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RİVAYET Skip to content Hadisi kaynağına isnat ederek nakletmek anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “sulamak, su başına gidip kana kana su içmek; nakletmek” mânalarındaki rivâyet kelimesi terim olarak “hadisi vb. haberleri senediyle nakletmek, onları söyleyene veya yapana isnat etmek” anlamında kullanılır. Her rivayeti kendinden öncekilerden nakleden bir şeyh (hoca, mervî anh) ve o şeyhten bu rivayeti alıp nakleden bir râvi bulunur. Hocanın bir rivayeti râviye aktardığını ifade etmek için genellikle “ravâ lehû” (ona rivayet etti), râvinin hocadan rivayette bulunduğunu belirtmek için de “ravâ anhü” (ondan rivayette bulundu) tabirleri kullanılır (bk. RÂVİ ). Rivayetin şeyhten alınıp öğrenilmesine haml veya tahammül , başkalarına öğretilmesine nakl veya edâ denir.
Rivayet kelimesi Câhiliye devrinde şiir nakli için kullanılırken İslâmiyet’ten sonra hadis ve sünnetin nakli için de kullanılır olmuştur. Câhiliye döneminde her şairin, şiirlerini ezberleyip başkalarına aktaran râvi veya râvileri olduğu gibi Arap şiiri hakkında mutlak otorite sayılan ve “râviye” adı verilen büyük râviler de bulunuyordu. Emevî devrinin sonlarından itibaren ayrıca lugat malzemesinin nakli için kullanılan rivayet kelimesi modern Arap edebiyatında “roman” anlamını da ifade etmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in hayatında rivayet genelde sahâbenin ondan duyduklarını nakletmesi, ondan duymadıklarını da birbirinden öğrenip aktarması şeklinde olmuştur. Hicretten sonra Mescid-i Nebevî’de hadis ve ilim müzakereleri şeklinde başlayan rivayet işi, Hudeybiye Antlaşması’nın ardından Resûl-i Ekrem’in Arap yarımadasında yaşayan kabile reislerine ve yarımada dışındaki devlet yöneticilerine gönderdiği İslâm davetçileriyle sistemleşmeye başlamıştır. Aynı şekilde dışarıdan Medine’ye gelen kişilere ve heyetlere özellikle Suffe ashabının Resûl-i Ekrem’den öğrendiklerini aktarması ve onların kabilelerine döndüklerinde bunları kendi halklarına öğretmesi bu dönemdeki rivayet faaliyeti açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra ashap hadis rivayetinde yanlışa düşmemek için mümkün olduğunca az rivayette bulunmayı, rivayetleri kabul ederken şahit istemeyi, gerekirse yemin ettirmeyi ve lafızla rivayete önem vermeyi prensip edinmiştir. Hadisler bir taraftan sahâbeden sonra gelen tâbiîn nesline aktarılırken diğer taraftan bazı sahâbî ve tâbiîler hadisleri yazmaya başlamış, böylece rivayetlerin derlendiği sahîfeler ortaya çıkmıştır. Sahâbenin elindeki yazılı rivayetler ve sözlü olarak nakledilen hadisler tâbiîn âlimlerine intikal etmiş, I. yüzyılın sonlarında (VIII. yüzyılın başları) Halife Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in tâlimatıyla Zührî tarafından yazılı ve sözlü malzemeye dayanılarak derleme faaliyetine girişilmiştir. Zührî’yi örnek alan II. (VIII.) yüzyılın birçok âlimi de hadis rivayet etme yanında rivayet ettiği hadisleri toplamaya ve tasnif etmeye başlamıştır. Mekke’de İbn Cüreyc; Medine’de İbn İshak ve Mâlik b. Enes; Basra’da Saîd b. Ebû Arûbe, Rebî‘ b. Subeyh ve Hammâd b. Seleme; Kûfe’de Süfyân es-Sevrî; Dımaşk’ta Evzâî; Vâsıt’ta Hüşeym b. Beşîr ve Şu‘be b. Haccâc; Horasan’da Abdullah b. Mübârek; Yemen’de Ma‘mer b. Râşid; Rey’de Cerîr b. Abdülhamîd ve Mısır’da İbn Vehb derleme faaliyetinin öncüleridir. Başlangıçta bir usul gözetilmeden sahîfe ve cüzler halinde derlenen rivayetler daha sonra tasnif edilmeye başlanmış, konu ve râvi esasına dayanan iki tasnif türü ortaya çıkmıştır. Konularına göre tasnif edilen ilk hadis kitapları Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in el-Câmiʿ i ve Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı gibi eserlerdir. Bunları kitap ve bab esasına göre tasnif edilen Kütüb-i Sitte vb. eserler takip etmiştir.
