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RÂMİZ ABDULLAH PAŞA Skip to content (1768 [?]-1813)
Osmanlı kaptan-ı deryâsı.
Kırım’da doğdu. Kırım ulemâsından Abdi Velipaşazâde Seyyid Feyzullah Bey’in oğludur. 1189’da (1775) ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul’a göç etti. Babasının vefatından sonra Tevfik Molla’nın himayesinde bir medreseye yerleştirildi. Medrese tahsilini bitirince ilmiye sınıfına girdi. İlk olarak Kudüs nâibi oldu. Burada Kādirî şeyhi Ebüssuûd Efendi’ye intisap ederek nâiblikten ayrıldı ve iki yıl kadar onun hizmetinde bulundu. İstanbul’a döndüğünde bir yıl Mahmud Paşa Mahkemesi’nde nâiblik yaptı. Mısır’ın Fransa tarafından işgali sırasında (1798) Mısır ordusuna kadı tayin edildi. Bu görevde iken devlet ricâlinin dikkatini çekti ve küçük rûznâmçe mansıbıyla mülkiye sınıfına geçti. Mısır’ın geri alınmasından sonra Mısır emlâkinin tahriri için Mısır’da kaldı. Ordunun ayrılması üzerine meydana gelen isyanda Mısır Defterdarı Recâi Efendi’nin idam edilmesi sırasında gizlenerek hayatını kurtarıp İstanbul’a döndü. III. Selim’in sır kâtibi Ahmed Efendi’nin aracılığıyla hâcegânlık pâyesini aldı. Bundan sonra önemli işlerde istihdam edildi. Boğaziçi’nde kurulan kâğıt ve çuha imalâthanesinin inşasında bina eminliği yaptı (Câbî Ömer Efendi, I, 39). Humbarahâne ve Hendesehâne’nin kuruluş aşamasında “fenn-i hey’et ve hendesedeki kemâli”nden dolayı Humbarahâne ve Hendesehâne nezâretleri ilâve olarak verildi. III. Selim’in emriyle her iki kurumun nizamnâmesini hazırladı ve ardından başmuhasebeci oldu.
Rusya seferine memuriyeti gereği ordu ile birlikte katıldı. Ordunun Şumnu’da bulunduğu sırada İstanbul’da saltanat değişikliği meydana geldi. III. Selim taraftarlarının tasfiyesi sebebiyle görevden alınıp Kavala’ya sürüldü. Sürgün yerine giderken Filibe’ye vardığında Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın kethüdâsı ve kendisinin arkadaşı olan Köse Kethüdâ Ahmed Efendi onu Rusçuk’a Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın yanına gönderdi. Böylece Rusçuk’ta Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın yakın çevresi içine, Osmanlı siyasî tarihinde Rusçuk yâranı adıyla anılan ihtilâl grubuna dahil oldu.
Alemdar Mustafa Paşa ile Râmiz Abdullah Efendi arasındaki münasebet kısa sürede III. Selim’in tekrar tahta çıkarılması hususunda bir anlaşma derecesine vardı, Mustafa Refik ile Ahmed Behiç efendiler de bu anlaşmaya katıldı. İttifakın planı IV. Mustafa’yı görünüşte zorbaların elinden kurtarmak, gerçekte ise III. Selim’i tekrar tahta çıkarmaktı. Bu plan çerçevesinde İstanbul’a giden Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın III. Selim’in katli üzerine II. Mahmud’u tahta oturtması ve sadâret makamına geçmesiyle Râmiz Abdullah Efendi’ye vezâret rütbesi verildi ve Silistre valiliğine tayin edildi (15 Ağustos 1808; Sır Kâtibi Feyzullah Efendi Rûznâmesi, s. 60). Ancak Alemdar Mustafa Paşa devleti yönetme tecrübesinden yoksun olduğunu bildiğinden İstanbul’un durumunu bilen, devlet tecrübesine sahip en mutemet adamlarından Râmiz Paşa’nın yanında kalmasını uygun buldu. Bu sebeple Silistre’ye gitmeden kaptan-ı deryâlığa getirildi (1 Receb 1223 / 23 Ağustos 1808; a.g.e., s. 61).
