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RUH ÇAĞIRMA Skip to content
1/2 Müellif: AHMET GÜÇ Bölüme Git
Gaipten haber vermeyle ilgili birçok yöntemden biri olan ruh çağırma (necromancy) ölen kimselerin ruhlarını büyü yoluyla çağırarak onlarla ilişki kurm…
2/2 Müellif: İLYAS ÇELEBİ Bölüme Git
İslâm’da. Arapça’da “ruh çağırma” karşılığında ilmü istinzâli’l-ervâh, ilmü istihzâri’l-ervâh ve ilmü’l-azâim tabirleri kullanılır. “İlmü da‘veti’l-ke…
Gaipten haber vermeyle ilgili birçok yöntemden biri olan ruh çağırma (necromancy) ölen kimselerin ruhlarını büyü yoluyla çağırarak onlarla ilişki kurma metodudur. Ölen kimselerle bu şekilde haberleşmeye çalışmanın başlıca amacı bilinmeyen sebeplerin açığa çıkarılmasını sağlama veya olayların gelecekteki seyrini öğrenme isteğine dayanır. Ruhu çağrılan kişinin ölüm sebebi de araştırılan hususlar arasındadır. Ruh çağırma, ölümden sonraki hayatın varlığına ve ölen kimselerin yaşayanların işleriyle ilgilenmeye devam ettikleri gibi geleceğin bilgisine de sahip olduklarına inanmayı gerekli kılar. Bu yönüyle ruh çağırma karmaşık cenaze törenleriyle, cenaze töreni sonrası geleneklerle ve atalara tapınma ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ölülerin ruhlarını büyü yoluyla çağırma uygulaması ile sınırlı olan ruh çağırmada spiritüalizm (spiritizma) veya ruhçuluktan farklı olarak aracılar yoluyla haberleşme olmadığı gibi şamanların ruh seyahatlerine ilişkin tecrübelerinin aksine ölülerin ruhlarıyla karşılaşma, hayaletlerin görüntüleri veya rüyada haberleşme de yoktur. Ortaçağ’larda ruh çağırma “büyü” mânasında kullanılmaya başlanmış, çoğunlukla büyü, sihir ve büyücülüğe benzer kabul edilmiştir.
Gaipten haber vermeye hemen her kültürde rastlanırsa da ruh çağırma yöntemiyle gaipten haber verme belirli geleneklerde görülür. Meselâ eski Yunanlılar ölülerin gaipten haber verme gücüne sahip olduklarına, mezarları başında kurban sunmak veya yere şarap dökmek suretiyle onlardan bilgi alınabileceğine inanıyorlardı. Bu tür takdimeler cenazenin defni esnasında ve sonrasında icra edilen törenlerin bir parçasıydı. Ruh çağırma Homeros döneminde Yunanlılar tarafından uygulanıyor, onların klasik literatüründe bu konuya sık sık değiniliyordu. Odysseus’un, talihsizliğinin sebebini öğrenmek için Tiresias’a danışmak üzere Hades’i ziyaret etmesi (Odysseia , s. 197), Gılgamış’ın ölüler âlemiyle ilgili bilgi almak amacıyla ölen Enkidu’ya başvurması da (Gılgamış Destanı, tablet XII) birer ruh çağırma örneği olarak kabul edilmiştir. İskandinavyalılar ve Almanlar arasındaki ruh çağırma uygulamasına dair bilgilerin pek çoğunun efsanelere dayandığı bilinmektedir. Ruh çağırmanın Etrüskler arasında ve Roma tarihinin ilk dönemlerinde bilinmediği veya en azından kayda geçirilmediği görülmektedir. Peru’nun fethinden kısa bir süre sonra yazılan İspanyol tarihlerinde İnkalar’ın ölülerle irtibat kuran iki özel kâhin sınıfına sahip oldukları kaydedilir. Bunlardan bir grup ölen kimselerin mumyaları ile meşgul olma, diğerleri ise çeşitli ruhî varlıklara ve İspanyollar’ın put diye nitelendirdikleri tasvirlere başvurma konusunda uzmanlaşmıştı.