Bir rivayetin makbul ve muteber sayılması için sened ve metin açısından bazı şartları taşıması gerekir. Senedinin muttasıl, râvilerinin adâlet ve zabt sahibi olması, sika râvilerin rivayetine muhalif bulunmaması ve derin araştırmalarla tesbit edilebilen illetleri taşımaması şeklinde özetlenebilecek bu şartlar yanında rivayet muhaddislerce belirlenen hadis nakletme yollarından biriyle alınmış olmalıdır. Bu yollar semâ (râvinin hadisi hocadan işitmek suretiyle alması), kıraat (râvinin hocanın rivayet hakkına sahip olduğu bir kitabı onun karşısında okuması), icâzet (hocanın rivayet hakkına sahip olduğu hadisleri râvinin rivayet etmesine izin vermesi), münâvele (hocanın hadis kitabını râviye elden vermesi), mükâtebe (hocanın kitabını yazıp râviye göndermesi), i‘lâm (hocanın bir hadis kitabını rivayet hakkına sahip olduğunu râviye bildirmesi), vasiyet (seyahate çıkan veya ölmek üzere olan hocanın hadis kitabını râviye bırakması), vicâde (râvinin, yazısını tanıdığı bir hocanın el yazısıyla yazılmış hadis kitabını veya hocanın rivayet hakkına sahip olduğunu bildiği bir kitabı elde etmesi) olmak üzere sekiz çeşittir. Her rivayet türünde râvinin hadisi hocadan hangi rivayet yoluyla aldığını gösteren özel lafızlar kullanılmaktadır. Bu lafızların en çok kullanılanları şunlardır: “Haddesenâ” (bize tahdis etti), “ahberenâ, enbeenâ” (bize haber verdi), “semi‘tü” (ben işittim), “kara’tü” (ben okudum), “kāle” (dedi). Rivayet lafızlarının yetmiş civarında olduğu belirtilmektedir (Çakan, s. 60-63; ayrıca bk. EDÂ ).
