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AHMED MİDHAT EFENDİ Skip to content (1844-1912)
Yazar, gazeteci, romancı ve nâşir.
Rus işgali üzerine 1829’da Kafkasya’yı terke mecbur kalan bir anne ile, Anadolu’dan gelip İstanbul’a yerleşmiş bir babanın oğlu olarak Tophane semtinde dünyaya geldi. Orta halli bir esnaf ailesi içinde ve güç şartlar altında yetişti. Babasının ölümü üzerine, ağabeyinin memuriyette bulunduğu Vidin’e gitti (1857). Orada başladığı sıbyan mektebini Tophane’de bitirdi (1861). Midhat Paşa’nın Niş valiliği sırasında yine ağabeyi ile Niş’e gitti, rüşdiye tahsilini orada tamamladı. Mithat Paşa’nın Tuna valiliği üzerine Rusçuk’a giden Ahmed Midhat, Vilâyet Mektûbî Kalemi’nde ilk memuriyetine başladı (1864). Kendi adını bu zeki ve kabiliyetli gence veren Midhat Paşa, onu Fransızca çalışmaya teşvik etti ve imkânlar sağladı. Böylece Ahmed Midhat’a Batı kültürünün kapıları açıldığı gibi o sayede Tuna gazetesinde muharrir (1868), bir yıl sonra da başmuharrir olarak yazı hayatına başlamış oldu.
Bağdat valisi olan Midhat Paşa, yeni vazifesine giderken kalabalık maiyeti arasında, ağabeyi ile birlikte Ahmed Midhat’ı da götürdü (1869). Burada Zevrâ gazetesinin müdürü olan Ahmed Midhat, Bağdat’ta kendisini kültürlü bir çevre ve oldukça programlı bir sohbet meclisi içinde buldu. Bu çevrede Ahmed Midhat Efendi’ye, ressam Osman Hamdi Bey Batı kültürü, Muhammed Feyzî ez-Zühâvî din ve medrese kültürü, açık fikirli, yarı meczup, feylesofmeşrep bir adam olan ve Arapça, Farsça, Hintçe, İbrânîce, İngilizce bilen Şîrazlı Bakır Can Muattar Doğu ilimleri ve çeşitli felsefî kültür sahalarında tesir ettiler. İlk kitapları olan Hâce-i Evvel serisi ile Kıssadan Hisse ’yi burada yazdı.
Bağdat mutasarrıfı olan ağabeyinin ölümü üzerine memuriyetinden ayrılarak İstanbul’a döndü (1871). Ağabeyininki ile beraber çok kalabalıklaşan ailenin geçim sıkıntısı omuzlarına yüklendi. Cerîde-i Askeriyye ’ye başmuharrir oldu. Bunun yanı sıra, Tahtakale’de oturduğu evde kurduğu matbaada, aile fertlerinin de katılmasıyla kendi kitaplarını neşre başladı. Bu neşriyatta muharrir, mürettip, dağıtıcı olarak kendisinden ve ailesinden başka yardımcısı olmadı. Bir yıl içinde matbaayı genişleterek önce Sirkeci’ye, sonra Beyoğlu’na nakletti. Aynı yıl, arka arkaya kapanan Devir ve Bedir mecmualarından sonra on sayı devam eden Dağarcık ’ı yayımladı. Bu dergide çıkan “Duvardan bir Sadâ” adlı yazısında ortaya koyduğu, ancak daha sonra vazgeçtiği (aş.bk.) materyalist düşüncenin izlerini taşıyan ifadelerinden dolayı Basîret gazetesi tarafından İslâm aleyhtarlığı ile suçlandı. Muhtemelen bu sebepten 1873’te, Genç Osmanlılar’ın arasında, onlarla ilgisi olmadığı halde Rodos’a sürüldü. Üç yıl devam eden bu sürgün devresinde Rodos’ta çocuklar için bir “Medrese-i Süleymâniyye” kurdu ve orada ders verdi; ders kitaplarını ve ilk romanlarını neşre başladı. Otuz dört sayı devam edecek olan Kırkanbar dergisi için de buradan yazı gönderiyordu. V. Murad’ın padişah olmasıyla affedilerek İstanbul’a döndü. Gazetecilik, romancılık ve neşriyat faaliyeti bundan sonra daha yoğun olarak devam etti. Gazetecilik tarihimizin en uzun ömürlü gazetelerinden olan Tercümân-ı Hakîkat ’i çıkarmaya başladı (1878).
