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REDİF Skip to content II. Mahmud zamanında sancaklarda teşkil edilen ordu.
Tam adı Redîf-i Asâkir-i Mansûre veya Asâkir-i Redîfe-i Mansûre olan bu ordunun kuruluş amacı, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasını (1826) müteakip Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye adıyla oluşturulan yeni orduya destek sağlamak ve halkı uzun süre mecburi hizmette tutmadan kendi bölgelerinde eğiterek iç güvenliği sağlamaktı. Sözlük anlamı “arkadan gelen, birinin ardından giden kimse” olan redîf kelimesi burada “fiilî ve muvazzaf ordunun yedeği” (ihtiyatî kuvvet) mânasında kullanılmıştır. Bu ordunun en önemli özelliği subaylarının ve “efrâd-ı redîfe” denilen erlerinin dâimî statüde oluşuydu.
Redif askerî teşkilâtı 8 Temmuz 1834’te Redif Kanunnâmesi’nin çıkarılmasıyla oluşturuldu ve gereğinin yapılması Serasker Koca Hüsrev Paşa’ya havale edildi. Ardından redif teşkilâtı kurulacak yerlerin vali ve mutasarrıfları durumdan haberdar edildi. Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘de yeni ordu hakkında bilgi verildi, ayrıca redif taburlarının başına mahallî hânedan ve kişizadelerden subaylar getirileceği duyuruldu. Kanunnâmeye göre her sancakta subaylarıyla birlikte 1400’er kişilik dört bölüklü taburlar kurulacak, nüfusu yeterli olmayanlar civardakilerle birleştirilecekti. Denize kıyısı bulunan kazalardan redif askeri alınmayacak, bunlar bahriye için ayrılacaktı. Redif askeri adayları yirmi üç-otuz iki yaşları arasında olacak ve kura ile gönüllülerden seçilecekti. Asâkir-i Mansûre’den emekliye ayrılanlardan durumu uygun olanlar redif askeri olabilecekti. Sadece savaş zamanında istihdam edileceğinden barış zamanında “münâvebe” adı altında mansûreye asker yazılmayacaktı. Tâlimler nizâmiye askeri bulunan yerlerde onların zâbitlerince, bulunmayan yerlerde İstanbul’dan gönderilecek subaylarca yaptırılacaktı. Redif askerlerinin tâlimleri haftada birkaç gün, kendi köylerinde, zaman zaman büyükçe nahiyelerde veya kazalarda icra edilecek, bunlar yılda iki defa büyük tâlime katılacaklardı. Elbise, silâh, çanta, matara, aylık ve tayinatları devletçe karşılanacaktı. Redif erlerine ayda 5 kuruş, zâbitlere ise uygun miktarda maaş verilecekti.
Daha sonra hangi sancaklarda kimler tarafından ne kadar asker toplanacağı hususunda çalışmalar başlatıldı. Nüfus sayımı yapılmış yerlerin ne kadar redif askeri çıkarabileceği hesaplandı, nüfusu yetersiz kazalar birleştirildi. Redif birliği kurulması düşünülen yerlerde bu iş mütesellim, mutasarrıf ve valilere bırakıldı. Öncelikli olarak Anadolu’da Ankara, Çankırı ve Karahisarısâhib’de (Afyonkarahisar) kurulan redif birlikleri daha sonra Batı, Orta ve kısmen Doğu Anadolu’nun bazı sancaklarında teşkil edildi. Rumeli’de ise Selânik-Serez ve Silistre’de, ardından Gümülcine-Niğbolu, Üsküp, Köstendil, Tırhala, Manastır, Prizren, Filibe gibi yerlere yaygınlaştırıldı. Redif askerinin sürekli denetim altında bulundurulabilmesi için jurnal tutulması usulü getirildi. Buna göre her tabur sancağının adıyla anılacak, erden binbaşıya kadar herkesin eşkâl kayıtları yazılacak ve defterlerden iki nüsha ilgili sancakta, bir nüshası da merkezde duracaktı. Yapılan değişiklikler her ay merkeze bildirilecekti. Redif askerlerinin çağdaş eğitim alabilmesi için zâbitlerin gruplar halinde İstanbul’a çağrılarak birkaç ay Asâkir-i Mansûre tâlimlerine katılmaları benimsenmiş, ayrıca mansûre askerlerinden yararlanılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu arada Asâkir-i Mansûre subayları yılda iki defa sancak merkezlerinde yapılan genel tâlimlere katılıyordu. Her redif taburundaki bölüklerde birer onbaşı ve çavuşla yirmi beş topçu bulunuyordu.