Hadis rivayetinin sağlam bir şekilde yapılmasını temin etmek ve rivayet esnasında hataları önlemek amacıyla hadis âlimleri “sıfâtü rivâyeti’l-hadîs” (şürûtü’r-rivâye) adını verdikleri bazı şartlar ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bir kısım muhaddislerin çok katı, bir kısmının esnek davrandığı, kişiden kişiye değişebilen bu şartlar şöylece özetlenebilir: 1. Rivayetle meşgul olan râvi kitabını doğru ve düzgün bir şekilde yazmalı ve aslı ile mukabele etmeli, ezberden rivayet ediyorsa asıl nüshası her zaman yanında bulunmalıdır. 2. Doğuştan gözleri görmeyen râvi hadislerini güvenilir bir kâtibe yazdırıp kendisine okunduktan sonra rivayet etmelidir. 3. Rivayet esnasında ezberiyle kitabı arasında farklılık görülen râvi kitabından ezberleyip rivayette bulunan biri ise kitabını, güvenilir bir muhaddisin ağzından duyarak rivayet ediyorsa ezberini esas almalıdır. 4. Kitabındaki hadisi hocasından duyduğunu hatırlamayan râvinin o hadisi rivayet etmesi birçok âlime göre câiz değildir. 5. Râvi, hadisin lafızlarını ve lafızlarla kastedilen mânayı iyi bilen bir kişi değilse mâna ile rivayette bulunmamalı, hadisleri duyduğu şekilde rivayet etmelidir. 6. Râvi mâna ile rivayet ettiğinde hadisi okuduktan hemen sonra “ev kemâ kāle” (yahut dediği gibi), “ev nahve hâzâ” (yahut buna benzer), “ev karîben minhü” (yahut buna yakın) gibi ifadeler kullanmalıdır. 7. Rivayet esnasında hadisi ihtisar etmek hadis âlimlerinin bir kısmına göre câiz değildir. İhtisara gidilecekse asıldan uzaklaşmama konusunda çok dikkatli davranılmalıdır. 8. Râvi bir hadisi iki veya daha fazla tarikten rivayet ettiğinde mâna aynı olduğu halde lafızlar arasında farklılık varsa rivayetleri tek isnadda birleştirerek birinin lafzıyla nakletmelidir. Bu durumda senede, “ahberenâ fülânün ve’l-lafzu li-fülânin” (falan bize haber verdi, ifade ise falana aittir) veya “hâzâ lafzu fülânin” (bu falanın ifadesidir) gibi lafızlar ilâve edilmelidir. 9. Râvi rivayet ettiği hadisin senedindeki ricâlin neseplerine açıklayıcı mâhiyette ilâve yapabilir, ancak yaptığı ilâveye bir şekilde işaret etmesi gerekir. 10. Ehil olmayanların kitaplara müdahalesine yol açacağı için hadisin sened veya metninde bir kelime ya da cümle düştüğünde râvinin bunu ilâve etmesi doğru değildir. Yapılacak ilâve ilgili yere işaret etmek suretiyle metin dışında yapılmalıdır. 11. Hemmâm b. Münebbih’in Ebû Hüreyre’den naklettiği hadisleri ihtiva eden ve tek isnadla rivayet edilen nüsha gibi birçok hadisi içeren kitapları rivayet ederken râvinin her bir hadiste isnadı tekrarlaması uygun olur. Bununla birlikte nüshanın ilk hadisinin başında isnadı zikretmesinin yeterli olacağını söyleyenler de vardır. Ancak bu şekilde rivayette her hadisten sonra “ve bi’l-isnâd” (aynı senedle) yahut “ve bihî” (bu senedle) şeklinde bir ifade kullanılması gerekir. 12. Râvinin bir hadisi rivayet ederken bilinenin aksine önce hadisin metnini, sonra senedini zikretmesi câizdir. 13. Râvi rivayeti hocasından müzakere gibi zayıf bir rivayet yoluyla almışsa edâ esnasında bunu söylemesi gerekir; kasten veya unutarak söylemezse tedlîs yaptığına hükmedilir. 14. Râvi hadisin bir kısmını bir hocadan, bir kısmını başka bir hocadan rivayet etmişse her iki hocasına isnat etmek şartıyla hadisleri birleştirip rivayet edebilir (İbnü’s-Salâh, s. 208-236; Uğur, s. 327-329).
