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RÂFİÎ, Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed b. Abdilkerîm er-Râfiî el-Kazvînî (ö. 623/1226)
Şâfiî fakihi.
555 (1160) yılında doğdu. İran’ın Kazvin şehrinden olup Hz. Peygamber’in âzatlısı Ebû Râfi‘ veya Râfi‘ b. Hadîc’in soyundan geldiği için Râfiî nisbesini almıştır. Takıyyüddin İbn Kādî Şühbe’nin, Kazvin Kadısı Muzafferüddin’in elinde mevcut et-Tedvîn fî aḫbâri Ḳazvîn’in nüshasında müellifin bu nisbeyi Râfi‘ b. Hadîc sebebiyle aldığını ifade ettiği bilgisini aktarmasına karşılık (Ṭabaḳātü’l-fuḳahâʾi’ş-Şâfiʿiyye, I, 396) anılan eserin matbu nüshasında Râfiî bu konuda kesin bir kanıta sahip olmadığını, ancak nisbenin Ebû Râfi‘ ile ilgili olduğu düşüncesini taşıdığını belirtir (et-Tedvîn, I, 331). Nevevî, bu nisbenin Kazvin yöresinde Râfian isimli bir beldeden geldiğini ileri sürmekte ve bu bilgi pek çok tabakat kitabında tekrar edilmekteyse de Kazvin yöresinde böyle bir yerin bulunmadığı belirtilmektedir (İbn Kādî Şühbe, I, 396). Râfiî, babasının 527 (1133) yılında yazdığı muhtasarların sonunda ismini bilinen en büyük dedesinden dolayı Râfi‘ b. Abdülkerîm diye yazdığını, daha sonra Hz. Peygamber’in ismiyle uyumlu olması için Ahmed ve nihayet Muhammed olarak değiştirdiğini, babasının isminin eski hadis ve fıkıh notlarında Ahmed şeklinde olduğunu, fıkıh eğitimine başladıktan üç veya dört yıl sonra artık Muhammed isminde karar kıldığını belirtir (et-Tedvîn, I, 330). İlk öğrenimini babasından alan Râfiî’nin tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh okuduğu hocaları arasında Ebü’l-Feth İbnü’l-Bettî, Ebû Süleyman ez-Zübeyrî, Ebü’l-Alâ el-Hemedânî, Müntecebüddin el-Kummî, Ebû Hâmid Abdullah b. Ebü’l-Fütûh el-İmrânî gibi âlimler bulunmaktadır. Kazvin’deki ders halkasında yetiştirdiği talebeleri içinde Şam kādılkudâtlığı yapan Ahmed b. Halîl el-Mühellebî ve Zekiyyüddin el-Münzirî gibi simalar vardır. Râfiî 623 yılı Zilkade ayında (Kasım 1226) vefat etti.
İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî, Acem diyarında Râfiî gibisini görmediğini söyler. Nevevî de Râfiî’nin Şâfiî mezhebi tarihinde önemli bir yeri olan Fetḥu’l-ʿazîz’ini ihtisar ettiği Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn adlı eserinin mukaddimesinde onun mezhebe katkısından övgüyle söz ederken büyük bir yekün tutan mezhep kaynaklarındaki görüş ve rivayetleri inceleyerek farklı tarikleri birleştirmeye, dağınık bilgileri ayıklayıp mezhep birikimini veciz ifadelerle yansıtmaya müteahhir fukaha içinde Râfiî’nin muvaffak olduğunu belirtir. Râfiî’nin mezhebe en büyük katkısı bu noktadadır. Yazdıkları eserlerle Râfiî ve Nevevî sonraki dönemlerde mezhep görüşünü temsilde belirleyici olmuş, ikisine birlikte “şeyhân” lakabı verilmiştir. İkisinin ittifak ettiği husus mezhep görüşü olarak kesinlik kazanmış, ihtilâfa düştükleri durumlarda Nevevî’nin görüşü tercih edilmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. el-Muḥarrer fî fürûʿi’ş-Şâfiʿiyye. Büyük oranda Gazzâlî’nin el-Vecîz’inin ihtisarı mahiyetinde olan eser Nevevî’nin Minhâcü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn’inin asıl kaynağını teşkil eder. Çeşitli yazmaları bulunan (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 2103; TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 1060; Amasya Beyazıt İl Halk Ktp., nr. 368; el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye, nr. 13/253, 113/1159; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 243, 1446) kitap için yazılan birçok şerh ve hâşiyeden bazıları şunlardır: Nevevî, Şerḥu’l-Muḥarrer; Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Yûsuf es-Sindî el-Haskefî, Keşfü’d-dürer fî şerḥi’l-Muḥarrer; Şerefeddin Ali b. Abdullah eş-Şîrâzî, Şerḥu’l-Muḥarrer; Celâleddin ed-Devvânî, Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Muḥarrer; Muhammed b. Hidâyetullah el-Hüseynî el-Musannif, el-Vużûḥ fî şerḥi’l-Muḥarrer; Nûreddin Ali b. Yahyâ ez-Zeyyâdî, Şerḥu’l-Muḥarrer; Muhammed el-Ömerî el-Mürşidî, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ ferâʾiżi’l-Muḥarrer; Muhammed b. Abdürresûl el-Berzencî, Fetḥu’l-ber şerḥu’l-Muḥarrer; Abdülmü’min b. Akīl, Şerḥu’l-Muḥarrer. el-Muḥarrer’e yazılan başlıca ihtisarlar da şunlardır: Nevevî, Minhâcü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (Kahire 1297, 1305, 1314; Mekke 1306); Tâceddin Mahmûd b. Muhammed el-Kirmânî, el-Îcâz Muḫtaṣarü’l-Muḥarrer (bu muhtasar üzerine Alâeddin Ali b. Muhammed et-Tâcî el-Halebî Şerḥu Îcâzi’l-Muḥarrer adıyla bir şerh yazmıştır); Alâeddin Ali b. Muhammed el-Bâcî el-Mağribî, Muḫtaṣarü’l-Muḥarrer. Nevevî’nin eseri üzerine yazılan şerhler arasında Celâleddin el-Mahallî, İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, Hatîb eş-Şirbînî ve Şemseddin er-Remlî’nin eserleri önemlidir. İzzeddin İbn Cemâa Taḫrîcü eḥâdîs̱i’l-Muḥarrer adlı kitabında hadisleri tahriç etmiştir (ayrıca bk. Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, III, 1561-1563). Abdullah Ahmed Abdülvelî Seyf, Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde İstidrâkâtü’n-Nevevî fi’l-Minhâc ʿale’r-Râfiʿî fi’l-Muḥarrer adıyla bir yüksek lisans tezi yapmış (1994), Muhammed Abdürrahîm b. Şeyh Muhammed Ali de aynı üniversitede el-Muḥarrer’i doktora tezi olarak neşre hazırlamıştır (1998). 2. eş-Şerḥu’l-maḥmûd. Müellifin eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr’den önce Gazzâlî’nin el-Vecîz’ini geniş şekilde şerhe giriştiği, ancak namaz bahsine kadar gelebildiği sekiz ciltlik bir şerhtir. 