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KAPUDAN PAŞA Skip to content KAPUDAN PAŞA Osmanlılar’da deniz kuvvetlerinin başı ve idarecisi.
Müellif: İdris Bostan
Kapudan kelimesi esas itibariyle İtalyanca capitán dan gelmekte olup Osmanlılar’da XV. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren donanma kumandanı için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Donanma kumandanı önceleri sancak beyi statüsünde iken Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın 940’ta (1534) Cezayir beylerbeyi tayin edilmesinden sonra beylerbeyi rütbesinde “mîrimîrân-ı deryâ” veya “mîrimîrân-ı cezâyir ve kapudan” olarak paşa unvanı ile adlandırılmıştır (BA, KK, nr. 62, s. 575; nr. 1863, s. 141). XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllar boyunca bir süre Cezayir beylerbeyi, ardından kapudan paşa, XVIII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren aynı zamanda kapudân-ı deryâ olarak zikredilmiştir (BA, Tahvil Defteri, nr. 2, s. 8). 1867’de Bahriye Nezâreti’nin kurulması ile bu unvan kaldırılmıştır. Kapudan paşa tabirinin ilk defa Sinan Paşa hakkında 958’de (1551) (Barkan, II, 149), daha sonra Piyâle Paşa için 972’de (1565) (BA, KK, nr. 7501, s. 3) kullanıldığı tesbit edilmekte, kapudân-ı deryâ tabirinin ise XVII. yüzyıl başlarında Kayserili Halil Paşa için kullanılmış olsa bile (Mehmed b. Mehmed, s. 701) esas olarak XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren yaygın bir şekilde kapudan paşa yerine zikredildiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Osmanlı donanmasının organize edilmesinde emeği geçen ilk kapudan, muhtemelen Yıldırım Bayezid’in 792’de (1390) Gelibolu sancak beyliğiyle tersane ve donanmayı kurmakla görevlendirdiği Sarıca Paşa’dır. Bu tarihten Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd eyaletinin yönetimine ve donanma kumandanlığına getirilmesine kadar bütün kapudanların Gelibolu sancak beyi olarak donanmaya kumanda ettikleri görülmektedir. Bir sancak beyi statüsünde tayin edilmekle beraber kapudanların geldikleri görev yerleri ve terfi ettikleri mevkiler dikkate alındığında diğer sancak beylerinden farklı bir konumda oldukları dikkati çeker. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in vezirlerinden Zağanos Paşa ile Mesih Paşa vezirlikten, Mahmud Paşa ise sadâretten azledildiğinde Gelibolu sancak beyliğiyle kapudan olmuşlardır. Kapudanlar terfi ettikleri takdirde bir eyaletin beylerbeyiliğine getiriliyorlardı. Özellikle Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri kapudanları Gelibolu sancak beyi statüsünde iken terfi ettiklerinde Karaman, Rum, Şam ve Rumeli beylerbeyi oldular (Bostan Çelebi, vr. 11b , 36b , 49b , 57a-b , 60b , 98b , 117b ). Bu dönemde kapudanlar daha çok “Gelibolu emîri ve kapudanı, Gelibolu kapudanı, emîr-i deryâ ve kapudan” şeklinde adlandırıldı (İbn Kemal, VII, 279; VIII, 178).
Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın derya beylerbeyi olmasından hemen önce Lutfi Bey (Vezîriâzam Lutfi Paşa) kapudân-ı deryâ olarak bu görevi sürdürmekteydi (BA, KK, nr. 1863, s. 113). Mağrib beyi olarak Osmanlı hizmetine giren Hayreddin Reis (BA, KK, nr. 1863, s. 68), Şubat 1534’te 4 milyon akçe sâlyâne ile Cezayir (Ege denizi adaları) beylerbeyiliğine tayin edilerek paşa unvanıyla kapudan oldu (BA, KK, nr. 1764, s. 215). Benedetto, Barbaros’un bu dönemde dördüncü vezir olarak deniz beylerbeyiliğine getirildiğini belirtmektedir (Lybyer, s. 246, 255-256, 314). Bunun üzerine Lutfi Bey’in görevi ikinci kapudanlığa indirildi (BA, KK, nr. 1863, s. 141). Yeni kurulan bu eyalete aynı zamanda “Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd ve kapudânî” denildiği gibi (Emecen – Şahin, XIX/23 [1999], s. 58) yöneticisi de bazan “Cezayir beylerbeyi”, bazan Cezayir beylerbeyi ve kapudan paşa (BA, MAD , nr. 17928, s. 477), sonraları sadece kapudan paşa şeklinde anıldı. Eyalet merkezi önce Rodos iken daha sonra Gelibolu’ya nakledildi ve sancak sayısı XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında Gelibolu, Eğriboz, Karlı-ili, İnebahtı, Rodos ve Midilli olarak altıya çıkarıldı. Eyalet, teşrifat bakımından XVI. yüzyılda Rumeli eyaletinden sonra gelirken daha sonraki yüzyıllarda bu durumunu koruyamadı.
Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın vefatından sonra bu göreve gelenlerden Sokullu Mehmed Paşa ve Piyâle Paşa önce sadece Gelibolu sancak beyi ve kapudan olarak tayin edilmiş, ardından gösterdikleri yararlık üzerine Cezayir beylerbeyiliğine yükseltilmişlerdi. Piyâle Paşa bu görevde iken evâhir-i Receb 974’te (1-9 Şubat 1567) gelirlerine 400.000 akçe ilâvesiyle vezir oldu (Selânikî, I, 58). Yine evâhir-i Receb 995’te (26 Haziran – 5 Temmuz 1587) İbrâhim Paşa ikinci vezir, 25 Ramazan 999’da (17 Temmuz 1591) Cigalazâde Sinan Paşa dördüncü vezir rütbesiyle kapudanlık mevkiine getirildi (BA, KK, nr. 253, s. 44; Selânikî, I, 186, 246, 394). Bu tarihten itibaren XVII. yüzyıl boyunca bütün kapudan paşalar vezir rütbesinde kapudan oldular. XVIII. yüzyılda ise Hüsâmeddin Paşa (1770) ve Câfer Paşa (1770) örneklerinde olduğu gibi üç tuğlu vezir pâyesiyle kapudân-ı deryâlığa tayini yapıldı (Mehmed Hasîb, vr. 4b , 5b ).
XVI. yüzyılda kapudanlık genellikle denizcilikle alâkası olanlara verilmekle beraber istisnaları da söz konusu olmuştur. Kapudan paşalığın denizcilikten yetişenlere verilmesi hususundaki kuralların varlığına rağmen bu her zaman mümkün olmadı. Müezzinzâde Ali Paşa (1568-1571) yeniçeri ağalığından, Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1606) bostancıbaşılıktan kapudan oldukları gibi Köse Ali Paşa (1658-1660) sadâret kaymakamlığından, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa (1661-1666) Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğinden, Mezemorta Hüseyin Paşa (1690) Cezayir beylerbeyiliğinden kapudanlığa getirildiler. XVIII. yüzyılda ise mîrî kalyonlar kapudanlığı, kapudâne-i hümâyun ve tersane kethüdâlığı gibi görevlerden kapudan tayin edildi.
Lutfi Paşa, kapudan paşaların görevinin deniz ticareti güvenliğinin sağlanması olduğunu belirtmekte, bu göreve gelecek olanların yaşlı, korsanlık yapmış, deniz işlerinde tecrübeli kimseler arasından seçilmesini tavsiye etmektedir (Âsafnâme, s. 33). İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı sonrasında donanma serdarı tayin edilen Kılıç Ali Paşa’nın beratındaki görev tâlimatında sahillerdeki kale ve şehirlerin, denizlerdeki adaların muhafaza edilmesi hatırlatılmış, küffâr, harâmî ve levend gemilerinden gelecek zararı engellemesi istenmiş ve düşman donanmasını dikkatle takip etmesi emredilmişti (BA, MD , nr. 19, s. 149, hk. 316; Feridun Bey, II, 562-563). Osmanlı donanması bu amaçla her yıl denize açılırdı. Deniz mevsimi geçince kapudan paşa, yanındaki derya beylerine etrafı korumak şartıyla izin vererek kendisi İstanbul’a dönerdi (BA, MD , nr. 52, s. 104, hk. 252). Kâtib Çelebi, kapudan paşanın bizzat kendisi korsanlıktan yetişmemiş olsa bile denizleri tanıyan ve deniz savaşı hususunda tecrübesi olan korsanlara danışmasını tavsiye etmektedir (Tuhfetü’l-kibâr, s. 159). Kalyon dönemine geçildikten sonra hazırlanan 1113 (1701) tarihli Bahriye Kanunnâmesi’ne göre kapudan paşa bütün derya beylerinin, kapudan, reis ve diğer donanma ricâlinin başbuğu olup derya beylerinin faaliyetlerini denetlemekle sorumlu idi.