Başlangıçtan hadislerin kitaplarda toplanmasına kadar geçen zaman içinde rivayet iki şekilde gerçekleşmiştir. A) Lafız ile Rivayet. Birçok sahâbî, hadislerin Resûl-i Ekrem’den işitildiği biçimde lafzan rivayet edilmesi gerektiği görüşündeydi. Hz. Ömer bu hususa değindiği bir konuşmasında, “Kim bir hadis duyar da onu duyduğu şekilde naklederse kurtulur” demiş (Râmhürmüzî, s. 538), Zeyd b. Erkam da lafızları aynen korunmadığı zaman hadisleri rivayet etmenin zor ve sorumluluk gerektiren bir iş olduğunu belirtmiştir (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, s. 205). Bu konudaki hassasiyetiyle tanınan Abdullah b. Ömer, “Münafık iki koyun sürüsü arasında kalan şaşkın koyuna benzer” hadisini (Müslim, “Ṣıfâtü’l-münâfiḳīn”, 17) anlamı bozmayacak şekilde kelime değişikliği yaparak rivayet eden birini görünce, “Resûlullah’a karşı yalan söyleme!” diyerek onu uyarmış (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, s. 208), İslâm’ın beş şartını sayan birine hadisin lafızlarında yer değişikliği yaptığı için müdahale etmiş ve hadisin Resûlullah’tan duyulduğu şekilde rivayet edilmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir (a.g.e. , s. 210). Tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn dönemlerinde birçok âlim bu hususa riayet etmiş olmakla birlikte hadis âlimleri arasında mâna ile rivayetin câiz olup olmadığı konusu tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Tâvûs b. Keysân, Kāsım b. Muhammed, İbn Sîrîn, İbn Cüreyc, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Recâ b. Hayve ve Mâlik b. Enes gibi âlimler hadis ilmiyle ilgilenenlerin Arap dilinin özelliklerini iyi bilmesi ve duydukları hadislerin lafızlarını aynen koruyarak rivayet etmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Bu görüşü benimseyenlerin dayandığı deliller Hz. Peygamber’in, “Sözümü dinleyip iyice anladıktan sonra işittiği gibi başkalarına ulaştıran kişinin Allah yüzünü ağartsın” meâlindeki hadisinde geçen (Müsned , I, 437; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 10) “işittiği gibi” ifadesiyle yine Resûl-i Ekrem’in sahâbeden Berâ b. Âzib’e yatacağı sırada okuması için öğrettiği duada geçen “nebiyyike” yerine Berâ’nın “resûlike” kelimesini söylemesi üzerine, “Öyle değil, nebiyyike de!” şeklindeki uyarısıdır (Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 75; Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 56). Bunun dışında mâna ile rivayetin Araplar’ın en fasihi olan Hz. Peygamber’in hadislerinde mevcut anlam derinliğini bozacağı, her tabakada yapılan değişikliklerle son râvide sözün Resûlullah’a ait olmaktan çıkacağı gibi deliller de öne sürülmüştür (bunlara verilen cevaplar için bk. Ali Abdülfettâh Ali Hasan, s. 221-225).
B) Mâna ile Rivayet. Mâna ile rivayet başlıca üç şekilde olur. 1. Lafzı eş anlamlısıyla değiştirerek rivayet etmek. “Kaade” (oturdu) yerine “celese”, “alime” (bildi) yerine “arefe” kelimelerini koymak suretiyle rivayet gibi. Bunun câiz olduğu konusunda ihtilâf yoktur. 2. Hadisteki bir lafız yerine aynı mânayı karşıladığı zannedilen, ancak tam olarak aynı mânaya gelmeyen bir kelime getirerek rivayet etmek. Bu durumda mâna bozulacağından böyle bir rivayet câiz değildir. 3. Hadisin mânasını iyice kavradığına inanan râvinin metinde geçen bazı sözlerin yerine eş anlamlılarını değil aynı mânayı verebilecek farklı lafızlar ve ifadeler kullanarak rivayet etmesi. Bu şekildeki rivayet âlimler arasında tartışmalı olup sahâbeden Huzeyfe b. Yemân, Ali b. Ebû Tâlib, Ebû Hüreyre, Hz. Âişe, Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî, Abdullah b. Abbas, Vâsile b. Eska‘ ve Enes b. Mâlik; tâbiîn neslinin büyüklerinden Nehaî, Şa‘bî, Mücâhid b. Cebr, İkrime el-Berberî, Hasan-ı Basrî, Zührî ve Amr b. Dînâr; sonrakilerden Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ve daha birçok âlim bu tür rivayeti câiz görmüştür. Vâsile b. Eska‘, ashabın aynı hadisi Hz. Peygamber’den farklı lafızlarla bazan birkaç defa duyduğunu, bu tür hadislerin mâna ile rivayet edilebileceğini söylemiştir (a.g.e. , s. 213). Hasan-ı Basrî, “Anlamı doğru olduktan sonra mâna ile rivayette bir sakınca yoktur” demiş (İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, I, 96), Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân da, “Dünyada Allah’ın kitabından daha değerli bir şey yokken onda bile yedi vecihle okumaya müsaade edilmiştir, işi zorlaştırmayınız” diyerek mâna ile rivayeti savunmuştur (Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, s. 230).
