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SÂCOĞULLARI Skip to content Azerbaycan’da hüküm süren bir Türk-İslâm hânedanı (889-929).
Adını, Mâverâünnehir’in Üsrûşene (Uşrûsana) bölgesinden Bağdat’a gelmiş asil bir Türk ailesine mensup olan Ebü’s-Sâc Dîvdâd b. Yûsuf Dîvdest’ten alır. Ebü’s-Sâc önce Haydar b. Kâvûs el-Afşin’in, ardından Abbâsî Devleti’nin hizmetine girdi. Azerbaycan’da Bâbek, Taberistan’da Kārinîler, Basra’da Zencî köle isyanlarının bastırılmasında etkin rol oynadı; Tarîkimekke, Diyârımudar, Kınnesrîn, Avâsım, Halep, Ahvaz valiliği gibi önemli görevlerde bulundu. Ahvaz valiliğinden azledilince Saffârîler’e katıldı. Kısa bir süre sonra tekrar Abbâsî Devleti’ne hizmet etmek üzere Bağdat’a gitmek için buradan ayrıldı. Ancak yolculuğu sırasında uğradığı Cündişâpûr’da vefat etti (266/879).
Ebü’s-Sâc’ın ölümünün ardından oğlu Muhammed, Abbâsî Devleti’nde Tarîkimekke, Haremeyn, Enbâr ve Rahbe valiliği gibi görevlerde bulundu. 276 (889) yılında hilâfet nâibi Muvaffak-Billâh tarafından Azerbaycan valiliğine tayin edilen Muhammed merkezî yönetimin zayıflamasından faydalanarak bağımsız hareket etmeye başladı. Böylece Sâcoğulları hânedanı kurulmuş oldu. Muhammed’in Üsrûşene hâkimlerinin taşıdığı “Afşin” unvanını kullanması onun bağımsızlığının bir işareti olarak gösterilmektedir (Madelung, CHIr., IV, 229). Merâga’yı ele geçirip (280/893) kendisine idare merkezi yaptı. Bölgenin ve idaresindeki merkezlerin güvenliğini sağladıktan sonra İrmîniye’deki gelişmeleri yakından takip etmeye başladı.
Bu sırada merkezi Ani’de bulunan Ermeni Bagratuni hânedanı İrmîniye’de en güçlü dönemini yaşıyordu. Ermeniler, I. Aşot gibi kralların gayretiyle büyük ölçüde birliğini sağlamış ve İslâm hâkimiyetinden çıkma yönünde adım atmıştı. Bu amaçla Abbâsî hilâfetiyle dostane münasebetler kuran Kral I. Simbat, 893 yılında Bizans İmparatoru VI. Leon’a bir elçi göndererek aralarındaki ittifakın yenilenmesini sağladı. Öteden beri bölgedeki Abbâsî valilerini istemeyen Ermeniler, Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Sâc el-Afşîn’i halifenin gözünden düşürmek ve Bizans’tan alacakları destekle onu bölgeden uzaklaştırmak istiyordu. I. Simbat 30 bin kişilik bir orduyla Azerbaycan sınırına dayandı. İki ordu burada karşı karşıya geldi, ancak barış sağlanarak savaş önlendi. Bu olayın ardından bölgedeki müslüman merkezlerine saldırı başlatan Simbat, Duvîn (Dvin) üzerine yürüyüp şehri ele geçirdi (281/894). Daha sonra müslüman yerleşim merkezlerine geniş çaplı saldırılar düzenleyen Ermeni orduları kuzeyde Kafkas dağlarına, doğuda Azerbaycan sınırına kadar yayıldı. Gürcistan ve Arrân, Ermeniler’in hâkimiyetine girdi (282/895).
Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Sâc vasıtasıyla durumdan haberdar olan Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh, onun İrmîniye’nin kendi valiliğine bağlanması şartıyla Simbat’ı bertaraf edebileceğine dair teklifini olumlu karşılayarak Ermeniler üzerine yürümesini emretti. Muhammed önce Nahcıvan’a girdi, ardından Duvîn önlerine gelerek fazla bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan şehri yeniden İslâm hâkimiyetine kattı (Grousset, s. 402). Bu arada Simbat da Muhammed’in üzerine yürüdü. Alagöz dağı eteğinde meydana gelen savaşta Muhammed yenilgiye uğradı ve barış teklifinde bulundu (Pasdermaciyan, s. 184). Simbat, İslâm ordularından gelebilecek zararı önlemek için (F. Macler, IV, 160) bu teklifi benimsedi. Daha sonra Vaspurakan bölgesindeki (merkezi Van) Ermeni Ardzruni hânedanıyla temas kuran Muhammed, Ardzruniler’i yanına çekmek suretiyle Simbat’ı zaafa uğratmayı düşünüyordu. Ardzruni Hükümdarı Sergis Aşot, Simbat’ın işgalinden korunmak amacıyla Muhammed’e tâbi olmayı kabul etti (Grousset, s. 405).
