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ŞÂHRUH Skip to content (ö. 850/1447)
Timurlu hükümdarı (1405-1447).
14 Rebîülâhir 779’da (20 Ağustos 1377) Semerkant’ta doğdu. Timur’un dördüncü oğlu olup annesi Karahıtaylar’dan Tugay Terken Aga’dır. Timur sefere çıkarken zaman zaman Semerkant’ın idaresini ona bırakırdı. 799 (1397) yılında ağabeyi Mîrân Şah’tan boşalan, merkezi Herat olmak üzere Sîstan, Horasan ve Mâzenderan bölgelerinin valiliğine getirildi. Timur’un 801’de (1399) başlayan son ve en uzun seferine (yedi yıllık), onun Memlükler’e karşı Suriye ve Filistin’deki faaliyetlerine katıldı. Osmanlı Sultanı I. Bayezid ile yapılan Ankara Savaşı’nda bulundu (804/1402).
Timur’un doğuya Çin’e doğru çıktığı sefer esnasında Otrar’da ölümü (807/1405) kurduğu imparatorluğun kaderi üzerinde büyük etki yaptı. Timur, ölmeden önce oğlu Cihangir’den olan torunu Pîr Muhammed’i veliaht olarak vasiyet ettiği halde hiç kimse onun hükümdarlığını tanımadı. Timur’un ölümü sırasında yanında bulunan Şah Melik ve Şeyh Nûreddin gibi beyler yarıda kalan sefere devam etmek istedilerse de ölüm haberinin orduda yol açtığı karışıklık yüzünden bundan vazgeçerek Semerkant’a dönmeye karar verdiler. Bu beyler, vasiyetinin yerine getirileceğine dair Timur’a söz vermiş olmalarına rağmen Pîr Muhammed’in Kandehar’dan gelmesinin uzun zaman alacağını ileri sürerek Semerkant’ın Şâhruh’a teslim edilmesinin daha doğru olacağını söylediler.
Şâhruh vali sıfatıyla idare ettiği eyaletlerin hükümdarı olarak tanındı (807/1405). Bu arada ordunun sağ kolundaki beyler, ordu merkezinden habersiz olarak Mîrân Şah’ın oğlu Halil Sultan’ı hükümdar ilân ettiler ve Semerkant muhafızı Emîr Argun Şah’ın yardımıyla başşehri ele geçirdiler. Şâhruh, başlangıçta Halil Sultan’ın Mâverâünnehir’deki hâkimiyetini tanıdıysa da asıl taht vârisi Pîr Muhammed Kandehar’dan gelince onu destekledi. 809 (1407) yılında Pîr Muhammed’in kendi beylerinden Pîr Ali Tâz tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine Şâhruh, Pîr Muhammed’in öcünü alma bahanesiyle Halil Sultan’la mücadeleye girişti. Mücadelede Halil Sultan esir alındı (811/1409) ve kendisiyle varılan anlaşma uyarınca savaşa son verildi. Buna göre Halil Sultan, Mâverâünnehir’deki haklarını terkederek Rey şehrine gidecekti. 27 Zilhicce 811 (13 Mayıs 1409) tarihinde hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan Semerkant’a giren Şâhruh, altı ay sonra şehirden ayrılırken buranın ve Mâverâünnehir’in idaresini oğlu Uluğ Bey’e ve onun atabegi Şah Melik’e bıraktı. Semerkant’ın Şâhruh tarafından ele geçirilmesiyle Timur’un mirası için yapılan hâkimiyet mücadelesi büyük ölçüde sona ermiş oldu.