Mâna ile rivayetin câiz olduğunu söyleyen âlimler nakle dayanan yukarıdaki görüşlerini ayrıca şu aklî delillerle teyit etmişlerdir: 1. Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd ile diğer bazı sahâbîlerin, Hz. Peygamber’in bir hadisini naklettikten sonra “kezâ” (bu şekilde), “ev nahvehû” (yahut buna benzer şekilde), “ev karîben minhü” (yahut buna yakın lafızla) gibi ifadeler kullanmaları hadisin sözlerini hatırlayamadıklarını ve mâna ile rivayet ettiklerini gösterir. Yine birçok sahâbînin, “Resûl-i Ekrem bize şunu emretti, şunu yasakladı” şeklindeki sözleri onun söylediklerinin tekrarı değil mâna ile rivayetidir. 2. Aynı mecliste oturup Hz. Peygamber’den duydukları bir kıssayı değişik sözlerle rivayet eden sahâbîlerin birbirini uyarmaması hadisleri mâna ile rivayette bir sakınca görmediklerini gösterir. 3. Sahâbîlerin Resûlullah’la birlikte bulunduklarında ondan işittiklerini hemen yazmadıkları ve ezberlemek için tekrar etmedikleri bilinmektedir. Bu ise onların öğrendikleri hadisleri aradan yıllar geçtikten sonra rivayet ederken çok defa Hz. Peygamber’den duydukları lafızları değil bunların mânasını aktardıklarını göstermektedir. 4. Bir sözde asıl olan mânadır. Söz mânayı bildiren bir vasıtadan ibaret olduğuna göre asıl mânayı veren bir söz yerine aynı mânaya gelen başka bir sözün konulması sakıncalı olmamalıdır. 5. Şayet hadislerin lafzan rivayet edilmesi gerekli olsaydı Hz. Peygamber Kur’an’ı yazdırır gibi onları da yazdırırdı. 6. Tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn dönemlerinde Arap asıllı olmadıkları için Arap dilinin ifade özelliklerini tam anlamıyla bilemeyen birçok hadis âlimi yetişmiştir. Bunların rivayet ettikleri hadislerde pek çok i‘rab hatası ve şîve farklılığından kaynaklanan yanlışlar bulunduğu halde rivayetleri -aralarında hadislerin mâna ile rivayet edilmesini câiz görmeyenlerin de bulunduğu- birçok muhaddis tarafından kabul görmüştür.
Mâna ile rivayeti câiz gören âlimler bu hususta bazı şartlar ileri sürmüşlerdir. 1 . Hadisi mâna ile rivayet edecek kişi lafızların mânalarını iyi bilmelidir. 2. Değiştirilen lafızların yerine eş anlamlıları kullanılmalıdır. 3. Hz. Peygamber tarafından öğretilen ve lafzıyla ibadet edilen hadislerde mâna ile rivayet câiz değildir; ezan ile Tahiyyat duasının lafızları gibi. 4. Allah’ın sıfatlarından bahseden hadislerde olduğu gibi müteşâbih kelimelerin farklı lafızlarla ifade edilmesi câiz değildir. 5. Kısa ve özlü anlam içeren cevâmiu’l-kelim türü hadislerde değişiklik yapılamaz. 6. Hadisin aslı râvinin ezberinde ise mâna ile rivayette bulunması câiz olmaz. 7. Mânası kapalı olan ve birkaç mânaya gelen hadisi lafzıyla rivayet etmek şarttır. 8. Bazı muhaddislere göre mevkūf ve maktû‘ mâna ile rivayet edilebilir, merfû‘ ise rivayet edilemez (Çakan, s. 67). Hadisler tesbit edilip kitaplara geçtikten sonra mâna ile rivayeti gerektiren hususlar ortadan kalktığı için artık kitapların esas alınıp mâna ile rivayetin terkedilmesi gerekir.