3. Fetḥu’l-ʿazîz fî Şerḥi’l-Vecîz (eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr) (Nevevî’nin el-Mecmûʿ: Şerḥu’l-Müheẕẕeb’i ile birlikte, I-XII, Kahire 1344-1352; el-ʿAzîz şerḥu’l-Vecîz, nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali Muhammed Muavvaz, I-XIV, Beyrut 1417/1997). Talebe arasında en çok rağbet gören kitap Gazzâlî’nin el-Vecîz’i olmakla birlikte lafzının güçlüğü ve mânasının giriftliği sebebiyle bir şerhe başvurma zorunluluğundan dolayı Râfiî bu eserini kaleme almıştır. Râfiî şerhin hazırlanmasında İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’nin Nihâyetü’l-maṭlab’ı, Ebû Sa‘d Abdurrahman b. Me’mûn el-Mütevellî’nin et-Tetimme’si, Ferrâ el-Begavî’nin et-Tehẕîb’i, İbnü’s-Sabbâğ’ın eş-Şâmil’i, İbn Kecc’in et-Tecrîd’i ve Serahsî ez-Zâz’ın el-Emâlî’si gibi Gazzâlî öncesine ait eserleri kullanmakla bir anlamda el-Vecîz’i dayandığı fıkhî zeminde bir çözümlemeye tâbi tutma yoluna gitmiştir. Nevevî’nin Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn’i Fetḥu’l-ʿAzîz’in bir muhtasarı niteliğinde olduğu gibi İbrâhim b. Abdülvehhâb ez-Zencânî ve başkaları da eseri ihtisar etmiştir. Bu şerh üzerine muhtasar, hâşiye ve tahrîc türünde pek çok eser kaleme alınmıştır. el-Bedrü’l-münîr fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr adıyla bir eser yazan İbnü’l-Mülakkın (nşr. Cemâl Muhammed Seyyid, I-III, Riyad 1414/1993; nşr. Mustafa Ebü’l-Gayt Abdülhay v.dğr., I-X, Riyad 1425/2004) daha sonra bunu Muḫtaṣarü’l-Bedri’l-münîr ismiyle özetlemiştir (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf Hût, Beyrut 1407/1987; Ḫulâṣatü’l-Bedri’l-münîr, nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecid es-Selefî, Riyad 1410/1989). İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, el-Bedrü’l-münîr’i ihtisar edip bazı ilâvelerle birlikte Telḫîṣü’l-ḥabîr fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’r-Râfiʿiyyi’l-kebîr adlı eserini telif etmiştir (Hint 1303/1885; Riyad 1384/1964; nşr. Abdullah Hâşim el-Yemânî, Kahire 1384/1964; nşr. Şa‘bân Muhammed İsmâil, Kahire 1399/1979; Muḫtaṣaru Bedri’l-münîr ile birlikte, Beyrut 1407/1987; el-Mecmûʿ: Şerḥu’l-Müheẕẕeb ile birlikte, Kahire 1344-1352). Eserdeki hadislerin tahrîci konusunda Ebü’l-Hüseyin Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Aybek el-Hüsâmî, Şemseddin İbnü’n-Nakkāş, İzzeddin İbn Cemâa, Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, Şehâbeddin İbnü’l-Husbânî (Şâfi’l-ây fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’r-Râfiʿî) ve Celâleddin es-Süyûtî’nin de (Neşrü’l-ʿabîr fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’r-Râfiʿî) çalışmaları vardır. Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Feyyûmî, Fetḥu’l-ʿazîz’deki garîb kelimeleri açıklamak için el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr fî ġarîbi’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr adıyla bir sözlük yazmıştır (Kahire 1278; nşr. Abdülazîm eş-Şinnâvî, Kahire 1977; nşr. Hızır el-Cevâd, Beyrut 1987). Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de Abdülhakîm Muhammed Şâkir, Ziyâdâtü’l-İmâm en-Nevevî ve’stidrâkâtühû ʿale’r-Râfiʿî fi’ṭ-ṭahâre ve’ṣ-ṣalât min ḫilâli Kitâbi’r-Ravża (1419) ve Mâverdî Muhammed Sâlih, Ziyâdâtü’l-İmâm en-Nevevî ve’stidrâkâtühû ʿale’l-İmâm er-Râfiʿî fi’z-zekât ve’ṣ-ṣıyâm ve’l-iʿtikâf min ḫilâli Kitâbi’r-Ravża (1421) adıyla doktora tezi hazırlamışlardır. 