Ruh çağırma mitolojik anlatılar, efsaneler ve edebî metinlere konu olmuştur. Bu tür metinlerde ölen kimselerle haberleşme tasvir edilir veya onların mesajları anlatılır; bunun yanında ruh çağırmayla ilgili çeşitli teknikler hakkında bilgi verilir. Ruh çağırma seansları esnasında ölünün bir parçasının, çoğunlukla da kafatasının veya isminin kullanılması dikkat çekicidir. Cevap, trans halinde karnından konuşma sanatı yoluyla gaipten haber veren kimse tarafından uydurulan bir söyleşi şeklinde olabileceği gibi bir işaretle de açığa vurulabilir. Bu da bir falı yorumlamayı veya bir kuradan sonuç çıkarmayı gerektirebilir. Yine ruh çağırma tekniğiyle ilgili olarak Yeni Gine’nin Huon Gulf bölgesinde XIX. yüzyıl boyunca ve misyonerlerin bölgeye gelişinden önce bütün ölümler büyüye atfedilirdi. Ölüme sebep olan büyücünün kimliği, ölen kimsenin ruhunu büyü yoluyla çağıran falcı tarafından herhangi bir objeye yazılırdı. Daha sonra ruh sorguya çekilir ve falcının elinde bulunan objenin hareketinden “evet” veya “hayır” cevabı alınırdı. Kullanılan en yaygın obje sersemleştirilmiş bir yılan balığı olup onun kıvranması “evet” cevabı olarak yorumlanırdı. Diğer objeler ters çevrilmiş bir kabuk veya elde tutulan bir bambu parçası olabilirdi. Bu objelerin hareketleri bazı hilelere mâruz bırakılır ve cevaplar çoğunlukla halk arasında yaygın olan şüpheleri doğrulayacak şekilde kullanılırdı. Haiti’de hem koloni dönemindeki Avrupa etkisinden hem de Batı Afrika geleneklerinden gelen bir uygulama mevcuttu. Ruh çağırma merasimleri ruhların mahiyetleri ve yerleri hakkındaki yaygın inanca göre farklılık arzederdi.
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te çok sayıda gaipten haber verme tekniğinden bahsedilmiştir. Ruh çağırma ya da ölüye danışma gaipten haber vermeyle ilişkilendirilmiş (Tesniye, 18/11; I. Samuel, 28/8; II. Krallar, 21/6) ve yasaklanmıştır (Levililer, 19/31, 20/6; İşaya, 8/19, 20; I. Târihler, 10/13). Bununla beraber Saul’ün bir büyücü kadın vasıtasıyla Samuel’in ruhunu çağırtıp ne yapması gerektiğini sorması (I. Samuel, 28/3-25) bir ruh çağırma örneği olarak kaydedilmiştir. Ruh çağırma Talmud’da da diğer gaipten haber verme teknikleri arasında zikredilmiş ve sert biçimde eleştirilmesine rağmen birçok ruh çağırma örneğinden bahsedilmiştir. Ruh çağırma yahudiler arasında nâdiren uygulanmakla birlikte yine de Rabbânî kaynaklarda ve Ortaçağ yahudi geleneğinde iz bırakmıştır. Hıristiyanlık’ta ruh çağırma ilk asırlardan itibaren kötü bir tatbikat olarak kabul edilmiştir. Pek çoğu Hıristiyanlık öncesine dayanan büyü ile ilgili inançlar Ortaçağ boyunca devam etmiştir. Ancak Ortaçağ sonları ile Rönesans başlarında büyücülere ağır işkenceler uygulanmıştır. Büyücülere yönelik suçlamalar arasında büyü yaparken şeytanî güçlerin yardımına başvurma ve büyü yoluyla ölen kimselerin ruhlarını çağırma da yer almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Homeros, Odysseia (trc. Azra Erhat – A. Kadir), İstanbul 1970, s. 197.