el-Cezîre Valisi Ahmed b. Îsâ eş-Şeybânî’nin Kral Simbat’ı yenilgiye uğratması Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Sâc’a yeniden İrmîniye’ye baskın düzenleme fırsatı verdi. Muhammed, Bagratuni merkezinin bulunduğu Şirak bölgesine yürüdü, Kars’ı bir süre kuşattıktan sonra ele geçirdi (285/898). Simbat’ın karısını, gelinini ve bazı önemli şahsiyetleri yanına alarak ele geçirdiği hazineyle birlikte Duvîn’e döndü (Pasdermaciyan, s. 184). Ailesini kurtarma çarelerini aramaya başlayan Simbat, Muhammed’e itaatini bildirerek esirleri bırakması talebinde bulundu. Muhammed, Simbat ile akrabalık kurdu ve onunla bir anlaşma yaptı. Ancak Simbat anlaşma şartlarına uymayıp Gürcistan Kuropolatı II. Adarnase ile birlikte hareket etmeye başladı.
Kuzey İrmîniye’yi kontrol altına aldıktan sonra Vaspurakan bölgesine âni bir baskın düzenleyen Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Sâc bölgede sürdürdüğü mücadeleler sonucu Güney İrmîniye’ye hâkim oldu. Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh, Muhammed’in Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye bölgesindeki hâkimiyetini tanıdı (285/898). Muhammed de halifeye bağlılığını göstermek üzere oğlu Ebü’l-Müsâfir Feth’i kıymetli hediyelerle birlikte Bağdat’a rehine olarak yolladı (7 Muharrem 286 / 23 Ocak 899). Azerbaycan’a dönmesinin ardından veba salgınında hayatını kaybetti (Rebîülevvel 288 / Mart 901) ve yerine oğlu Dîvdâd geçti. Dîvdâd’ın amcası Ebü’l-Kāsım Yûsuf birkaç ay sonra yeğenini yenilgiye uğratarak (Şâban 288 / Ağustos 901) Sâcoğulları’nın yeni hükümdarı oldu (Taberî, X, 638). Gençlik yıllarını Mekke’de geçiren ve iyi bir öğrenim gören Yûsuf b. Ebü’s-Sâc’ın Sâcoğulları’nın başına geçmesi Simbat’ı rahatsız etmeye başladı. Halife Müktefî-Billâh’a bir elçi göndererek Yûsuf’a karşı mücadelede kendisine yardım ettiği takdirde tam bir itaat içinde olacağına ve yıllık vergisini doğrudan hazineye göndereceğine dair söz verdi. Merkezî idareden kopmalar yüzünden sıkıntı içinde bulunan halife bu teklifi kabul etti. Krallık tacı, hil‘at ve kıymetli eşyalar göndererek Simbat’ı ödüllendirdi. Durumu öğrenen Yûsuf, İrmîniye’ye yürüdüyse de kışın yaklaşması dolayısıyla Duvîn’e dönmek zorunda kaldı. 292 (905) yılında isyan eden Yûsuf’a karşı mücadelede başarılı olamayacağını düşünen halife Simbat’a bir mektup göndererek Sâcoğulları üzerine yürüme teklifinde bulundu. Simbat bu teklifi fırsat bilerek Sâcoğulları’nı ortadan kaldırmak istedi, ancak bu arada Yûsuf halife ile anlaşınca zor durumda kaldı. Yûsuf, Simbat’a gözdağı vermek amacıyla yıllık vergilerini gecikmiş olanlarıyla birlikte hemen ödemesini istedi. Simbat’ın bu vergileri ödemeye kalkması ülkede büyük bir kargaşa ve sıkıntıya yol açtı. Bu durum Nahcıvan’ı yeniden ele geçirmek isteyen Ardzruniler’i harekete geçirdi. Ardzruniler’in yardım isteğini olumlu karşılayan Yûsuf, Ardzruni Prensi Haçik Gagik’le anlaşıp kendisine kral unvanı verdi ve taç giydirdi (295/908). Simbat bu birleşik kuvvetle savaşmayı göze alamadı.