Geçim imkânlarını çok defa kendisi sağlayan, bununla birlikte II. Abdülhamid devrinde sarayın himayesinden de mahrum kalmayan Ahmed Midhat, ölümüne kadar Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ ve Matbaa-i Âmire müdürlüğü, Meclis-i Umûr-ı Sıhhiyye âzalığı ile reisliğinde ve çeşitli hocalıklarda bulunmuş, 1889’da Stockholm’de toplanan Şarkiyatçılar Kongresi vesilesiyle iki buçuk ay süren bir Avrupa seyahati de yapmıştır. II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra emekli olarak bir müddet Dârülfünun, Medresetü’l-vâizîn ve Dârülmuallimât’ta genel tarih, dinler tarihi, felsefe tarihi, eğitim tarihi gibi dersler okuttu. 28 Aralık 1912’de fahrî olarak hizmet ettiği Dârüşşafaka’da öldü. Mezarı Fâtih Camii hazîresindedir.
Ahmed Midhat Efendi, çağdaşları olan diğer Tanzimat yazar ve düşünürlerinden bazı önemli özellikleriyle ayrılır. Birtakım siyasî düşünceleri olmakla birlikte, devletin o asırda gözle görülür bir buhran halini almış olan sıkıntılarından kurtuluş çaresini, meselâ Genç Osmanlılar gibi bir rejim değişikliğinde görmüyordu. Çok yakından tanıdığı ve samimiyetle bağlı bulunduğu devrin hükümdarı II. Abdülhamid gibi, eğitim ve kültürün belli bir seviyeye gelmediği milletlerde rejim meselelerinin ön plana getirilmesinin zararlı olacağına inanmıştı. Bundan başka, geçen yüzyılda Osmanlı aydınları arasında yaygın olan Batı hayranlığı da Ahmed Midhat’ta farklı bir görünüştedir. O, hemen bütün edebî ve fikrî eserlerinde, Doğu ve Batı medeniyetlerini mukayese ederek, sathî de olsa bir tenkit süzgecinden geçirmiş, o devir için dikkate değer bir sentez oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Bu maksatla roman, hikâye, tiyatro gibi edebî karakterdeki eserlerinde ve bunların dışındaki inceleme-mâlûmat mahsulü kitap ve yazılarında, hemen her konuya duyduğu ilgi ve tecessüsünü okuyucuya da aşılamaya çalışmıştır. Romanlarında, çok defa tenkit edilen ve hatta alay konusu haline getirilen “istitrat” kabilinden bilgi verme tavrını ve okuyucusu ile diyalog kurma alışkanlığını biraz da bu endişesi ile izah etmek doğru olur.
Ahmed Midhat ilk olarak 1896 Haziranında Tercümân-ı Hakîkat ’te yayımlanan “Dilde Sadeliği İltizam Edelim” başlıklı yazısında ve bunu takip eden diğer yazılarında, oldukça yaygın ve ciddi tepkilere rağmen dilde sadeliği savunmuş ve sadeleştirmenin nasıl olabileceğini anlatmaya çalışmıştır. Edebiyat hakkındaki düşünceleri, çağdaşları olan yazarlardan fazla farklı değildir. İyi vakit geçirtirken ibret vermek şartıyla ve eski edebiyatımızla herhangi bir ilgisi olmaksızın, örnek daima Batı edebiyatıdır. Ona göre roman ve tiyatroya, önce Batı’yı taklit yoluyla başlamak, daha sonra mahallî ve millî bir karakter vermek gerekir. Ahlâk yönünden ise kendi millî ve içtimaî gerçeklerimiz aksettirilmelidir. Ahmed Midhat, bu düşüncelerini hikâye ve romanlarında uygulamakla birlikte, belki farkına varmadan, edebiyat geleneğimizden gelen birtakım unsurları da ilâve etmiştir. Orta oyunu, karagöz, bilhassa meddah hikâyelerinin tahkiye ve diyalog tarzı, yer yer Ahmed Midhat’ın romanlarını süslemiştir. Batı edebiyatından, kendi macera ve aşk romanlarına örnek olarak çok defa ikinci sınıf Fransız yazarlarını seçmiştir (A. Dumas, O. Feuillet, P. De Cock gibi).