Gilgameş Destanı (trc. Muzaffer Ramazanoğlu), Ankara 2001, s. 97.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Kitâbü’r-Rûḥ (nşr. M. Şerîf Sükker), Beyrut 1412/1991, s. 21-42.
I. King, “Necromancy”, A Dictionary of Religion and Ethics (ed. S. Mathews – G. B. Smith), London 1921, s. 305.
E. R. Pike, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Religions , London 1951, s. 127, 360.
The New Bible Dictionary (ed. J. D. Douglas), London 1962, s. 320-321.
DB2 , s. 607-611.
DCR , s. 243, 467, 589-590.
Süleyman Ateş, İnsan ve İnsanüstü: Ruh, Melek, Cin, İnsan , İstanbul 1979, s. 53-69.
The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions (ed. K. Crim), San Francisco 1989, s. 535.
R. Guénon, Ruhçu Yanılgı (trc. Lütfi Fevzi Topaçoğlu), İstanbul 1996, s. 159-170.
E. Bourguignon, “Necromancy”, ER , X, 345-347.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 200-201 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
İslâm’da. Arapça’da “ruh çağırma” karşılığında ilmü istinzâli’l-ervâh, ilmü istihzâri’l-ervâh ve ilmü’l-azâim tabirleri kullanılır. “İlmü da‘veti’l-kevâkib, şa‘beze, ilmü’l-hiyeli’s-Sâsâniyye, ilmü’l-istiâne bi-havâssi’l-edviye ve’l-müfredât” ise ruh çağırmayla dolaylı ilgisi bulunan ve bir ölçüde onun evveliyatını oluşturan uygulamalara ait bilginin adıdır. Ruh çağırma için Osmanlı literatüründe yaygın biçimde kullanılan terim ise huddâmcılık tır. Bu tabirler birbirine yakın mânalar ifade etse de ayrıntıda farklı içerik taşır. Meselâ belli bir amaçla cin veya melek gibi gayri maddî varlıklarla temasa geçmeye “ilmü’l-azâim” (bk. AZÂİM ), bunların bedenlenmiş şekilleriyle temasa geçmeye ise “ilmü’l-istihzâr” denilir (Taşköprizâde, I, 366-367; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 80).
Câhiliye Arapları medyum tabiatlı insanları takip eden “reiy” veya “tâbi‘” adında cinlerin varlığına, kâhinlerin bunlardan aldıkları haberlere dayanarak kehanette bulunduklarına inanırlardı. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de cin ve şeytanların gökten haber çalmalarına engel olmak için üzerlerine ateş şuleleri gönderildiği bildirilmekte (el-Hicr 15/18; es-Sâffât 37/10; el-Cin 72/8-9), şeytanların kışkırtma ve temaslarından Allah’a sığınılması tavsiye edilmektedir (el-Mü’minûn 23/97-98). Resûl-i Ekrem de bu konuda şöyle buyurmuştur: “Allah bir işe hükmettiği zaman önce arşı taşıyan melekler, arkasından gök ehli O’nu tesbih eder. Sonra altıncı göğün ehli yedinci göğün ehline, ‘Rabbiniz ne buyurdu?’ diye sorar. Nihayet haber dünya göğünün halkına ulaşır. Şeytanlar kulaktan bir şeyler kapmak isterler, bu duruma engel olmak için üzerlerine gök taşları salınır. Duydukları haberleri aynen getirirlerse haktır, fakat tahrif edip ilâveler de yaparlar” (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 31; Müslim, “Selâm”, 124). Hz. Âişe’den gelen bir rivayette Resûlullah meleklerin bulutlar içinde indiklerini ve göklerde olup bitenleri aralarında konuştuklarını, bu esnada şeytanların kulak hırsızlığı yaparak duydukları haberleri kâhinlere ilettiklerini, kendilerinden de yüzlerce yalan kattıklarını bildirmektedir (Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 11, “Ṭıb”, 45; Müslim, “Selâm”, 122, 123). Buhârî’de geçen diğer bir rivayette (“Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣalât”, 75) Hz. Peygamber’in, namazını bozdurmak için onu rahatsız eden cin taifesinden bir ifriti yakalayıp mescidin direklerinden birine bağlamak istediği, ancak Hz. Süleyman’ın kendisinden sonra kimseye verilmeyecek bir gücü bağışlamasını Allah’tan istediğini hatırlayarak bundan vazgeçtiği belirtilmektedir. Âyet ve hadislerden cinlerle insanlar arasında irtibat kurulabileceği, insanların cinleri emir altına alarak kullanmalarının mümkün olduğu, Hz. Süleyman’ın mûcizevî biçimde onlara hükmettiği ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in onların sûretini müşahede ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Bu âyet ve hadislerde yer alan, insanlarla cinler arasındaki ilişkinin imkânına dair işaretlerden hareketle bazı âlimler, ruh çağırma seanslarında gerçekten gelen biri varsa bunun söz konusu işlemi yaptığını söyleyen medyumla irtibata geçen cin olabileceğini söylemektedir. Böyle bir işlemin söz konusu olmadığını kabul eden bir kısım âlimler ise cinlerle insanlar arasındaki ilişkinin Hz. Muhammed’in peygamber olarak gönderilmesiyle sona erdiğini, dolayısıyla günümüzde böyle bir iletişimin olamayacağını belirtmektedir (bk. İSTİRÂK-ı SEM‘ ).
İslâm inancına göre yaratılış esnasında insan bedenine üflenen ve ölüm anında ondan ayrılan bir öz olan ruh insanın ölümüyle yok olmayıp bir başka âleme yükseltilir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Allah nefisleri -ruhları- öldükleri sırada, ölmeyenleri ise uykularında alır. Ölümüne hükmettiğini tutar, diğerlerini belirlenmiş bir süreye kadar salıverir” buyurulmaktadır (ez-Zümer 39/42). Hadislerde de ölen kişilerin ruhlarının semaya yükseltildiği haber verilmektedir (Müsned , VI, 140; Müslim, “Tevbe”, 46; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 30-31). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadislerden peygamberlerin meleklerle, bazı kâhinlerin de cinlerle irtibatının bulunduğu anlaşılmakla beraber insanların ölen kişilerin ruhları ile temas kurduğuna ilişkin herhangi bir bilgi yoktur. Dolayısıyla ruh çağırma seanslarında ölen kişilerin ruhları ile irtibata geçildiğine dair iddiaların dinî bakımdan mesnedi bulunmamaktadır. Bu hususta farklı iki görüş ileri sürülmektedir. Birinci görüş ruh çağırma esnasında gelen varlığın cin olduğu şeklindedir. İkinci görüşe göre ise bu sırada dışarıdan herhangi bir varlık gelmemekte, buna karşılık ruh çağırma seansını yöneten medyum tabiatlı kişi senaryoyu kendi hayal dünyasında yaşamaktadır.