Şâhruh, 812 (1410) yılında Halil Sultan’ı Irâk-ı Acem ve Azerbaycan’ın geri alınması için Karakoyunlular üzerine gönderdi ve kendisinin de arkadan yola çıkacağını söyledi. Bu teşebbüs, Horasan ve Mâverâünnehir’de hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştırmakla vakit geçiren Şâhruh’un batıya doğru yaptığı ilk sefer oldu. Ancak Rey şehrine gelen Halil Sultan daha ileriye gidemedi. Bu sırada Güney İran’da Ömer Şeyh’in oğulları Mirza İskender ile Rüstem arasında çıkan anlaşmazlıklar yüzünden bir faaliyet gösteremedi ve 814’te (1411) Rey’de öldü. Fakat bu olaylar Şâhruh’un azmini kırmadı; Şâhruh, Hârizm bölgesini ele geçirdikten sonra (815/1413) gözünü batıya çevirdi. 815 yılının güzünde Herat’tan yola çıkan Şâhruh, Mirza İskender’e Irâk-ı Acem ve Azerbaycan’a yürüyerek buraları Karakoyunlular’dan alacağını bildirdi ve ordusu ile Rey’de kendisine katılmasını istedi. Ancak İskender’in onun hâkimiyetini tanımaması üzerine Şâhruh, Tebriz yerine İsfahan’a karşı gitmeye karar verdi. Kısa zamanda Mirza İskender’i esir aldı ve İsfahan’ı İskender’in kardeşi Rüstem’e, Luristan bölgesini Baykara’ya, Fars bölgesini de oğullarından İbrâhim Sultan’a bıraktıktan sonra Herat’a döndü (817/1414). Şâhruh ertesi yıl yine Fars bölgesine yürümek zorunda kaldı. Çünkü Baykara ayaklanarak Fars bölgesini İbrâhim Sultan’ın elinden almıştı. Şâhruh, Baykara’yı esir alıp Kandehar’a sürdü, bölgede düzeni sağlayarak burayı tekrar İbrâhim Sultan’a verdi ve Herat’a döndü (Muharrem 819 / Mart 1416). Böylece Irâk-ı Acem ile Güney İran’da Şâhruh’un hâkimiyetini tanımak istemeyen Ömer Şeyh’in oğullarının nüfuzuna son verildi.
823 (1420) yılına kadar Şâhruh, ülkenin büyük bir kısmında hâkimiyetini pekiştirmekle birlikte batıda henüz ciddi bir faaliyette bulunamamıştı. Timur’un ölümüyle yeniden siyasî sahnede görünen Karakoyunlu Kara Yûsuf, Timur’un Irâk-ı Arab’ı verdiği oğlu Mîrân Şah’ı ve torunu Ebû Bekir’i 809 (1406) ve 810’da (1408) yenerek Mîrân Şah’ın ölümüne ve Ebû Bekir’in kaçmasına sebep olduğu gibi eski arkadaşı Celâyirli Sultan Ahmed’i bertaraf ederek (813/1410) Azerbaycan’a hâkim olunca Timurlular’ın tehlikeli bir komşusu halini almıştı. Bunun yanında Ankara Savaşı’ndan sonra parçalanan Osmanlı Devleti’nin yeniden toparlanması ve daha önce Timur’un hâkimiyetini tanımış olan Çelebi Sultan Mehmed’in faaliyetleri Herat’ta endişe ile karşılanıyordu. Şâhruh, 1416’da gönderdiği mektubunda Osmanlı hükümdarını kardeşlerini ortadan kaldırdığı için kınamaktaydı. Ayrıca Osmanlılar’ın, Ankara Savaşı’nın ardından Timur’un canlandırdığı Anadolu beyliklerine karşı olan tutumları da hoş karşılanmıyordu. Diğer taraftan Timur zamanında olduğu gibi Şâhruh’a da Anadolu’ya gelmesi için davet mektupları gönderilmeye başlanmıştı. Çelebi Sultan Mehmed ise ikinci bir Timur tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya gelmek istemiyor ve Timurlular’la anlaşmayı tercih ediyordu. Çünkü zaman zaman Şâhruh’un, Timur’un fethettiği yerleri geri alarak Boğazlar üzerinden Balkanlar’a, Deştikıpçak ve Derbend üzerinden tekrar Azerbaycan’a dönmek niyetinde olduğu söyleniyordu. 823 (1420) yılında Şâhruh artık gücünü sülâle mensuplarına kabul ettirmiş ve imparatorluğun büyük bir kısmına sahip olmuştu. Şâhruh, hem Ortadoğu’da İslâm dünyasının en güçlü hükümdarı olduğunu ispat etmek hem de kendisine bir türlü baş eğmeyen Karakoyunlular’a kesin bir darbe indirmek amacıyla 1420 yılı güzünde batıya doğru hareket etti. İçerisinde fillerin de bulunduğu Şâhruh’un ordusu 200.000’e ulaşmıştı. Kazvin dolaylarına gelindiğinde Karakoyunlu Yûsuf’un ölüm haberi alındı. Kışı Karabağ’da geçiren Şâhruh, baharda Karakoyunlu Türkmenleri’ne karşı yürüyerek Eleşkirt’te Kara Yûsuf’un oğulları İskender ve İsfend mirzaları yenilgiye uğrattı (824/1421). Tebriz hâkimliğini Akkoyunlu Karayülük Osman Bey’in oğlu Ali Bey’e bırakıp Horasan’a döndü. Fakat onun ardından Karakoyunlu İskender, Azerbaycan’da hâkimiyeti yeniden ele geçirdi. Şâhruh, 832 (1429) ve 838 (1434-35) yıllarında Azerbaycan’a ve Doğu Anadolu’ya kalabalık askerle gittiyse de Karakoyunlu Türkmenleri onun sağlığında halledilemeyen bir mesele olarak kaldı. Bu tehlike ileriki yıllarda daha da büyüyecektir.