Sayısı altmışı aşan büyük hikâye ve romanlarından pek çoğu Tanzimat devrinin karakteristik düalizmini sergiler. Doğu medeniyetinin ahlâk ve geleneklerine bağlı, Batı kültürünü benimsemiş müsbet tiplerle, millî örf ve âdetlerimize ilgisiz, Batı’nın sadece serbest ve rahat yaşama tarzını benimsemiş menfi tipler arasındaki çatışma, hemen bütün romanlarının temelini teşkil eder.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken’e göre, Türk fikir hayatında ilk defa onunla Batı’nın felsefe problemleri üzerinde düşünülmeye başlanır. O, gençlik çağında yayımladığı yazılarında -İslâmî inanç sistemiyle çatışmayacağı kanaatini muhafaza etmek kaydıyla- birtakım materyalist ve pozitivist bilgileri benimsemiş, fakat zamanla daha spiritüalist görüşleri desteklemiştir. Buna paralel olarak İslâm ahlâkına ve doktirinine gittikçe artan bir bağlılık göstermiştir. Dağarcık ’ta yayımladığı “Felsefe ve Filozoflar” başlıklı yazılarında filozof kelimesinin dinsiz ve kayıtsız insan anlamına geldiği şeklindeki avamî telakkiyi eleştirerek filozofun da dindar olabileceğini savunmuş ve müslüman filozoflardan intikal eden eserleri buna delil göstermiştir. Ahmed Midhat, bu suretle felsefenin önemini kabul etmek ve bu disipline saygısını korumakla birlikte, hakikati arama yolunda felsefe ile aynı gayeye yöneldiğine inandığı dinin, toplumu yönlendirmek bakımından felsefeden daha etkili olduğunu düşünmüştür. Din felsefesinde sadakatle İslâm’a bağlanan ve felsefî görüşlerini bu temele dayandıran Ahmed Midhat, Schopenhauer’ın kötümser felsefesini, Draper’in din ile ilmin çatıştığı yolundaki görüşlerini eleştirdi. Ateist Buchner’i savunan Bahâ Tevfik ve arkadaşlarına karşı cephe aldı. Bununla birlikte o, aydınlanma düşüncesine bağlılıkta ve bilgiyi halka yaymada örnek bir düşünce adamı sayılmıştır.
Ahmed Midhat Dağarcık ’ta yayımladığı “Hürriyetin Mahiyeti” başlıklı yazılarında ise insan hürriyetini bütünüyle reddeden mekanist görüşleri tenkit etmekle birlikte kayıtsız şartsız bir hürriyet görüşünü de kabul etmemiştir. Ona göre metafizik bakımdan mutlak hürriyet sadece Allah’a mahsustur ve insan için bu genişlikte hürriyetten söz edilemez. O, bu sınırlı hürriyet görüşünü siyaset ve ekonomi alanlarına da uygulamış, hürriyetçilik akımının siyasî ve ekonomik bakımdan, Sultan Abdülaziz döneminin son yıllarında tehlikeli sonuçlar doğurduğunu görerek birçok yazısında kontrolsüz ve sınırsız hürriyet anlayışını eleştirmiştir. Ahmed Midhat’ın II. Abdülhamid yönetimini savunmasının temelinde bu hürriyet anlayışı vardır.
Bilgi, mülâhaza, müşahede ve incelemeye dayanan büyüklü küçüklü 150 kadar basılmış eseri arasında, ders kitapları (Hâce-i Evvel , Medrese-i Süleymâniyye ); ansiklopedik tarih ve coğrafya külliyatı (Kâinat , Mufassal ); Abdülaziz devrinin bir nevi siyasî tenkidi olan Üss-i İnkılâb ve Zübdetü’l-hakāyık ; Hıristiyanlığa karşı İslâmiyet’in müdafaası mahiyetinde Müdâfaa , İstibşâr , Beşâir-i Sıdk-ı Nübüvvet-i Muhammediyye , Nizâ-ı İlm ü Dîn ; Batı felsefesinin Türk cemiyeti için yıkıcı taraflarını ele alıp tenkit ettiği Şopenhavr’ın Hikmet-i Cedîdesi , Volter , Beşir Fuad ; Avrupa seyahatinden elde ettiği müşahede ve intibalarını ihtiva eden Avrupa’da Bir Cevelân ; gençlik ve sürgün yıllarına ait bir otobiyografi olan Menfâ zikredilebilir.
