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ÂDÂB-ı MUÂŞERET Skip to content Terbiye, nezaket ve görgü kuralları anlamında ahlâk terimi.
İyi tutum ve davranışlarla bunları kazandıran bilgi için kullanılan edeb in çoğulu âdâb ile “barış içinde yaşama, birbiriyle uzlaşma” anlamındaki muâşere den (muâşeret ) gelen âdâb-ı muâşeret (âdâbü’l-muâşere ) genellikle bireylerin ve toplum kesimlerinin birbirine karşı olan sevgi ve dostluk duygularını güçlendirici medenî ve ahlâkî davranışları, nezaket ve görgü kurallarını ifade eder. Bu tabire klasik İslâm kaynaklarında rastlanmakla birlikte Osmanlılar’da Batılılaşma dönemine girilmesi sürecinde terkibin kullanımının yoğunluk kazandığı görülür. Bunun sebebi Batı kültüründe nezaket kurallarının şehir ve şehirli olmakla, dolayısıyla medenîlikle ilişkilendirilmesidir. Arapça’da “medenî” ve “medeniyet” kelimeleri “şehir” anlamındaki “medîne”den türemiştir. Fransızca “civilité” Latince’deki “civitas” (şehir) kökünden gelir. Fransızca “politesse” de Yunanca’daki “polis” (şehir) kelimesine dayanır. Buna göre Arapça’da ve Batı dillerinde nezaketle âdâb-ı muâşeret kavramları şehirle ilişkili görülmüş olup bunlar herkesin paylaştığı alanlardaki davranışlara, görgü kurallarına işaret eder; bu kurallar kişilerin karmaşık sosyal ağlarla birbirine ve devlete bağlı olduğu şehir hayatını düzenler (Davetian, s. 9).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de aile bireylerinin, akraba ve komşuların bir arada yaşamanın gerektirdiği hak ve sorumluluklara riayet etmelerini, uyumlu, geçimli ve güler yüzlü olmalarını öğütleyen, kaba, kırıcı söz ve davranışlardan sakındıran birçok âyet vardır (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/262-263; en-Nisâ 4/19, 114; el-İsrâ 17/23, 26, 28, 36-37; Lokmân 31/14-19; el-Hucurât 49/1-4, 9-13). Hadis mecmualarının “Kitâbü’l-Edeb”, “Kitâbü’l-Birr”, “Kitâbü’l-Câmi‘”, “Kitâbü Hüsni’l-hulk” gibi başlıklar taşıyan bölümlerinde âdâb-ı muâşereti ilgilendiren hadisler yer alır. Abdullah b. Ömer, Resûlullah’ın hiçbir zaman kırıcı davranmadığını belirttikten sonra, “Sizin en hayırlınız ahlâkı en güzel olanınızdır” dediğini ifade eder (Buhârî, “Edeb”, 39). Davranışlarındaki incelik ve yumuşaklıkla bilinen Hz. Peygamber, ilgili hadislerinin çoğunda güzel ahlâk tabirini “iyi huylu ve nazik olma, herkesle hoş geçinme” anlamında kullanmıştır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫlḳ” md.). Kezâ gerek âyetlerde gerekse hadislerde sıklıkla geçen ma‘rûf kavramı da toplumun kültürü içinde öteden beri bilinen, beğenilip uygulanan davranış tarzlarını ifade eder (bk. EMİR bi’l-MA‘RÛF NEHİY ani’l-MÜNKER ).
İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın (ö. 142/759) el-Edebü’l-kebîr ve el-Edebü’ṣ-ṣaġīr adlı eserlerinden başlamak üzere İslâm kültüründe oluşan zengin âdâb ve hikmet literatüründe, Mâverdî’nin Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn ’i, Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i gibi sistemli ahlâk kitaplarının ülfet, muhabbet, dostluk vb. konulara dair bölümlerinde âdâb-ı muâşerete dair bilgiler ve öğütler geniş yer tutar. İḥyâʾ nın buna dair bölümü “Çeşitli İnsan Sınıflarıyla İlgili Ülfet, Uhuvvet, Arkadaşlık ve Muâşeretin Âdâbı” başlığını taşır. Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin ferdî, ailevî ve içtimaî ahlâka dair bölümlerden oluşan Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî adlı eserinde, büyük ölçüde aynı planı izleyen sonraki ahlâk kitaplarında âdâb-ı muâşeret ve toplumsal yaşayışa ait kısımlar da yer alır. Bu kitaplarda yeme içme, ziyaret, komşuluk, konuşma, seyahat gibi gündelik hayatla ilgili güzel davranışlara ahlâkî davranışlar denmektedir (Meriç, s. 15). Osmanlı döneminde yazılmış en önemli ahlâk kitabı olarak bilinen Kınalızâde Ali Efendi’nin Ahlâk-ı Alâî ’si, nazik davranışı güzel ahlâk çerçevesinde ele alan en gelişmiş örneklerden biridir. Nasîhatnâme, Siyâsetnâme, Kābûsnâme, Âyinnâme gibi başlıklar taşıyan eserlerle “edeb”, “âdâb” başlıklı kitaplarda ise toplulukta ve aile hayatında uyulması gereken kurallar konu edilir (bk. EDEP ).