Bazı İslâm filozofları ve düşünürleri, insanlarda görülen olağan üstü halleri cinlerle temas yerine nefislerin beşeriyetten kurtularak ruhaniyet veya hayal âlemine yönelmesi şeklinde açıklamaktadır. İbn Sînâ’nın “ittisal” olarak isimlendirdiği bu teoriye İbn Haldûn “insilâh” adını vermektedir. Ona göre beşerî nefisler üçe ayrılır. Birinci sınıfta tabiatı gereği ruhanî idrake ulaşmaktan âciz olan nefisler, ikinci sınıfta evliyada olduğu gibi riyâzet ve gayret sayesinde ruhanî akıl ve bedendeki organlara ihtiyaç duymadan idrak eden nefisler, üçüncü sınıfta beşeriyete mahsus bedenden çıkarak en yüksek makamlardaki meleklere katılma istidadında olan nebîlerin nefisleri yer almaktadır. Bunlar, bir an için bile olsa insanî nefisten ayrılıp ruhaniyet âlemine yükselme yeteneğine sahiptir. Nebîlerden ve velîlerden daha aşağı düzeyde fıtrî yeteneğe sahip olan kâhinler ise şeffaf cisimlere, hayvanların kemiklerine vb. şeylere başvurarak yarım insilâhı gerçekleştirir, hissî veya hayalî idrak hallerine ulaşır (Mukaddime , I, 368-379). İbn Haldûn, tılsımcıların tılsımlarını cismanî olan süflî tabiatlarının ruhanî olan ulvî tabiatlarla irtibatını kurma suretiyle gerçekleştirdiklerini ileri sürdüklerini kaydetmekte, bunun için nefsi kuvvetlendiren riyâzete ihtiyaç duyduklarını söylemektedir.
Modern dünyada ruh çağırma uygulamaları ilk defa Amerika, İngiltere, Fransa ve Kanada gibi ülkelerde görülmüştür (M. Ferîd Vecdî, VIII [1937], s. 105-114). Ünlü ruh hekimi Mazhar Osman Usman’ın “alafranga cincilik” dediği bu tür olaylar günümüzde parapsikoloji ve metapsişik adı altında araştırılmaktadır. Evrende varlıkları materyalistler gibi sadece üç boyutlu madde âleminde görülenlerden ibaret saymayan bu çevreler bilinen tabiat kanunlarıyla açıklanamayan hayalet görme, tıbbî yollar dışında şifa verme, telepati, telekinezi, ektoplazm, materyalizasyon ve radyestezi gibi normal ötesi parafizik, parapsişik veya psikofizyolojik olayları araştırma konusu edinmiştir. Bu çalışmalara katılanlar arasında, ruh çağırma kapsamına giren olayların gözlemlenerek metapsişik adı altında bilime dahil edilmesini savunan Fransız fizyologu Charles Richet, telepati ve kristestezi (gizli duyu) olaylarını açıklayabilecek bir duyu ötesi algı yeteneğinin varlığını kanıtlamaya çalışan Joseph B. Rhine, İngiliz bilim adamlarından Krookes ve Sir Oliver Lodge sayılabilir. Bu tür faaliyetlerin Türkiye’deki öncüsü ise Bedri Ruhselman’dır. Ona göre evrende ruhsal idare mekanizması adı verilen bir merkez bulunmakta olup ruhlarla temas bu mekanizma vasıtasıyla sağlanmaktadır. Dünya daima yüksek ruh âlemlerinden gelen yardım ve irşadlarla aydınlanmaktadır. Yüksek varlıklar, zemine ve zamana göre dünyadaki insanların alıcılık kabiliyetleri nisbetinde onları aydınlatır. Her devirde o devrin anlama yeteneğine göre çeşitli alıcı-verici vasıtalara dayanarak yüksek ruh âlemlerinden tebliğler gönderilmektedir. Spiritizma seanslarında değişik yöntemler uygulanmakta olup bunlarda operatör, medyum ve rehber olmak üzere üç odak bulunmaktadır. Operatör, hipnotizma veya manyetizma uygulayıp medyumu uyutan ve birtakım telkinlerle ruhunu vücudundan dışarıya çıkararak başka boyutlara gönderen kişidir. Rehber ise bu tecrübede medyuma tebliğde bulunan ve yardım eden ruhtur. Bazı ruh çağırıcıları bu işlemi medyumun ruhunu başka boyutlara yükselterek yaptıklarını, bazıları ise çağırdıkları yabancı bir ruhun medyumun vücuduna girip operatörün sorduğu sorulara medyumun organlarını kullanarak cevap vermesi şeklinde icra ettiklerini ileri sürmektedir.