Halife Muktedir-Billâh döneminde Azerbaycan’ın yanı sıra İrmîniye’nin idaresi de Yûsuf b. Ebü’s-Sâc’a verildi. İrmîniyye topraklarına akınlara başlayan Sâcoğulları, Nahcıvan’da Haçik Gagik ve kardeşi Gurgen kumandasındaki Ardzruni Ermenileri ordusuyla birleşti. Bu arada bir müslüman birliği de Karabağ bölgesine girdi. Bölgeyi elinde bulunduran Simbat, Sâcoğulları’na karşı giriştiği savaşta yenilgiye uğradı. Yûsuf böylece Karabağ’ı da hâkimiyeti altına almış oldu. 297’de (910) kuzeydoğu İrmîniye, Sâcoğulları’nın eline geçti. IV. (X.) yüzyılda Derbend de bir süre Sâcoğulları’nın hâkimiyetinde kaldı. Yûsuf, Bagratuni merkezlerine karşı başlattığı akınlarını Şirak bölgesine kadar sürdürdü. İyice sıkıştırılan Simbat barış teklifinde bulunarak teslim olmak zorunda kaldı (300/913). Bir süre sonra Şirak bölgesine kaçan Simbat, Haçik Gagik tarafından yakalanarak Yûsuf’un yanına götürüldü ve ertesi yıl idam edildi. Simbat’ın oğlu II. Aşot Erkat kurduğu çetelerle Bagrevan (Eleşkirt), Arşarunik, Şirak ve Gugark bölgelerini ele geçirdi; kuzeye yönelerek Taşir bölgesini ve Tiflis’i zaptetti (Grousset, s. 442).
Bizans İmparatoru VII. Konstantinos’un daveti üzerine İstanbul’a giden II. Aşot Erkat yanına verilen bir Bizans birliğiyle İrmîniye’ye döndü ve İrmîniye’deki kalelerin büyük bir bölümünü ele geçirdi. Ancak rakiplerinden çekinerek anlaşma ihtiyacını duydu. Azerbaycan’a gelip Sâcoğulları’na itaat arzetti. Yûsuf, Aşot’u İrmîniye kralı olarak tanıdı ve kendisine krallık tacıyla birlikte kıymetli hediyeler verdi. Halife Muktedir-Billâh da 310 (922) yılında Aşot’a “şâhinşah” unvanı vererek onun İrmîniye krallığını tanımış oldu (Vardan, I/2 [1937], s. 161). İrmîniye’nin idaresini II. Aşot Erkat’a bırakan Yûsuf halifenin onayı ile Sâmânîler’in idaresinde bulunan Rey’e yürüdü ve hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan 304 (916) yılında şehre girdi. Ardından Kazvin üzerine yürüdüyse de Esfâr b. Şîreveyh saldırıyı püskürterek kendisini Kazvin hâkimi ilân etti.
Hilâfet merkezinde Ali b. Îsâ İbnü’l-Cerrâh’ın vezirlikten azledilip yerine İbnü’l-Furât el-Âkūlî’nin getirilmesi (8 Zilhicce 304 / 2 Haziran 917) Yûsuf’un aleyhine oldu. Halife Muktedir-Billâh onun etkisiyle Yûsuf’un Rey valiliğini kabul etmedi ve Hâkān el-Müflihî kumandasındaki orduyu onun üzerine sevketti, ancak Yûsuf bu orduyu yenilgiye uğrattı (Arîb b. Sa‘d, s. 67). Halife yenilgiden sonra Mûnis el-Muzaffer’i Azerbaycan’a gönderdi. Mûnis’in 305 (918) yılının ilkbaharında harekete geçtiği haberini alan Yûsuf, Rey valiliği kendisine verildiği takdirde hazineye 700.000 dinar ödemeyi teklif etti. Halife bunu kabul etmeyip kendisini Bağdat’a çağırdı. Fakat Yûsuf, Rey’in haracını toplayarak Erdebil’e döndü. Mûnis de Rey, Kazvin ve Ebher valiliğini Vasîf el-Begtemürî’ye verdi. Bunun üzerine Yûsuf, yeniden halifeye başvurarak Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye valiliğinde kalması durumunda Rey’den vazgeçeceğini bildirdi. Ancak halife ısrarla Bağdat’a gelmesini istedi. Halifenin bu ısrarının kendisi için bir tuzak olduğunu düşünen Yûsuf, Erdebil’de gerekli tedbirleri almaya başladı. Bu durumda Hemedan’dan hareket eden Mûnis el-Muzaffer, Tebriz’le Erdebil arasındaki Serat’ta Yûsuf’un ordusuyla karşılaştı (306/918). Yenilgiye uğrayan Mûnis yardımcı kuvvetler gelinceye kadar Zencan’a çekildi. Bu arada Yûsuf’un barış teklifi kabul görmedi. Ebü’l-Heycâ Abdullah b. Hamdân ve Ebü’l-Alâ Saîd kumandasındaki yardımcı kuvvetlerin katıldığı Abbâsî ordusu Erdebil yakınlarında Sâcoğulları ordusuyla karşılaştı (Muharrem 307 / Haziran 919). Savaşı Abbâsî ordusu kazandı. Yûsuf, Ebü’l-Heycâ’nın adamları tarafından yakalanıp Mûnis’in karargâhına getirildi, buradan Bağdat’a götürülerek sarayda hapsedildi (Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb, IV, 219; İbn Miskeveyh, I, 48). Azerbaycan valiliği Muhammed b. Ubeydullah el-Fârûkī’ye verildi. Ancak Yûsuf’un gulâmı Sebük dağılmış olan orduyu bir araya getirerek Muhammed b. Ubeydullah’ın ordularını yenilgiye uğratıp Azerbaycan’ın bir kısmına hâkim oldu ve yıllık 220.000 dinar vergi karşılığında halifeden Azerbaycan valiliğinin kendisine verilmesini istedi. Halife Muktedir-Billâh, Sebük’ün bu isteğini yerine getirmek zorunda kaldı (İbn Miskeveyh, I, 50).