Denizciliğe ait bütün tayinlerden, Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd eyaletine ait timar ve zeâmetin verilmesi ve arttırılmasından kapudan paşa sorumluydu (BA, MD , nr. 112, s. 442, hk. 3; nr. 120, s. 46, hk. 155). Ayrıca denizciliğe ait işler için hüküm vermeye ve tuğra çekmeye yetkiliydi. Tersanede gemi inşası ve teçhizi için yapılan masrafların kaydedildiği muhasebe defterlerini tanzim ettirirdi (BA, MD , nr. 5, s. 308, hk. 801). XVII. yüzyılda Karadeniz’e gönderilecek filonun kumandanı onun tarafından tayin edilirdi (BA, MD , nr. 98, s. 161, hk. 536). Donanma ile sefere gittiğinde huzurunda ve karaya çıktığı yerlerde dava dinler ve gereğini icra ederdi.
Kapudan paşaların senelik has gelirleri Gelibolu sancak beyi rütbesinde iken Piyâle Bey örneğindeki gibi 550.000 akçe idi (BA, MD , nr. 1, s. 278, hk. 1568). Cezayir beylerbeyi olarak tayin edildikleri zaman ise Sokullu Mehmed Paşa (BA, KK, nr. 208, s. 76, 169, 187) ve Sinan Paşa (Emecen-Şahin, XIX/23 [1999], s. 58) örneği gibi 700.000 akçelik has ile görevlendiriliyorlardı. XVII. yüzyılda bu miktar 885.000 akçe idi (Kâtib Çelebi, s. 146). Yine Galata mukātaası kapudan paşanın has gelirlerindendi (BA, KK, nr. 71, s. 519). Ayrıca eyalete tâbi Ege adalarının maktû vergisini topluyorlar ve kendilerine ait olanın dışındaki miktarı hazineye gönderiyorlardı (BA, MAD , nr. 9930, s. 106-107). Bu miktar XVII. yüzyılda 70.000 kuruş iken XVIII. yüzyılda 300.000 kuruşa yükselmişti. Timar sisteminin devam ettiği dönemde kapudan paşa sefere cebelü götürmek zorundaydı ve XVII. yüzyılda bu sayı 1000 civarına ulaşmıştı.
Kapudan paşa tersanede iken kendisine ait divanhânede otururdu. Gerek padişahın gerekse sadrazamın teftişi veya denize gemi indirilmesi münasebetiyle tersaneye yaptıkları ziyarette onları gezdirir, tersane ve gemi inşa faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi verirdi. Donanma sefere çıkarken ve dönüşte kapudan paşa Yalı Köşkü’nde padişah tarafından kabul edilir, kendisine hil‘at giydirilirdi. Kapudan paşanın donanmada tersane kethüdâsı yardımcısı, tersanede ise bizzat bulunmadığı zamanlarda tersane ağası vekili idi. Kapudan paşa donanma ile denize açıldığında paşa baştardasına binerdi. Ayrıca bir yedek baştarda ona eşlik ederdi. XVIII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren barış zamanlarında baştardaya ve savaş sırasında başkapudâne denilen büyük kalyona binmeleri, üç fener ve üç bayrak takmaları kanun oldu.