Râmiz Paşa, kısa süren kaptan-ı deryâlığı esnasında İstanbul’da önemli siyasî faaliyetlerde ön plana çıktı. III. Selim’in hal‘inde rol oynayanların istisnasız sürgün edilmesinde ısrarcı oldu. Sened-i İttifak’ın hazırlanmasını sağladı ve yazılan metne imza koydu. İstanbul’un bozulan asayişiyle yakından ilgilendi; bu çerçevede esnafı haraca kesen yeniçerileri kontrol altına aldı. Galata ve çevresindeki bekâr odalarında kalan kalyoncuların önderleri Kahvecioğlu Mustafa Kaptan’ı idam ettirerek zorbalıklarına son verdi (Mütercim Âsım Efendi, II, 238). Tersane’deki gereksiz harcamaları kesti. Yeniçerilere karşı yeni bir askerî gücün oluşturulmasında öncü rolü oynadı. Tersane’de Donanmayı Hümâyun cenkçisi adıyla bir asker sınıfı teşkil edildi. Levent Çiftliği’nde ve Üsküdar’da Sekbân-ı Cedîd askeri oluşturuldu.
Alemdar Vak‘ası olarak bilinen yeniçeri isyanında (16 Kasım 1808) Sekbân-ı Cedîd Nâzırı Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa ile beraber önce sekbanı Topkapı Sarayı’na yerleştirdi. Abdurrahman Paşa kumandasındaki sekban askeri Topkapı Sarayı’nın kale bedenleri üzerinden, Râmiz Paşa idaresindeki donanma askerleri Kurşunlumahzen önünde gemiden top atışları ile isyanı bastırmaya çalıştı. Bu çarpışmalar iki gün kadar sürdü; her iki taraftan pek çok kişi öldü. Râmiz Paşa, ramazan bayramının ikinci günü sabahı (21 Kasım 1808) Kurşunlumahzen önünden ve Tersane’de gemilerden akşama kadar İstanbul tarafını Ağakapısı’nı topa tuttu, bu sırada Süleymaniye Camii ile pek çok ev vuruldu. Yeniçerilerin IV. Mustafa’yı tekrar tahta çıkarabilecekleri eğilimi belirince II. Mahmud’un emriyle IV. Mustafa’nın boğdurulması işini tertip eden Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa, Tersane Defterdarı Seyyid Ali Efendi ve İnce Mehmed Bey’den oluşan heyette yer aldı.
Ancak Sadrazam Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın ölüm haberini duyunca yeniçerilere karşı direnişin bir fayda sağlamayacağını ve muhtemelen Sultan Mahmud’un kendilerini yeniçerilere teslim etmek zorunda kalacağını farkedip İstanbul’u terketmeye karar verdi. 22 Kasım 1808’de Üsküdar açıklarında hazır bulundurduğu bir gemiyle yanında Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa olduğu halde denize açıldı, Küçükçekmece civarında karaya çıkarak Selim Giray’ın çiftliğine sığındı (Râmizpaşazâde Mehmed İzzet, s. 120). Peşlerinden gelen yeniçeriler çiftlik mensupları ve paşaların adamları tarafından püskürtüldü. Çiftlikte birkaç gün kaldıktan sonra Rumeli tarafına gitme kararı alındı. Râmiz Paşa, Vize yolu ile Pınarhisar âyanı Hacı Ali Ağa’nın yanına sığındı.