Şâhruh, 23 Rebîülâhir 830’da (21 Şubat 1427) Herat’ta cuma namazı çıkışında Hurûfîler’in suikastından yaralı olarak kurtuldu. 837’de (1434) oğullarından Gıyâseddin Baysungur’un, 838’de (1435) İbrâhim Sultan’ın ve 848’de (1444) Muhammed Cûkî Mirza’nın ölümleri onu çok üzdü. Böylece oğullarından yalnız Uluğ Bey kalmış oluyordu. 848 (1444) yılında ağır bir hastalığa yakalanan Şâhruh daha sonra kısmen iyileşti. Bir süre önce Irâk-ı Acem’e tayin edilen Sultan Muhammed b. Baysungur dedesinin hastalığından yararlanarak ayaklandı ve İsfahan’ı ele geçirip Şîraz’a yürüdü. Bunun üzerine Şâhruh biraz da hanımı Gevher Şad’ın teşvikiyle hasta olmasına rağmen sefere çıktı. Hiçbir zorlukla karşılaşılmadan Rey’e gelindi ve Sultan Muhammed’e karşı kuvvet sevkedildi. İsfahan’a kadar gelen Şâhruh şehrin ileri gelenlerini tutuklatıp Rey’e dönme kararı aldı. Sâve’ye varıldığında çoğunluğu seyyid ve ulemâdan olan İsfahan ileri gelenlerinin öldürülmesini emretti. Bu emir Ramazan 850’de (Aralık 1446) yerine getirildi. Kış mevsimini Rey’e bağlı Feşâbûye’de geçiren hükümdar Nevruz dolayısıyla bir şenlik düzenletti, ardından Şah Abdülazîm Türbesi’ni ziyaret için hazırlık yapılmasını istedi. Fakat yola çıktıktan az sonra rahatsızlanınca mahfe içine alındı ve 24 Zilhicce 850 (12 Mart 1447) tarihinde vefat etti. Cenazesi önce Herat’ta Gevher Şad Medresesi’ndeki türbeye gömüldü, daha sonra Timur’un ve hânedan mensuplarından bazılarının gömülü olduğu türbeye (Gûr-ı Emîr) nakledildi. Şâhruh’un dokuz oğlu ve altı kızı olmuştur. Ancak Şâhruh’un vefatı sırasında sadece Uluğ Bey ile kızı Pâyende Sultan hayatta idi. Yerine oğlu Uluğ Bey geçti.
Bütün savaşlarda galip gelen Şâhruh, Timur’un fethettiği ülkelerin çoğunu elde tutmayı başardığı gibi iç mücadelelere büyük ölçüde son vermiş, devletin kırk yıl daha devamını sağlamıştır. Onun adam seçme hususunda kabiliyetli bir kimse olduğu belirtilir. Beylerbeyi Emîr Fîrûz Şah’ın otuz dört yıl, idarî işlerine bakan, vaktiyle atabegliğini de yapmış bulunan Alike Kükeltaş’ın kırk üç yıl iş başında kalıp bunların ölümünden sonra yerlerine oğullarının getirilmesi buna bir örnek teşkil eder. Tarihçiler Şâhruh’u dindar, barış yanlısı ve cesur bir hükümdar diye nitelendirir. Mizaç itibariyle babasından ve kardeşlerinden farklı idi. Son günlerinde Sâve’de bazı seyyidleri katlettirmesi daha çok Gevher Şad’ın tesiriyle olmuştur. Herat’ta bulunduğu zamanlarda Hâce Abdullah-ı Ensârî’nin ve Hâce Ebü’l-Velîd’in türbelerini ziyaret ederdi. Timur’un Semerkant’taki tantanalı hayatının aksine Şâhruh Herat’ta alelâde bir insan gibi yaşıyor, yanında muhafızları olmadan cuma günleri camiye gidiyordu. Oyun, eğlence vb. dinen yasaklanmış şeylerden sakınırdı. İçkiyi yasaklamıştı. Şâhruh, ölümüne kadar sarayda hizmetinde bulunan tarihçi Abdürrezzâk es-Semerkandî tarafından asrın müceddidi olarak gösterilmiş, velîlik derecesine çıkarılarak hakkında bazı kerametler nakledilmiştir. Semerkandî onun tefsir, hadis, fıkıh ve tarih kitapları okuduğunu, dinî ilimlere dair sohbetlere katıldığını belirtir. Memlük sultanına 1428 yılında gönderdiği mektupta İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫarî şerhiyle Makrîzî’nin Kitâbü’s-Sülûk’ünü istemesi bunu göstermektedir.