4. eş-Şerḥu’ṣ-ṣaġīr. Bu da el-Vecîz üzerine yapılmış bir şerhtir. 5. et-Teẕnîb. Gazzâlî’nin el-Vecîz’ine ait bir ta‘lik olup el-Vecîz ile birlikte basılmıştır (nşr. Târık Seyyid – Ahmed el-Mezîdî, Beyrut 2004). 6. Şerḥu Müsnedi’ş-Şâfiʿî. Muhammed b. Ya‘kūb el-Asam en-Nîsâbûrî’nin Şâfiî’nin eserlerinden derlediği hadisleri içeren Müsnedü’ş-Şâfiʿî’nin şerhidir (Sezgin, I, 489). 7. el-Emâli’ş-şâriḥa ʿalâ müfredâti’l-Fâtiḥa. Râfiî’nin, hocalarının Fâtiha sûresi hakkında naklettikleri hadisleri senedleriyle birlikte imlâ edip bunlar hakkında açıklamalarda bulunduğu eser otuz meclisten oluşmaktadır. 8. el-Îcâz fî aḫṭâri’l-Ḥicâz. Hac yolculuğu sırasındaki mülâhazalarını içeren küçük hacimli bir kitaptır. 9. et-Tedvîn fî aḫbâri Ḳazvîn. Müellifin Kitâbü’t-Tedvîn fî ẕikri ehli’l-ʿilmi bi-Ḳazvîn adını verdiği eserin ilk kısmı dört fasıl halinde şehrin fazileti ve özellikleri, Kazvin adı, kuruluşu ve fethi, bölgeleri, vadileri, kanalları, camileri ve mezarlıkları hakkındadır. Eserin geri kalan kısmı da iki bölüm halinde ünlü kişilerin kısa biyografilerine ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde Kazvin’e gelen sahâbî ve tâbiîni, ikinci bölümde kendi zamanına kadar Kazvin’de yetişen veya dışarıdan ilim tahsili için gelen ulemâyı ele alır; bu arada babasının biyografisine geniş yer ayırır (nşr. Azîzullah el-Utâridî, I-IV, Riyad, ts.; Haydarâbâd 1407/1987; Beyrut 1408/1987). Eser İbn Hacer el-Askalânî tarafından Münteḫabü Târîḫi Ḳazvîn adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir. 10. Sevâdü’l-ʿayneyn fî menâḳıbi’l-ġavs̱ Ebi’l-ʿAlemeyn er-Rifâʿî (Bulak 1301).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed er-Râfiî, et-Tedvîn fî aḫbâri Ḳazvîn (nşr. Azîzullah el-Utâridî), Beyrut 1408/1987, tür.yer.; a.mlf., el-ʿAzîz şerḥu’l-vecîz: Muḳaddime (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1417/1997, s. 407-421; Nevevî, Tehẕîbü’l-esmâʾ ve’l-luġāt (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1426/2005, s. 768-769; a.mlf., Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Riyad 1423/2003, I, 112-113; Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî), VIII, 281-292; İsnevî, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyye, I, 570-573; İbn Kādî Şühbe, Ṭabaḳātü’l-fuḳahâʾi’ş-Şâfiʿiyye (nşr. Ali M. Ömer), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’s-sekāfeti’d-dîniyye), I, 393-397; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Telḫîṣü’l-ḥabîr fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’r-Râfiʿiyyi’l-kebîr (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1419/1998, neşredenin girişi, I, 108-110; İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire, VI, 266; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1612-1613; İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât (Arnaût), VII, 189-191; Ahmed Ebû Ali, Fehârisü’l-mektebeti’l-belediyye, İskenderiye 1926, II, 7; Alevî b. Ahmed es-Sekkāf, el-Fevâʾidü’l-Mekkiyye (Mecmûʿatü sebʿati kütübin müfîde içinde), Kahire 1358/1940, s. 35-41; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn, I, 716, 740, 754; II, 260, 303; Brockelmann, GAL (Ar.), IV, 58-59; Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ ve’l-ḥavâşî, Ebûzabî 1425/2004, III, 1561-1563, 1703-1704, 2116-2122; A. Arioli, “al-Rāfiʿī”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 389; Sezgin, GAS, I, 489.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 394-396 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.