Ülkenin hemen her yerinde redif birlikleri kurulmaya çalışılırken bazı karışıklıklar ortaya çıkınca 1836 Haziranında bazı değişiklikler yapıldı. Ağustostaki şûra toplantısında redif teşkilâtı bulunan sancakların belli merkezlere bağlanması kararlaştırıldı. Serasker Koca Hüsrev Paşa yeni orduyu Prusya’nın Landwehr teşkilâtı tarzında düzenlemek istedi ve bu hususta o sırada İstanbul’da bulunan Prusyalı Helmuth von Moltke’den faydalandı. İlk yenilik redif tâlimlerinde nöbetleşe usulünün getirilmesi oldu. Baharlarda yapılan tâlimler sonbaharın hasat zamanına rastlaması sebebiyle yılda bir defaya indirildi. Her bölüğün sırayla sancak merkezine gidip eğitim görmesi karara bağlandı. Böylece sancak merkezlerinde sürekli asker kalması temin edilmiş oldu. Bu iş için kışlalar inşa edilecekti. Topçu tâlimleri için de İstanbul’dan her sancağa iki eleman gönderilecekti. Bu arada redif teşkilâtı Asâkir-i Mansûre taburlarına benzetilerek 1426 kişilik mevcut 860’a indirildi ve her sancakta üç tabur yani 2560 asker bulundurulması benimsendi.
1836’da gerçekleştirilen bir başka değişiklikle redif taburlarının askerî ve malî idaresi bir elde toplandı. Böylece redif taburlarının bulunduğu sancaklar grup grup bir araya getirilerek birer müşirin idaresine verildi. Müşirliklere valiler getirilerek mahallî âyanların nüfuzu kırılmak istendi. İlk anda Karaman (Konya), Hüdâvendigâr (Bursa), Ankara, Aydın, Erzurum ve Edirne’de müşirlik kurulması hedeflendi. Kocaeli, Bolu, Karesi, Eskişehir ve Bursa merkez sancağı Hüdâvendigâr Müşirliği adı altında Ahmed Fevzi Paşa’ya bağlanırken Kütahya ve Karahisarısâhib sancakları feriklik itibar edilerek bu müşirliğe eklendi. Mahallinde harcanan paralardan artan meblağ mansûre hazinesine aktarıldı. Ancak bu düzenleme uzun sürmedi, gerek Anadolu’da gerekse Rumeli’de yeni düzenlemelere ihtiyaç duyuldu. Bu arada redif birliklerinin merkezdeki mansûre ile hassa şeklinde örgütlendirilmesi yoluna gidildi ve taşrada da Redîf-i Mansûre ile Redîf-i Hassa birlikleri oluşturuldu. Daha sonra tümenler teşkil edilecekti (Lutfî, V, 74, 165-170). Aynı yıl süvari redif birlikleri kurulmaya başlandı. İlk önce Ankara ve Çankırı kazalarında kurulan süvarilerden 1838’de altı bölükten bir alay teşkil edildi. Bunların maaş ve tayinatları ile diğer masrafları devletçe karşılanacaktı.
Mekteb-i Harbiyye’nin ilk mezunlarını vermesinden sonra silâh altındaki redif askerleri muvazzaf sınıfına dahil edilerek zâbitleri ocaklarına gönderildi. Redif ordusu son yapısını ihtiyat veya kısa süreli hizmet şeklinde alacaktı. Nitekim daha 1838 yılında muvazzaflık süresi beş yıl olarak belirlenmişti. II. Mahmud’un ölümü arefesinde redif askerlerinin mevcudu 100.000’e yaklaşmıştı.
