarî bazı düzenlemelerin yapılması gerekiyordu. Abdurrahman resmen bağımsız olmasına ve Abbâsî halifeleri tanımamasına rağmen “halife” veya “emîrü’l-mü’minîn” unvanlarını kullanmaktan kaçınmış, yalnız “emîr” unvanı ile yetinmiş, hutbe ve sikkelerde ise sadece kendi adına yer verdirmiştir. Merkez teşkilâtında henüz vezirlik makamı yer almıyor, yalnızca kadılar ve hâcibler bulunuyordu. Yaptığı ilk işlerden biri sağlam bir ordu kurmak oldu. Kuzey Afrika’dan getirilen ücretli Berberî birlikleri ile Güney Avrupa ülkelerinden sağlanan memlük ler, ordunun esasını teşkil ediyorlardı. Memlüklerin çoğunluğu gayri müslimlerden meydana geliyordu ve sayıları da oldukça kalabalıktı. Ülkeyi kurâ adı verilen idarî bölgelere (vilâyet) ayırarak başlarına vali veya âmiller tayin etmişti.
Abdurrahman, Kurtuba’yı devletinin başşehri haline getirmek için büyük gayret sarfetmiş, ancak askerî engeller sebebiyle başta Kurtuba olmak üzere diğer büyük şehirlerde geniş imar faaliyetine girişememiştir. Onun ilk büyük mimari eseri emirlik sarayıdır. Kurtuba’ya geldiği zaman valilerin oturduğu Dârülimâre’de ikamet ediyor ve burasını aynı zamanda idarî teşkilâtın bulunduğu hükümet konağı olarak kullanıyordu. Daha sonra, 784 yılında Vâdilkebîr’in kıyısında büyük bir saray yaptırdı. Geniş bahçeleriyle nehir boyunca uzanan saray ve müştemilâtına, Suriye’den örnek alınarak er-Rusâfe adı verildi. Abdurrahman’ın ikinci büyük eseri, sarayının yakınında yaptırdığı Câmi-i Kebîr’dir. 789 yılında tamamlanan ve sonradan yapılan ilâvelerle daha da büyüyerek günümüze kadar gelen bu cami, Endülüs Emevî mimarisinin en güzel örneklerinden biridir. Kaynaklarda, onun Kurtuba’da daha birçok küçük cami ve mescid yaptırdığı da belirtilmektedir.
Abbâsî katliamından kurtulmayı başarıp tehlikelerle dolu uzun bir yolculuktan sonra hiç tanımadığı, karışıklıklar içinde Endülüs’e geçerek iktidarı ele geçirmesi, ülkenin her tarafında birbirini takip eden isyanları bastırarak birliği sağlaması, Abdurrahman b. Muâviye’nin büyük bir şahsiyet olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Üç asır kadar devam eden Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin kurucusu olması, onun İslâm tarihinin büyük isimleri arasında yer almasını sağlamıştır. Kaynaklar ondan, “son derece halim selim, bilgili, zeki, kesin kararlı, güçlü, sürekli hareketli, zulüm ve haksızlıktan nefret eden, kendi işlerini başkalarına bırakmayan, devlet işlerini yalnız kendi düşüncelerine göre yönetmeyen, cesur, hamleci, fevrî hareketten uzak, kendine güveni tam, ihsanı bol, cömert, beliğ, şair ve edip” bir hükümdar olarak bahsederler. Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr’un ondan çekindiği ve “Allah’a şükürler olsun ki, benimle o iblisin arasında deniz bulunuyor” dediği rivayet edilmektedir. Ona “Kureyş’in doğanı” da deniyordu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Kūtıyye, Târîḫu iftitâḥi’l-Endelüs (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 31-32, 39, 44-63.
İbn İzârî, el-Beyânü’l-muġrib (nşr. G. S. Colin – E. Lévi-Provençal), Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 40-60.
R. Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne (nşr. E. Lévi-Provençal), Leiden 1932, I, 188-249.
E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l’Espagne musulmane , Paris 1950-53, I, 91-138.
a.mlf., “ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I’”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 81-82.
Muhammed Abdullah İnân, Terâcimu İslâmiyye , Kahire 1390/1970, s. 139-152.
Anwar G. Chejne, Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture , Minnesota 1974, s. 13-18, 31, 36, 112, 139, 152.
Hâlid es-Sûfî, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab fi’l-Endelüs: el-Fetḥ ve ʿaṣrü’l-vülât , Bingazi 1980, II, 43-108.
Hitti, İslâm Tarihi , III, 795-803.
İbrâhim Yâsin Hudayr ed-Dûrî, ʿAbdurraḥmân ed-Dâḫil fi’l-Endelüs ve siyâsetühü’d-dâḫiliyye ve’l-ḫâriciyye , Bağdad 1982.
Hüseyin Mûnis, Riḥletü’l-Endelüs , Cidde 1405/1985, s. 70-72, 81-82.
C. F. Seybold, “Abdurrahman”, İA , I, 47.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 147-150 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.