Ahmed Midhat’ın roman ve hikâyelerinde ortaya koyduğu millî ve İslâmî tavır da, yukarıda ifade edilen davranış tarzıyla paralellik arzeder. Onun doğrudan doğruya dinî-didaktik bir konuyu işleyen romanı yoktur. Ancak bu romanlarda idealize ettiği tipler, Türk-Osmanlı İslâm düşünce ve hareket tarzının temsilcileri gibidirler. Meselâ, Paris’te Bir Türk romanında Nasuh, Demir Bey ’de Mustafa, Acâib-i Âlem ’de Subhi ve Hicâbî, Ahmed Metin ve Şirzad ’da Ahmed Metin, Mesâil-i Muğlaka ’da Abdullah Nahîfî bu tiplerden dikkate değer birkaç örnektir. Aşk romanlarında bu gibi kahramanlarla gayri müslimlerin veya geleneklerinden kopmuş Osmanlılar’ın mücadelelerine, Doğu-Batı kültür ve medeniyetlerinin, örf ve âdetlerinin mukayesesi üzerine tartışmalara rastlanır. Ahmed Midhat, bilhassa dinî müsamaha, başka dinden olanların inanç ve ibadetlerinde hür olmaları konusunda İslâm ve Osmanlı usul ve örfünün, Batı’nınkinden her zaman üstün olduğunu ifade eder. Müslüman bir erkeğin ihtida etmemiş hıristiyan bir kızla evlenebileceği, bu durumda karısının ibadetlerini yerine getirmesinde ona yardımcı olacağı motifi de birkaç romanında (Paris’te Bir Türk , Demir Bey ) işlenmiştir. Buna karşılık bazı romanlarında da (Süleyman Muslî , Kafkas ) aynı konuda hıristiyanların katılığı dile getirilir.
Ahmed Midhat’ın çoğu 1883-1900 yılları arasında kaleme alınmış bu karakterdeki fikrî ve edebî bir seri kitabının yazılmasında, muhtemelen devrin pozitivist ve materyalist yazarı Beşir Fuad’ı tanımasının ve onun intiharına şahit olmasının tesiri vardır. Bu hadise onda, yeni Türk aydınları arasında Batı’dan gelen ve tehlikeli gördüğü cereyanlara eğilmek ve genç nesilleri uyarmak fikrini doğurmuş olmalıdır.
Ahmed Midhat Efendi’nin Mûsâ Kâzım Efendi ile müşterek olarak bir tefsir ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Felsefesi adıyla yedi veya on cilt tutan çalışmalarından bahsedilmişse de bu çalışmanın âkıbeti hakkında bilgi edinilememiştir.
Belli başlı eserleri şunlardır: Hikâye ve Romanlar: Letâif-i Rivâyât (25 kitap, 1870-1893), Hasan Mellâh (1874), Hüseyin Fellâh (1875), Felâtun Bey ile Râkım Efendi (1875), Paris’te Bir Türk (1876), Süleyman Muslî (1877), Kafkas (1877), Karnaval (1881), Acâib-i Âlem (1882), Arnavutlar-Solyotlar (1888), Demir Bey (1888), Müşâhedât (1891), Ahmed Metin ve Şirzad (1892), Taaffüf (1895), Mesâil-i Muğlaka (1898), Jön Türk (1910).
Diğer Eserleri: Ekonomi Politik (1874), Menfâ (1876), Üss-i İnkılâb (1877-1878), Kâinat (1871-1881, I-XV), Mufassal (1885-1887), Müdâfaa (1883-1885), Şopenhavr’ın Hikmet-i Cedîdesi (1887), Beşir Fuad (1887), Hallü’l-ukad (1889), Ahbâr-ı Âsâra Ta‘mîm-i Enzâr (1890), Avrupa’da Bir Cevelân (1890), İstibşâr (1892), Beşâir-i Sıdk-ı Nübüvvet-i Muhammediyye (1894), Nizâ-ı İlm ü Dîn (John W. Draper’in History of the Conflict between Religion and Science adlı eserinin Fransızca’sından [Les de la Science et la religion ] yaptığı küçük boy dört ciltlik tercüme 1895-1900). Ahmed Midhat, yaptığı açıklama ve tenkitler dolayısıyla esere İslâm ve Ulûm adını da vermiştir. Sayısı iki yüzü bulan eserlerinin tam listesi Hakkı Tarık Us’un hazırladığı Ahmed Midhat’ı Anıyoruz adlı kitapta bulunmaktadır (s. 169-171).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafa Nihat [Özön], Türkçede Roman , İstanbul 1936, s. 186-332.
Kâmil Yazgıç, Ahmed Midhat Efendi, Hayatı ve Hâtıraları , İstanbul 1940.
Ahmed Midhat’ı Anıyoruz (haz. Hakkı Tarık Us), İstanbul 1955.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1956, s. 433-466.
Münir Süleyman Çapanoğlu, İdeal Gazeteci Efendi Babamız Ahmed Midhat , İstanbul 1964.
Orhan Okay, Batı Medeniyeti Karşısında Ahmed Midhat Efendi , Ankara 1975.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , İstanbul 1979, s. 107-121, 216, 224.
Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, “Ahmed Midhat Efendi”, İA , I, 184-187.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 100-103 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.