Geçmişte pozitivizmin etkisiyle parapsikolojik olayları tecrübe etmeyi patolojik bir durum olarak değerlendiren bilim günümüzde bu anlayıştan büyük ölçüde sıyrılmış ve normal ötesi olayları bir vâkıa olarak kabul etmeye ve açıklanamadıkları için reddedilmemeleri gerektiğini savunmaya yönelmiştir. İlgili literatürde bu tür olayların çoğunlukla gözbağcıların, sahte medyumların ve hokkabazların mahareti şeklinde gösterildiği kabul edilmekle beraber Fox kardeşler, Daniel Douglas, E. Garret, W. Rudi Schneider, Rosemary, Brown gibi medyum ve metapsişikçilerin yaşadıkları normal ötesi olayların üzerindeki esrar perdesinin hâlâ kalkmadığı bilinmektedir.
Paranormal olayları bir vâkıa olarak kabul etmede birleşen din âlimleri ve bilim adamları onları izahta birbirinden ayrılmaktadır. Bir kısım bilim adamı paranormal olaylar karşısında agnostik bir yol izleyerek herhangi bir görüş beyan etmezken parapsikologlar ve metapsişikçiler bu tür olayları cüzi ruhla evrensel ruh arasındaki ilişkiyle açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Medyumun bedeninden ayrılan ruhun çağrılan kişinin sûretinde göründüğünü iddia edenler de vardır. Allah’ın yarattığı varlıkların içinde melek ve cinlerin de bulunduğunu dikkate alan din âlimleri ise insanlarla ruhanî varlıklar arasında ilişki kurulabileceğini, ruh çağırma olaylarının da bu yolla gerçekleşmesinin mümkün olduğunu söylemektedir. Ancak bu konuda yaygın kanaat insanlarla ölülerin ruhları arasında herhangi bir iletişimin bulunmadığı şeklindedir.
Sonuç olarak ruh çağırma inanç açısından şirke düşmeye, amel yönünden ise kâhinlik, sihir vb. büyük günahları işlemeye zemin hazırlama yanında çıkar elde etme ve istismar aracı olarak kullanılmaya elverişli bir yöntemdir. Dolayısıyla bunu câiz görmek mümkün değildir. Aksine sihir, kehanet ve fal gibi günah sayılan bir davranış yahut aslı esası olmayan bir hurafe, bâtıl inanış veya hipnoz olarak değerlendirmek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , VI, 140.
İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1982-83, I, 368-379; II, 1197-1199.
Kâfiyeci, Menâzilü’l-ervâḥ (nşr. Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid), Kahire 1991, s. 31-34.
Tecrid Tercemesi , II, 402-406.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 366-370.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 80, 159.
T. Fahd, La divination arabe , Strasbourg 1966, s. 40, 49.
a.mlf., “Istinzāl”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 264-265.
Seyyid el-Cümeylî, es-Siḥr ve taḥżîrü’l-ervâḥ , Kahire 1993, s. 37-50, 113-115, 134-144, 209-214.
M. Abdülhâdî Haydar, ʿÂlemü’l-ervâḥ , Beyrut 1999, s. 29-82.
M. Ferîd Vecdî, “İstiḥżârü’l-ervâḥ fî Ûrûbbâ”, ME , VIII (1937), s. 105-114.
Mustafa et-Tayr, “er-Rûḥ ve istiḥżârü’l-ervâḥ, 2”, a.e. , XLI/6 (1969), s. 426-431.
a.mlf., “er-Rûḥ ve istiḥżârü’l-ervâḥ, 3”, a.e. , XLI/7 (1969), s. 497-501.
İbrahim Kemal Edhem, “Cinler ve Ruh Çağırma” (trc. Mustafa Tuncer), Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 9, Samsun 1997, s. 301-314.
İlyas Çelebi, “Ruh Çağırma”, İslam’da İnanç, İbadet ve Günlük Yaşayış Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1997, IV, 16-19.
Ali Köse, “Hârikulâde”, DİA , XVI, 185-188.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 201-203 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.