Tekirdağ âyanı Süleyman Ağa’ya Pınarhisar’da bulunan Râmiz Paşa’nın ölü veya diri ele geçirilmesi emri verilince (BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 1194) burada duramadı ve Rusçuk’a gitti. Rusçuk’ta iken Alemdar’ın ölümüyle Rumeli âyanları arasında baş gösteren huzursuzluğun giderilmesine ve düzenin sağlanmasına çalıştı. Fakat Rusçuk’ta da yeniçerilerin takibinden kurtulamadı. Zira Alemdar’ın güçlü adamlarından Şumnu âyanı Bekir Ağa’ya vezâret rütbesi verilmiş ve Râmiz Paşa’nın idamını sağlaması istenmişti. Durumu farkeden Râmiz Paşa, Kandıralı Mehmed Paşa’nın takibi neticesinde yakın dostu Köse Kethüdâ Ahmed, İnce Mehmed, sarrafı Manok efendiler ve diğer maiyetiyle beraber Tuna’yı geçip Bükreş’te Rus kuvvetleri kumandanı Sırp asıllı General Miloradoviç ile görüşerek iltica talebinde bulundu (27 Şubat 1809; Râmizpaşazâde Mehmed İzzet, s. 124). Ruslar’ın Tuna orduları başkumandanı Mareşal Prozorovski vasıtasıyla durum çara bildirildi. Petersburg’dan gelen tâlimat üzerine Râmiz Paşa ve beraberindekiler, Bükreş’te iki aya yakın kaldıktan sonra 7 Mayıs 1809’da Aksu nehri üzerinde bulunan Nikolayev şehrine götürüldü. Burada ikametine bir konak tahsis edilerek gerekli ihtiyaçları dışında kendisine 50.000 kuruş aylık bağlandı.
Nikolayev’deki birkaç aylık ikametin ardından Odesa valisi Râmiz Paşa’yı ziyaret ederek Çar I. Aleksandr’ın Rusya’da bulunmasından duyduğu memnuniyeti ve selâmlarını ihtiva eden bir mesajını iletti. Çarın arzusu, Râmiz Paşa’yı Osmanlı-İngiltere ittifakının bozulması ve Osmanlı-Rus barış antlaşmasının temini için kullanmaktı. Nitekim çar mesajında Râmiz Paşa’nın Osmanlı hükümdarına ve devletine bağlı bir kişi olduğunu vurgulamış, iki devlet arasında bir anlaşma zemini oluşması noktasında Osmanlı Devleti’ne hizmette bulunabileceği gibi Rusya’ya da bir iyilik yapmış olacağını ifade etmişti. Ancak Râmiz Paşa, çarın kendisi hakkındaki bu iltifatkâr tutumuna teşekkürlerini bildirerek anlaşmanın temini hususunda herhangi bir girişimde bulunamayacağını, sadece bir misafir olduğunu ve zaten yetkisinin de bulunmadığını ifade ile mâzur görülmesini istedi.
Birkaç ay sonra çar tarafından davet edilen Râmiz Paşa 1809 kasım başlarında Petersburg’a gitti. Rusya’nın saltanat merkezinde iyi karşılandı ve Çar I. Aleksandr tarafından sarayda kabul edildi. Petersburg Sarayı’nda devlet erkânının ileri gelenleri, çarın annesi, karısı ve küçük kardeşiyle de görüştü. Buradan Kırım’a geçti. Dedelerinden kalan vakıf eserlerini tamir ettirdikten sonra Nikolayev şehrine gitti (a.g.e., s. 122). Rusya’da bulunduğu zaman zarfında II. Mahmud’a bölge ahvali, Rusya’nın faaliyetleri, Avrupa’nın durumu ile Vehhâbîler’e dair bilgileri içeren mektuplar gönderdi. Bu mektuplardan ikisi oğlu Mehmed İzzet tarafından kaleme alınan Harîta-i Kapûdânân-ı Deryâ’da yer almaktadır (s. 123-190).