Bedr-i Dilşâd’ın Muradnâme ’si, Ali b. Hüseyin el-Amâsî’nin Tarîku’l-edeb ’i (Tâcü’l-edeb) XV. yüzyılda Osmanlı ülkesinde yazılan ilk muâşeret kitapları arasındadır. Şair Revânî’nin İşretnâme ’si eğlence meclislerinde, Âlî Mustafa Efendi’nin Mevâidü’n-nefâis fî kavâidi’l-mecâlis ’i seçkinlerin bulunduğu ortamlarda nasıl davranılacağını anlatır. Bu son eserde folklordan siyasete kadar toplum yapısını ilgilendiren meseleler, dönemin toplum yaşayışı ve düşüncesi üzerinde durulur (Şeker, I [1983], s. 152). Kâtib Çelebi, XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki ilmî hayat ve dinî düşünce hakkında kaleme aldığı Mîzânü’l-hak adlı eserinde âdâb-ı muâşeretin konusu olan tokalaşma ve selâmlaşma gibi uygulamalara dair görüşlerini de yazmış, Risâle-i Garîbe başlıklı anonim bir eserde de çevrede gözlemlenen edebe aykırı davranışlar ele alınıp eleştirilmiştir (XVIII. Yüzyıl İstanbul Hayatına Dair Risâle-i Garîbe , s. 7). Fransız tarihçi ve gazetecisi J.-H. Abdolonyme Ubicini, Şarklılar’ın ve özellikle Osmanlılar’ın teşrifata ve görgü kurallarına önem verdiklerini, Osmanlı saray kütüphanesinde bulunan ahlâkla ilgili 216 eserden yaklaşık otuzunun âdâb-ı muâşeretten bahsettiğini kaydeder (Osmanlı’da Modernleşme Sancısı , s. 177). Bu eserlerde gelenek ve görenekler, giyim, oturup kalkma, yemek yeme, büyüklere ve arkadaşlara karşı muamele, selâmlaşma, konuşma âdâbı gibi konular işlenir.
Norbert Elias, 1939’da yayımladığı bir çalışmasında Avrupa’da davranış biçimlerindeki değişim sürecini medenîleşme diye nitelemiştir. Elias’ın tesbitine göre Erasmus’un 1530’da basılan De Civilitate Morum Puerilium (çocuklar için görgü kuralları) adlı kitabıyla birlikte saray ve çevresine ait görgü kuralları genel anlamda şehir hayatını kapsayacak şekilde genişlemiştir. Vücudun belli organlarını ve işlevlerini gizleme, kamuya açık yerlerde uygun davranma ve nezaket ölçülerine uyma yönündeki baskı bu devirde giderek yoğunlaşmış, modern dönemde ise bireylerde gelişen öz disiplin ve sosyal endişe, kişileri umumi ortamlarda davranışını kontrol etmeye her zamankinden daha fazla zorlamıştır. Osmanlılar’da eskiden beri ahlâk ve âdâb kurallarıyla zengin bir muâşeret kültürü bulunmakla birlikte özellikle Batılılaşma’nın görüldüğü şehir çevrelerinde âdâb-ı muâşeretin kısmen ahlâktan bağımsız davranışlar için kullanılması ve âdâb-ı muâşeret başlığıyla kitaplar yayımlanması XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına rastlar.