Şâhruh edip, şair ve sanatkârları himaye ederek Herat’a gelmelerini sağlamıştır (Farsça şiirin onun devrindeki durumu için bk. İhsan Yârşâtır, tür.yer.). Memlük Sultanı Çakmak’ın istediği beş adet nâdir dinî eserin Şâhruh’un kütüphanesinde bulunması ve birer nüsha istinsah edilerek Mısır’a gönderilmesi Herat’ın onun zamanında bir ilim ve kültür merkezi haline geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan Lutfî, Sekkâkî, Seydî Ahmed Mirza gibi Türkçe yazan şairlerin yetişmesi, Türk edebiyatının en güzel örneklerinden Bahtiyarnâme, Mi‘râcnâme, Kutadgu Bilig, Tezkiretü’l-evliyâ ve Atebetü’l-hakāyık gibi eserlerin Uygur hattı ile kaleme alınması sarayda Türkçe’ye karşı olan ilgiyi göstermektedir. Bu ilgi daha sonra Hüseyin Baykara, Bâbür ve Ali Şîr Nevâî gibi şahsiyetlerle devam edecektir.
Meşhur bir hattat olan Şâhruh’un oğlu Gıyâseddin Baysungur’un Herat’ta bulunan konağının kütüphanesindeki güzel sanatlarla ilgili çalışmalar ülkede sanat hareketlerine büyük hız vermiş, özellikle minyatür sanatında ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Türk mûsiki tarihinin en seçkin şahsiyetlerinden Abdülkādir-i Merâgī de eserlerini Herat’ta Şâhruh’un himayesinde yazmıştır. İslâm dünyasında tek bilgin-hükümdar olarak kabul edilen Şâhruh’un oğlu Uluğ Bey de bu döneme renk katan simalardan biridir. Minyatür ve hat sanatında Tebrizli Ca‘fer, Heratlı Şemseddin Muhammed, Gıyâseddin Nakkāş, Halil Musavvir; mimaride Kıvâmüddin; mûsikide Abdülkādir-i Merâgī, Endicanlı Yûsuf; tarihçilikte Hâfız-ı Ebrû, Şerefeddin Ali Yezdî ve tezkirelerde sayısı yüzleri aşan şairleriyle Herat, ayrıca Uluğ Bey’in başkanlığında Kadızâde-i Rûmî, Gıyâseddin Cemşîd Kâşî ve Ali Kuşçu’nun yürüttüğü çalışmalarla Semerkant doğu dünyasında rönesansı yaşıyordu. Bu durum Batı’da “Timurlu rönesansı” sözünün ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır.
Şâhruh, Timur’un ölümünün ardından meydana gelen karışıklıklar yüzünden başlangıçta imar faaliyetleriyle ilgilenememiş, ancak Herat şehrinin emniyetini sağlamak amacıyla İhtiyârüddin Kalesi’nin onarılmasını emretmiştir. Daha sonra bu kalenin eteğinde bir medrese ile bir hankah yapılmasını istemiş, bunlar 812 (1410) yılında tamamlanmıştır. Hanımı Gevher Şad, Meşhed’de bir cami (Meşhed Ulucamii) inşa ettirmiş ve caminin açılışında Şâhruh ile Gevher Şad da hazır bulunmuştur (821/1418). Herat’ta bir dârüşşifâ inşa ettiren Şâhruh, Hâce Abdullah-ı Ensârî’nin kabri üzerinde büyük bir türbe yaptırmış (829/1426) ve ulucaminin bitişiğindeki Ali er-Rızâ Türbesi’ne çok değerli bir kandil armağan etmiştir. Gevher Şad’ın en büyük eseri Herat’ta yaptırdığı Gevher Şad Medresesi ve Camii olup 836’da (1432-33) tamamlanmış, medresenin kuzeyinde ayrıca bir türbe inşa edilmiştir. Şâhruh’un 1403’te evlendiği diğer hanımı Milket (Meliket) Aga da Herat dışında bir medrese yaptırdığı gibi Belh’te bir medrese inşa ettirmiş ve 844’te (1440) ölünce bu medresenin bitişiğindeki türbeye gömülmüştür. Şâhruh, Herat’ı tahkim ederek güzelleştirmiş ve yaptırdığı binalarla burayı devletin merkezi haline getirmiştir. Moğol istilâsı sırasında tahrip edilmiş olan Merv şehrini 812 (1410) yılında âdeta yeniden inşa etmiş, ayrıca bütün Horasan’ın imar faaliyetleri kapsamına alınmasını istemiştir. Bu sayede yollar yapılmış, yeni köprüler inşa edilip eskileri yenilenmiştir. Şehirler cami, mescid, pazar yeri, hamam, han, hankah ve medreselerle süslenerek eski canlı iktisadî hayatına kavuşmuştur (Şâhruh zamanında inşa edilen diğer eserler için bk. Aka, s. 197-200).