Askerî giderlerin karşılanması için 1834 yılında Redîf-i Mansûre Hazinesi kurularak bazı gelir kaynakları buraya aktarıldı, ayrıca halktan iâne adıyla paralar toplandı. 1834 sonunda redif askeri sayısı 18.786, ödenen maaş tutarı 109.712,5 kuruş iken 1837 Ekiminde mevcut 84.796’ya, ödenen meblağ da 631.178 kuruşa yükseldi. Redif askerlerinin gelir gider hesapları mansûre hesaplarından ayrı tutulmuş, maaşların her ayın sonunda verilmesi benimsenmiştir. Subaylarıyla birlikte 1426 kişiden oluşan bir taburun aylık maaşı toplam 8347,5 kuruş tutuyordu. Başlıca gelir kaynakları iâne-i cihâdiyye emvâli, menâfi-i cedîde tertibatı ve zuhurat vâridâttan; giderleri ise maaş, tâyinat-bahâ ve diğer masraflardan oluşmaktaydı (Cezar, s. 277-280). Bu giderler için halktan iâne-i cihâdiyye adı altında vergi toplanması kararlaştırılmış, ayrıca gümrük ve iltizam gelirlerinin bir kısmı redif hazinesine aktarılmıştır. Tanzimat döneminde nöbetleşe usulünün kaldırılması gibi bazı değişiklikler yapılırken redif hazinesi de lağvedildi.
6 Eylül 1843 tarihinde Serasker Rızâ Paşa zamanında ilân edilen ve kısmen Fransız, kısmen Alman etkisi altında bulunan askerî kanuna göre Osmanlı ordusu muvazzaf ordu, redif kuvvetleri, yardımcı kuvvetler ve başıbozuklar olmak üzere dört sınıfa ayrıldı. Böylece redif birlikleri dâimî orduya katıldı, muvazzaflık süresi önceleri beş yıl, ardından dört yıl olarak belirlendi. Daha sonraki yedi yıl içinde redif (ihtiyat) askeri olarak her yıl bir aylığına (sonraları iki yılda bir) kıtaya çağrılıp eğitim görmelerine karar verildi. O sırada redif birlikleri İstanbul, İzmit, Manastır ve Sivas gibi büyük eyalet merkezlerinde bulunuyordu. 1853’te redif askerleri dört (veya beş) ordu halinde teşkilâtlandırıldı ve ilk anda hassa (Üsküdar ve İzmir), Dersaâdet (İstanbul ve Ankara), Rumeli (Manastır), Anadolu (Harput), Arabistan ve Irak ordularının kurulması hedeflendi. Bütün redif askerlerinin mevcudu 300.000 muvazzaf orduya karşılık 150.000’e ulaşmıştı.
1869 yılında Serasker Hüseyin Avni Paşa döneminde çıkarılan Fransız etkisi altındaki askerlik kanununa göre ordu sayısı yediye çıkarıldı ve bütün kuvvetler nizâmiye, redif ve müstahfız diye üçe ayrıldı. Muvazzaflık hizmeti dört yıl, ihtiyat veya muvazzaf ihtiyatlık devresi bir yıl, rediflik hizmeti ise her biri “sınıf-ı mukaddem” ve “sınıf-ı sânî” adları altında üçer yıllık (dört veya iki) iki kurada devam ediyordu. 1287’de (1870-71) redif askerinin mevcudu 105.000 idi (Lutfî, XII, 111). 1871 yılında Enderun’dan redif sınıfına dahil edilmek üzere alımlar yapıldı (TSMA, nr. D. 8045). 1877’de üç kura çağrılmış olup üçüncüsüne “sınıf-ı sâlis” denildi ve bu sınıf “müstahfız” adıyla anıldı.