XIX. yüzyıl öncesinde âdâb-ı muâşeretle ilgili eserler genellikle yüksek zümreye yönelikti. Toplumda ise görgü kuralları daha ziyade aile ve sosyal çevreden öğrenilirdi. Saray Başmâbeyincisi Lütfi Simâvi, Teşrîfât ve Âdâb-ı Muâşeret adlı kitabında bu durumu şöyle anlatır: “Her memleketin kendine mahsus usûl ve merâsim-i teşrîfâtiyyesi vardır. Bunlar kitaplarda bulunmaz, mektebi de yoktur. Bu dekāyıka kesb-i ıttılâ etmek tecrübeye, dikkate ve bilmediğini bilenlerden öğrenmeye mütevakkıftır.” XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren yayın faaliyetlerinin artması, ulaşım ve haberleşme imkânlarının gelişmesi, devlet merkezli eğitimin yaygınlaşması vb. gelişmeler Osmanlı toplumunun hayat tarzında giderek hızlanan bir değişim başlatmıştır. Bunun sonucunda Osmanlılar’da âdâb-ı muâşeret konulu eserlere ilginin arttığı görülür. Medenî dünyaya dahil olmak için Avrupa âdâb-ı muâşeretine uygun davranmanın gerektiğini düşünen bazı Osmanlı aydınları, âdâb-ı muâşeret başlığı altında bir dizi tercüme ve telif kitap yayımlamış, selâmlaşma, yeme içme ve sofra âdâbı yanında salon, sokak, yolculuk ve ziyaret âdâbı gibi davranış biçimleri bu kitapların konusunu teşkil etmiştir. Ahmed Midhat Efendi’nin Avrupa Âdâb-ı Muâşereti yâhut Alafranga adlı eseri, Lütfi Simâvi’nin Teşrîfât ve Âdâb-ı Muâşeret ’i ve Hasan Bahri’nin Centilmen ’i dönemin en kapsamlı muâşeret kitaplarındandır. Bunların önemli bir kısmı Fransızca’dan tercüme edilmiş, telif kitapların bir kısmı da Fransızca görgü literatürü esas alınarak yazılmıştır. Zira dönemin nezaket ve çağdaşlık standartları önemli ölçüde Fransızlar tarafından belirleniyordu. Nitekim aynı dönemde Amerika ve Avrupa’daki pek çok ülkede basılan görgü kitaplarının büyük çoğunluğu da Fransızca’dan çevrilmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında genellikle tercümeler serbest yapılıyordu. Dolayısıyla bazı âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarının Fransızca’dan çevrilmiş olması onların tamamen alafranga hayatı konu edindiği anlamına gelmez. Meselâ Resulzâde Hüseyin Hüsnü’nün Fransızca’dan çevirdiği Nezaket ve Usûl-i Muâşeret: Kavâid-i Âdâb ’ı ile (1889) Çençenzâde Hakkı Antakyalı’nın Arapça ve Farsça’dan yaptığı tercümelerden oluşan Zarafet (1890) pek çok açıdan benzerlik taşır; her iki kitapta da âdâb-ı muâşeretin dinî ve geleneksel kurallarla tanıtıldığı görülür. Bu sebeple Osmanlı âdâb-ı muâşeret literatürü, Avrupa davranış literatürüyle olan yakınlığına rağmen Osmanlılar’a özgü kurallar çerçevesinde şekillenmiş, âdâb-ı muâşeretin tanımı, referansları ve Avrupa âdâb-ı muâşeretinin benimsenmesi hususunda farklı görüşlere sahip bir Osmanlı davranış literatürü ortaya çıkmış, gelenekte bir ahlâk meselesi olan âdâb-ı muâşeret daha dünyevî bir boyuta taşınmıştır.
Ahmed Midhat Efendi, Avrupa’ya gidecek kişiler için yazdığı Avrupa Âdâb-ı Muâşereti yâhut Alafranga adlı kitabında âdâb-ı muâşereti, Fransızca’da “savoir vivre” olarak tabir edildiğini söylediği “günlük hayatın pratik bilgisi” diye tanımlamaktadır. Ona göre her milletin kendine has bir yaşayışı, bir de Fransızca’da “savoir vivre cosmopolite” diye ifade edilen muâşeret-i beyne’l-milel vardır. Bunlar da genelde birbirine benzer. Böylece Ahmed Midhat bir bakıma Avrupa âdâb-ı muâşeretini uluslararasında geçerli bir muâşeret saymıştır. Müellifi belirtilmeden yayımlanan Usûl ve Âdâb-ı Muâşeret adlı eserde, “Bugün usûl ve âdâb-ı muâşeret âlem-i medeniyyette öyle kavâid-i mazbûta tahtına alınmıştır ki milel-i mütemeddine bir tek millet gibi birbirlerine müşâbehet kesbetmektedirler. Hatta aksâ-yı Şark’ta külliyen müfrez bir millet olan Japonya dahi inkılâb-ı âhirinden beri sür‘at-i fevkalâde ile Avrupa âdât ve etvârını kabul ve tatbik etmiştir” ifadeleriyle medenî devletlerin muâşereti Avrupa âdâb-ı muâşereti olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu dönemde yayımlanan âdâb-ı muâşeret kitaplarının birçoğu Osmanlı toplumundan ziyade Avrupa’ya gidecek ya da farklı ortamlarda Avrupalılar’la bulunacak olan zümreler için kaleme alınmıştır. Bu kitapların bazılarında Avrupaî hayat tarzının Osmanlı toplumunda yaygınlaşmasından duyulan endişe de dile getirilir. Comtesse de Magallon’un Ahmed Cevad tarafından Fransızca’dan tercüme edilerek Rehber-i Muâşeret: Avrupa Âdâb-ı Muâşereti adıyla yayımlanan kitabının “ifâde-i nâşir” kısmında İbrâhim Hilmi şöyle der: “Bu kitap bence pek mühimdir. Bununla beraber bu eseri neşretmekle, ‘Garb muâşeretini terbiyemize dahil ederek siz de böyle olun’ demek istemiyorum. Yalnız onların âdâb-ı muâşeretini öğreniniz de ihtilât ettiğiniz zaman yabancı kalmayarak kendinizi sevdiriniz.”