Osmanlı denizcilik tarihinin üç büyük yenilgisinden sonra donanmaya yeniden düzen vermek ve yenilemek üzere kapudan paşaların önemli gayretleri olmuştur. İnebahtı Deniz Savaşı’nın (979/1571) ardından Kılıç Ali Paşa, Çeşme Vak‘ası’ndan (1184/1770) sonra Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa, Navarin’deki (1827) yenilginin ardından Dârendeli İzzet Mehmed Paşa donanmanın yeniden inşasına büyük önem verdiler. Kapudan paşalar içinde donanmada düzenlemeler yapan Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa (1534-1546) tersanenin düzenlenmesinde ve Türk kadırgası tipinin oluşturulmasında Güzelce Ali Paşa (1618-1619) eyalete sâlyâneli sancakların ilâvesinde ve gemi donanımlarında, Kemankeş Mustafa Paşa (1635-1638) tersane işlerinde ve her yıl kırk kadırganın hazır bulundurulması kuralının konmasında, Köse Ali Paşa (1672-1675) tersane mevcudunun ve tersane ocaklıklarının yeniden düzenlenmesinde, Mezemorta Hüseyin Paşa (1695-1701) bahriye kanunnâmesinin hazırlanmasında, Küçük Hüseyin Paşa (1792-1803) gemi inşa teknolojisinin geliştirilmesinde ve bahriye mühendishanesinin tanziminde önemli rol oynadılar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lingua Franca , s. 139-145. BA, KK, nr. 62, s. 575; nr. 71, s. 519; nr. 208, s. 76, 169, 187; nr. 253, s. 44; nr. 1764, s. 215; nr. 1863, s. 68, 113, 141; nr. 7501, s. 3. BA, MAD , nr. 492, s. 37; nr. 9930, s. 106-107; nr. 17928, s. 477. BA, MD , nr. 1, s. 278, hk. 1568; nr. 3. s. 99-100, hk. 250; nr. 5, s. 308, hk. 801; nr. 12, s. 84, hk. 184, s. 98, hk. 211; nr. 19, s. 149, hk. 316; nr. 52, s. 104, hk. 252; nr. 98, s. 161, hk. 536; nr. 110, s. 472; nr. 112, s. 1-6, 442, hk. 3; nr. 120, s. 46, hk. 155. BA, Tahvil Defteri, nr. 2, s. 8. Tursun Bey, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth (nşr. Mertol Tulum), İstanbul 1977, s. 53, 147. İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , VII, 279; VIII, 178. Lutfi Paşa, Âsafnâme (nşr. Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu), İstanbul 1981, s. 31-33. Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, 562-563. Bostan Çelebi, Süleymannâme, Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3317, vr. 11b , 36b , 49b , 57a-b , 60b , 98b , 117b . Selânikî, Târih , I, 58, 186, 246, 394; II, 438. IV. Murad’ın Hatt-ı Hümâyunları, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6110, vr. 136b -145a . Mehmed b. Mehmed, Nuhbetü’t-tevârîh (haz. Abdurrahman Sağırlı, doktora tezi, 2000), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 701. Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 138-148, 159. Solakzâde, Târih , II, 261, 300. Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 121-122, 158-161. Mehmed Hasîb, Rûznâme, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. 578, vr. 4b , 5b .Sefînetü’l-vüzerâ , tür.yer. Râmizpaşazâde Mehmed İzzet, Harîta-i Kapûdânân-ı Deryâ, İstanbul 1285. A. H. Lybyer, The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, Cambridge 1913, s. 246, 255-256, 314. Marsigli, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Askeri Vaziyeti , s. 136-138, 148-149. Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 414-420, 437-444, 523-537. Danişmend, Kronoloji , V, 169-237. Ömer Lütfi Barkan, Süleymaniye Camii İmareti ve İnşaatı (1550-1557), Ankara 1979, II, 149. İdris Bostan, Osmanlı Bahriye Teşkilâtı: XVII. Yüzyılda Tersâne-i Âmire, Ankara 1992, s. 51, 86-87, 97, 155, 163. Zarif Orgun, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Kaptan Paşalara ve Donanmaya Yapılan Merasim”, TV , I/2 (1941), s. 135-144. Nejat Göyünç, “Kapudân-ı Deryâ Küçük Hüseyin Paşa”, TD , sy. 3-4 (1952), s. 36-50. Orhan Şaik Gökyay, “Osmanlı Donanması ve Kapudân-ı Deryâ ile İlgili Teşrifat Hakkında Belgeler”, TED , sy. 12 (1982), s. 25-84. Feridun M. Emecen – İlhan Şahin, “Osmanlı Taşra Teşkilâtının Kaynaklarından 957-958 (1550-1551) Tarihli Sancak Tevcih Defteri”, TTK Belgeler , XIX/23 (1999), s. 58. İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Kaptan Paşa”, İA , VI, 206-210. S. Özbaran, “Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 571-572.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 354-355 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.