1886’da Veli Rızâ Paşa ile Goltz Paşa’nın da dahil olduğu Islahat Komisyonu’nda ele alınan kanuna göre redif askerlerinin hizmet süresi dokuz yıl olarak belirlendi. Bir yıl sonra çıkarılan, fakat beş yıl sonra yürürlüğe giren yeni kanuna göre ise hizmet süresi sekiz yıla indirildi. Redif subayları arasındaki dereceler muvazzaf ordudakilerle aynı idi. 1909 Haziranında kabul edilen Elbise-i Askeriyye Nizamnâmesi’ne göre redif erleriyle subaylarının takacakları işaretler belirlendi. Redif teşkilâtı, 18 Ramazan 1330 (18 Ağustos 1328 r. / 31 Ağustos 1912) tarihinde müstahfız bölüklerine dönüştürüldü, böylece redif kavramı tarihe karışmış oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA TSMA, nr. D. 3082, D 8045; BA, MD, nr. 251, s. 117; BA, Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 10825, 15667, 18933, 44062; BA, HH, nr. 1918C, 1920B, 18050, 18320, 18494, 18593, 18627, 19118A; BA, Mühimme-i Asâkir Defterleri, nr. 44-48, 54, 60; Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘, def‘a: 87, 92, 114, 133, 135, İstanbul 1250; Helmuth von Moltke, Türkiye Mektupları (trc. Hayrullah Örs), İstanbul 1969, s. 29; Redif Taburları Nizamnâmesi, Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 813/4; Redif Askeri Tâlimatı , Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 875; Redif Askeri Tâlimatnâmesi, TSMK, Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 2065, 2066; Asâkir-i Redîfe, İstanbul, ts.; Redif Devâir Haritası, İstanbul 1305; Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât (nşr. Mehmed Gālib Bey), İstanbul 1327, IV, 109, 110; Cevad Paşa, Târîh-i Askerî-i Osmânî, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4178, s. 80-89; Lutfî, Târih, IV, 144, 171; V, 74, 165-170; IX, 58; XII, 111; Redif Zâbitanının Tâlimleri Hakkında Tâlimat , İstanbul 1328; Ahmed Ziya, “Redif Kanunu, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyete Yasalarımız”, Düstûr, İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1330, II, 181; Naci Çakın – Nafiz Orhon, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Tarihi (1793-1908), Ankara 1978, III/5, s. 195-198, 203-204; Musa Çadırcı, “Osmanlı Ordusu’nda Yeni Düzenlemeler (1792-1869)”, Birinci Askerî Tarih Semineri, Bildiriler, Ankara 1983, II, 92-96; a.mlf., “Anadolu’da Redif Askerî Teşkilatının Kuruluşu”, TAD, VIII-XII/14-23 (1970-74), s. 63-75; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “Redif Askeri Giderlerini Karşılamak Üzere Alınan Bir Vergi: İâne-i Cihâdiyye”, Birinci Askerî Tarih Semineri, Bildiriler, Ankara 1983, II, 145-166; a.mlf., “Sultan II. Mahmud Devri Yedek Ordusu: Redîf-i Asâkir-i Mansûre”, TED, XII (1982), s. 127 vd.; a.mlf., “Redif Kıyafetlerinin Maliyetine Dair”, İFM, XLI/1-4 (1984), s. 283-299; Yavuz Cezar, Osmanlı Maliyesinde Bunalım ve Değişim Dönemi, İstanbul 1986, s. 246-247, 277-280; Cengiz Çakaloğlu, “II. Abdülhamid Devrinde Denizli Redif Taburu”, Milletlerarası Denizli ve Çevresi Tarih ve Kültür Sempozyumu, Bildiriler, Denizli 2007, I, 273-279; Naci Çakın, “Redif Teşkilatı”, Askerî Tarih Bülteni, XIV/26, Ankara 1989, s. 31-56; J. Deny, “Redîf”, İA, IX, 666-668; a.mlf., “Radīf”, EI2 (Fr.), VIII, 383-384.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 524-526 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.