Aynı dönemde çok yönlü bir değişim ve dönüşümün göstergesi olarak ortaya çıkan Osmanlı âdâb-ı muâşeret literatüründe Doğu ile Batı, ahlâk ile medenî davranış arasında kendine özgü, seçmeci bir muâşeret tanımı ve anlayışı elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu literatür II. Meşrutiyet’le birlikte belirli bir yöne doğru evrilmiş, Cumhuriyet’le birlikte siyasî irade tarafından tesbit edilen resmî bir misyonun ifadesi olarak devam etmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminde âdâb-ı muâşeret kitabı yazanlardan Saffetî Ziya, Cahid Sâhir, Vâsıf Necdet ve Abdullah Cevdet’e göre âdâb-ı muâşeret genelde “Avrupaî hayat tarzı” anlamına gelmekte, bu yeni hayat tarzının toplumun her kesimince benimsenmesi istenmektedir. Bu anlayışa göre modern âdâb-ı muâşeret sınırlı bir zümre için geçerli olmadığı gibi uygulama alanı da salon, balo, sahne oyunları vb. ortamlardan ibaret değildir. Uygar toplumda gündelik hayatın her safhası, her olayı göz önünde bulundurularak nasıl hareket edilmesi gerektiği el birliğiyle kararlaştırılıp düzenlenmiştir (Safvetî Ziya, s. 213).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ferit Devellioğlu, Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat , Ankara 2010, s. 9; Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Mevâidü’n-nefâis fî kavâidi’l-mecâlis (haz. Mehmet Şeker), Ankara 1997, s. 152; Kâtib Çelebi, Mîzânü’l-hak fî ihtiyâri’l-ehak (haz. Süleyman Uludağ – Mustafa Kara), İstanbul 2008, s. 107-111; XVIII. Yüzyıl İstanbul Hayatına Dair Risâle-i Garîbe (haz. Hayati Develi), İstanbul 2001, s. 7; J.-H. A. Ubicini, Osmanlı’da Modernleşme Sancısı (trc. Cemal Aydın), İstanbul 1998, s. 177; Ahmed Midhat, Avrupa Âdâb-ı Muâşereti yâhut Alafranga , İstanbul 1312, s. 2-13; Usûl ve Âdâb-ı Muâşeret , İstanbul 1327, s. 3; Comtesse de Magallon, Rehber-i Muâşeret: Avrupa Âdâb-ı Muâşereti (trc. Ahmed Cevad), İstanbul 1328, İbrahim Hilmi’nin “İfade-i Nâşir: Yaşamayı Bilmek” başlıklı yazısı, s. 3-6; Lütfi Simâvi, Teşrîfât ve Âdâb-ı Muâşeret , İstanbul 1329, s. 11; Safvetî Ziya, Âdâb-ı Muâşeret Hasbihalleri , İstanbul 1927, s. 213; Abdullah Cevdet, Mükemmel ve Resimli Âdâb-ı Muâşeret Rehberi , İstanbul 1927, s. 2-20; M. Zeki Duman, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Adâb-ı Muaşeret , İstanbul 1991; N. Elias, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State Formation and Civilization , Oxford 1994, s. XII; Nevin Meriç, Osmanlı’da Gündelik Hayatın Değişimi: Âdâb-ı Muâşeret , İstanbul 2000, s. 15; B. Davetian, Civility: A Cultural History , Toronto 2009, s. 3-15; Fatma Tunç Yaşar, The Predicaments of Alla Franca: Visions of Proper Behavior in Late Ottoman Etiquette Literature (doktora tezi, 2012), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 1-30; a.mlf., “Geç Dönem Osmanlı Âdâb-ı Muâşeret Literatürü”, Toplumsal Tarih , sy. 231, İstanbul 2013, s. 52-59; Mehmet Şeker, “Tarihimizde Sosyal Yaşayışa Dair Bazı Kaynaklara Bakış ve Mevâ’idü’n-Nefâis”, DÜİFD , I (1983), s. 149-158; Selçuk Esenbel, “Uygarlık Süreci: Kavram Açısından Bir Mukayese”, Toplum ve Bilim , sy. 84, İstanbul 2000, s. 18-36; Ahmet Altay, “Klâsik Dönem Osmanlı Siyasetname Geleneğine Genel Bir Bakış”, Turkish Studies , VI/3 (2011), s. 1803-1806; Mustafa Çağrıcı, “Edep”, DİA , X, 412-414.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 34-36 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.