Muktedir-Billâh, Azerbaycan’daki siyasî sıkıntılar yüzünden ve Mûnis el-Muzaffer’in araya girmesiyle Yûsuf’u serbest bırakıp yılda 500.000 dinar vergi ödemesi şartıyla Rey, Kazvin, Ebher, Zencan ve Azerbaycan valiliğine tayin etti (Muharrem 310 / Mayıs 922). Yûsuf, halifenin emri üzerine Vasîf el-Begtemürî kumandasındaki birlikle Musul’a girdi, buradaki işleri yoluna koyarak Erdebil’e döndü. Daha sonra Rey’e yürüdü. Ebher ile Zencan arasında meydana gelen savaşta Sâmânî Valisi Ahmed b. Ali’yi yenilgiye uğratarak şehre hâkim oldu (8 Zilhicce 311 / 18 Mart 924). Yerine gulâmı Müflih’i bırakıp Hemedan’a gitmek için buradan ayrıldı. Ancak isyan eden Rey halkının Müflih’i şehri terketmeye mecbur bırakması üzerine geri dönmek zorunda kaldı ve burayı yeniden itaat altına aldı (Cemâziyelâhir 313 / Eylül 925).
Bu sırada Karmatî isyanları tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşmış, Ahsâ bölgesinde bağımsız bir devlet konumuna gelen Karmatîler, Kûfe ve Bağdat’ı tehdit etmeye başlamıştı. Yûsuf b. Ebü’s-Sâc’ı 314’te (926) Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye’nin yanı sıra bütün doğu bölgelerinin valiliğine tayin eden Muktedir-Billâh, Karmatîler’e karşı savaşmak için Irak’a gelmesini emretti. Yûsuf 315 yılı başında (927) Vâsıt’a geldi. Bu arada Ebû Tâhir el-Cennâbî el-Karmatî’nin Kûfe üzerine yürüdüğü öğrenildi. Yûsuf, Vâsıt’tan hareketle Kûfe önlerine geldiğinde Karmatîler şehri ele geçirmişti. Kûfe’yi terketme çağrılarını reddeden Karmatîler, Yûsuf’la savaşa tutuştu (9 Şevval 315 / 7 Aralık 927). Beklemediği bir mukavemetle karşılaşan Yûsuf mağlûp olarak esir düştü (İbn Miskeveyh, I, 174). Bu olay Bağdat’ta büyük bir paniğe yol açtı. Mûnis kumandanlarından Yelbak’ı Karmatîler’i takip ve Yûsuf’u kurtarmakla görevlendirdi. Ancak Ebû Tâhir el-Cennâbî, Yûsuf’u ve diğer esirleri öldürdü (a.g.e., I, 178; Arîb b. Sa‘d, s. 131).
Yûsuf’un yeğeni Ebü’l-Müsâfir Feth b. Muhammed el-Afşîn, Muktedir-Billâh tarafından Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye valiliğine tayin edildi (Zilhicce 315 / Şubat 928). Ebü’l-Müsâfir’in iki yıl kadar devam eden valiliği döneminde Azerbaycan’daki gelişmelerle ilgili kaynaklarda bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Onun Şâban 317 (Eylül 929) tarihinde öldürülmesinin ardından Sâcoğulları’nın Azerbaycan’daki hâkimiyeti sona ermiş oldu. Oğlu Ebü’l-Ferec’in adı Emîrü’l-ümerâ İbn Râiḳ’in önde gelen kumandanları arasında zikredilmektedir. Sâcoğulları’nın en önemli icraatının Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye’de huzurun sağlanması ve müslüman varlığının korunması olduğu söylenebilir. Azerbaycan, Sâcoğulları’ndan sonra savaş meydanı haline gelmiş, huzursuzluğa ve kargaşaya sürüklenmiştir. Abbâsî ordularında yer alan ve Yûsuf b. Ebü’s-Sâc’a bağlı olarak hizmet gören gulâm kıtalarına Sâciyye denilirdi.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 364-366 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.