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Hâfız-ı Ebrû, Zübdetü’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Seyyid Kemâl Hâc Seyyid Cevâdî), Tahran 1372 hş. I-II; a.mlf., Mecmûʿa, TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 282; Fasîh-i Hâfî, Mücmel-i Faṣîḥî (nşr. Mahmûd Ferruh), Meşhed 1339 hş.; Şerefeddin, Ẓafernâme (Abbâsî); Ahmed b. Hüseyin b. Ali Kâtib, Târîḫ-i Cedîd-i Yezd (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1345 hş.; Abdürrezzâk es-Semerkandî, Maṭlaʿ-ı Saʿdeyn (nşr. Muhammed Şefî‘), Lahor 1360-68/1941-49, I-II, tür.yer.; Ca‘fer b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî, Târîḫ-i Kebîr, St. Petersburg Public Library, Pers now serija, nr. 201; a.e.: Der Bericht über die nachfolger Timurs aus dem Ta’rīḫ-i kabīr des Ğaʿferī ibn Muḥammed al-Ḥusainī (trc. Abbas Zaryab), Mainz 1960; Celâleddin Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kāinî, Neṣâʾiḥ-i Şâhruḫî, Wien, Nationalbibliothek, nr. A. F. 112 (163); Muînüddîn-i İsfizârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât (nşr. M. Kâzım İmâm), Tahran 1338-39 hş., I, 218, 329; II, 123, 146, 235, 324; Tâcü’s-Selmânî, Tarihnâme (trc. İsmail Aka), Ankara 1988; Mîrhând, Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ; Hândmîr, Ḥabîbü’s-siyer (nşr. Celâleddin Hümâî), Tahran 1333 hş.; Browne, LHP, III, bk. İndeks; İhsan Yârşâtır, Şiʿr-i Fârsî der ʿAhd-i Şâhruḫ, Tahran 1334; Faruk Sümer, Kara Koyunlular , Ankara 1967, s. 93-98, 119-138; R. Ferrier, “Trade from the Mid-14th Century to the End of the Safavid Period”, CHIr., VI, 412-490; B. Fragner, “Social and Internal Economic Affairs”, a.e., VI, 491-567; E. S. Kennedy, “The Exact Sciences in Timurid Iran”, a.e., VI, 568-580; B. S. Amoretti, “Religion in the Timurid and Safavid Periods”, a.e., VI, 610-655; R. Pinder-Wilson, “Timurid Architecture”, a.e., VI, 728-758; B. Gray, “The Pictorial Arts in the Timurid Period”, a.e., VI, 843-876; H. R. Roemer, “The Successors of Timur”, a.e., VI, 98-146; a.mlf., Persian auf dem Weg in die Nenzeit, Beirut 1989; J. E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, Minneapolis-Chicago 1976; M. Subtelny, “The Sunni Revival under Shah-Rukh and its Promoters: A Study of the Connection between Ideology and Higher Learning in Timurid Iran”, Proceedings of the 27th Meeting of Haneda Memorial Hall Symposium on Central Asia and Iran: August 30, 1993, Kyoto 1994, s. 14-23; İsmail Aka, Mirza Şahruh ve Zamanı (1405-1447), Ankara 1994; W. Barthold, Uluğ Beg ve Zamanı (trc. İsmail Aka), Ankara 1997, bk. İndeks; B. F. Manz, Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Cambridge 2007, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 197-198. Z. Velidî Togan, “Büyük Türk Hükümdarı Şahruh”, TDED, III/3-4 (1949), s. 520-538; R. M. Savory, “The Struggle for Supremacy in Persia after the Death of Timur”, Isl., XL/1 (1964), s. 35-65; L. Bouvet, “Şahruh Mirza”, İA, XI, 286-288.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 293-295 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.