Bükreş Antlaşması’ndan sonra Râmiz Paşa’nın Belgrad muhafızlığı göreviyle dönüşüne izin verildi. Ancak bu izin Râmiz Paşa’nın yakalanmasını temin içindi. Sened-i İttifak’ın müelliflerinden biri olduğu ve IV. Mustafa’nın katli işine karışmış bulunduğundan hakkında daha önce gizlice çıkarılan bir fermanla idamı kararlaştırılmıştı. Rusçuk’ta bulunan Osmanlı ordusuna katılmak üzere yola çıkan Râmiz Paşa, Yerköy civarına geldiğinde Hurşid Paşa’nın yolun iki tarafına yerleştirdiği yeniçerilerce pusuya düşürüldü, vücuduna isabet eden üç kurşunla içinde bulunduğu arabada öldürüldü. İstanbul’a gönderilen kesik başı “hâin-i devlet” yaftasıyla Saray Meydanı’nda üç tuğlu vezir taşına konuldu (11 Nisan 1813; Câbî Ömer Efendi, II, 968). Cesedi Yerköyü Kalesi dışındaki mezarlığa defnedildi. Malları müsadere edilerek bedeliyle borçlarının bir kısmı ödendi (BA, MAD, nr. 9726, s. 144-147). Râmiz Paşa’nın bilinen tek eseri bazı şiirlerinin yer aldığı küçük divanıdır. Divan 1847’de oğlu Mehmed İzzet Bey tarafından İstanbul’da bastırılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, HH, nr. 14427, 41825-G; BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 4851; BA, Cevdet-Maliye, nr. 3288; Sır Kâtibi Feyzullah Efendi Rûznâmesi, s. 60, 61, 64, 65, 68, 69 (BA, “Milli Emlâk’tan Devralınan Defterler”den 11 nolu defter içinde); Câbî Ömer Efendi, Târih (haz. Mehmet Ali Beyhan), Ankara 2003, I-II, bk. İndeks; Mütercim Âsım Efendi, Târih, İstanbul, ts., II, 199, 202, 238, 246, 256-257; Şânîzâde, Târih, I, 88; II, 190; Râmizpaşazâde Mehmed İzzet, Harîta-i Kapûdânân-ı Deryâ, İstanbul 1249, s. 110-199; Fatîn, Tezkire, s. 127-129; Cevdet, Târih, VIII, 331-333; IX, 278; X, 111; Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât (nşr. Mehmed Gālib Bey), İstanbul 1327, IV, 54-55, 57, 59, 60-61; Osmanlı Müellifleri, II, 193-194; Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, İdâre-i Osmâniyye Zamanında Yetişen Kırım Müellifleri, İstanbul 1335, s. 28-30; İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, İstanbul 1942, s. 38, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 76, 82, 83, 95, 101, 120-123, 143, 146-148, 158, 161-163, 165, 171, 175; a.mlf., “Nizâm-ı Cedîd Ricâlinden Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa”, TTK Belleten, XXXV/139 (1971), s. 420, 421, 425, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434; Georg Oğulukyan’ın Ruznâmesi: 1806-1810 İsyanları, III. Selim, IV. Mustafa, II. Mahmud ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa (trc. H. D. Andreasyan), İstanbul 1972, s. 41-43, 45, 47; A. F. Miller, Turtsiya. Aktualnıye Problemıy Novoy i Noveyşey İstorii, Moskova 1983, s. 26-45; Kemal Beydilli, Osmanlı Döneminde İmamlar ve Bir İmamın Günlüğü, İstanbul 2001, s. 108, 113, 115; Ali İhsan Gencer, Bahriye’de Yapılan Islahât Hareketleri ve Bahriye Nezareti’nin Kuruluşu (1789-1867), Ankara 2001, s. 95, 98-99, 100-101; Mehmet Ali Beyhan, Saray Günlüğü, İstanbul 2007, s. 241, 242, 252, 253, 260, 264, 265, 266; H. Dj. Siruni, “Ramiz Pacha et son activitè”, SAO, VIII (1971), s. 103-124; Fahri Ç. Derin, “Yayla İmamı Risâlesi”, TED, sy. 3 (1973), s. 250, 253, 256-259, 264; İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Râmiz Abdullah Paşa, Seyyid”, TA, XXVII, 220-221.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 451-453 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.