Rivayet konusuna geniş yer veren en önemli çalışmalar İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, Hatîb el-Bağdâdî ve Kādî İyâz tarafından yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.). İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin el-Hidâye fî ʿilmi’r-rivâye (el-Bidâye fî meʿâlimi’r-rivâye) adlı eserini Şemseddin es-Sehâvî el-Ġāye fî şerḥi’l-Ḥidâye fî ʿilmi’r-rivâye adıyla şerhetmiş ve her iki çalışma birlikte yayımlanmıştır (nşr. M. Seyyidî Muhammed Emîn, I-II, Medine 2002). Günümüzde Nevzat Aşık Sahâbe ve Hadis Rivayeti (İzmir 1981), Ali Abdülfettâh Ali Hasan el-Ḥadîs̱ü’n-nebevî ve rivâyetüh (Mansûre 1410/1990), Recep Şentürk Toplumsal Hafıza Hadis Rivayet Ağı 610-1505 (trc. M. Fatih Serenli, İstanbul 2004) isimli çalışmalarında rivayet konusunu ele almış, Zâhid Şah Muhammed İsmâil er-Rivâye fi’l-İslâm ʿinde’l-muḥaddis̱în (1398/1978, Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi) ve Nihat Yatkın Hadislerin Mâna ile Rivayeti ve Neticeleri (1992, Erzurum AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adıyla yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamışlardır. Genel olarak hadis rivayeti hakkında Zakir Kadiri’nin (Ugan) “Dinî ve Gayr-i Dinî Rivâyetler” (DİFM , IV [1926], s. 132-210), Ali Toksarı’nın “Nisab Açısından Rivayet-Şehadet Farkı” (EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 1 [1983], s. 231-248), Ahmet Demirci’nin “Rivayet Formülleri” (a.g.e. , sy. 3 [1986], s. 139-194) ve M. J. Kister’in “Some Notes on the Transmission of Hadith” (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , XXII [1998], s. 127-162) isimli makaleleri; mâna ile rivayet konusunda Emîn Muhammed el-Kudât’ın “Ḥükmü rivâyeti’l-ḥadîs̱ bi’l-maʿnâ” (Dirâsât , XI/3 [Amman 1984], s. 9-23), Selman Başaran’ın “Hadislerin Lafız ve Mana Olarak Rivayeti Meselesi” (UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , III/3 [1991], s. 51-64) ve “Hadislerde Mâna Rivayetinin Sonuçları” (a.g.e. , III/3 [1991], s. 65-76), Enbiya Yıldırım’ın “Hadislerin Mânayla Rivayeti” (Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 1 [1996], s. 279-314), Abdürrezzâk b. Halîfe eş-Şaycî ile es-Seyyid Muhammed es-Seyyid Nûh’un “Menâhicü’l-muḥaddis̱în fî rivâyeti’l-ḥadîs̱ bi’l-maʿnâ” (Mecelletü’ş-Şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 34 [Küveyt 1418/1998], s. 15-85) ve Muhammed Hâlid Mansûr’un “Ḥükmü rivâyeti’l-ḥadîs̱ bi’l-maʿnâ ʿinde’l-uṣûliyyîn” (Dirâsât , XXIX/1 [Amman 1423/2002], s. 213-230) başlıklı çalışmaları da burada zikredilmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 135-137 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.