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EBÛ UBEYD el-BEKRÎ Skip to content Abdullāh b. Abdilazîz b. Muhammed b. Eyyûb b. Amr el-Bekrî el-Endelüsî (ö. 487/1094)
Endülüslü meşhur coğrafyacı ve edip.
Doğum tarihi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Her ne kadar P. Gayangos kesin tarih vererek onun 432 (1040) yılında doğduğunu söylüyorsa da bu doğru değildir. Çünkü Ebû Ubeyd 487’de (1094) vefat ettiğinde seksen yaşının üzerindeydi. Ayrıca onun 443 (1051) yılında Kurtuba’ya (Córdoba) ilk gelişinde otuz yaşını geçmiş olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Ebû Ubeyd’in doğum yeri hakkında da ihtilâf vardır. Ancak son araştırmalar onun Kurtuba’da değil İşbîliye’nin (Sevilla) batısında yer alan Şeltîş’te (Saltes) doğmuş olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Bekir b. Vâil’in soyundan geldiği için Bekrî nisbesiyle meşhur olan Ebû Ubeyd’in Endülüs’e yerleşen ataları ilimleri ve idarecilikleriyle temayüz etmişlerdi. Büyük dedesi Eyyûb b. Amr el-Bekrî önce mezâlim mahkemesi başkanlığı yapmış, daha sonra Âmirîler döneminde Velbe (Huelva) ve Şeltîş’e vali tayin edilmiştir. Ondan sonra bu görevi kardeşi Ebû Zeyd Muhammed üstlenmiştir. Ebû Ubeyd’in babası İzzüddevle Abdülazîz ise Endülüs Emevî idaresinin son yıllarında ortaya çıkan karışıklıklardan istifade ederek 403’te (1012) bağımsızlığını ilân etmiştir. 443 (1051) yılına kadar bağımsızlığını muhafaza eden İzzüddevle, bu tarihte mülûkü’t-tavâifin en güçlüsü olan Abbâdîler’in Velbe’yi istilâ etmeleri, Şeltîş’i de 10.000 miskal altın karşılığında satın almaları üzerine, aralarında Ebû Ubeyd’in de bulunduğu aile fertlerini alarak Kurtuba’ya gitmiş ve Cehverîler’den Ebü’l-Velîd Muhammed b. Cehver’in himayesinde oraya yerleşmiştir.
Ebû Ubeyd Şeltîş’te başladığı tahsil hayatına, başta Kurtuba olmak üzere Endülüs’ün çeşitli ilim merkezlerinde devam etti. Bu sırada Endülüs’te mülûkü’t-tavâif arasındaki ihtilâf ve savaşların sebep olduğu siyasî istikrarsızlığa rağmen ilmî ve kültürel hayatta son derece hareketli bir dönem yaşanmaktaydı. Zengin bir aileye mensup olduğu için kendisini sadece ilme veren Bekrî, Kurtuba’da ve Kurtuba dışında meşhur birçok âlimden ders aldı. Ancak hocalarından sadece birkaç tanesinin adı bilinmektedir. Bunlardan biri, “tarihçilerin sultanı” olarak nitelendirilen İbn Hayyân olup öğrencisinden övgüyle söz eder. Bilhassa Endülüs tarihi hakkında İbn Hayyân’dan geniş ölçüde faydalandığı anlaşılan Ebû Ubeyd, dönemin önde gelen âlimlerinden İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî el-Kurtubî’den fıkıh ve hadis okuyup icâzet aldı. Meriye’de (Almeria) bulunduğu sırada ise bir taraftan Emîr Mu‘tasım b. Sumâdıh’ın himaye ve desteğine mazhar olurken diğer taraftan İbnü’d-Delâî diye tanınan Endülüslü meşhur coğrafyacı Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Ömer el-Uzrî ile görüşerek coğrafya bilgisini arttırdı.
Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî, aşırı derecede kitap toplama ve okuma meraklısı bir kimse olarak da temayüz etmiştir. Kaynaklar, onun çok sayıda kitap toplayıp okuduğunu ve bunları bez kılıflar içinde sakladığını belirtmektedir. Her ne kadar fıkıh ve hadiste icâzet almış, şiir, edebiyat ve hatta botanikle ilgilenmişse de coğrafyaya daha fazla zaman ayırmıştır. Kendisinden önceki ve sonraki birçok coğrafyacıdan farklı olarak seyahat etmemiş ve Endülüs dışına çıkmamıştır. Bununla beraber eserlerindeki coğrafî mâlûmat son derece zengin, ayrıntılı ve doğrudur.
Bekrî, Endülüs’te daha sonra meşhur olacak birçok kimseye hocalık yapmıştır. Bunlar arasında, edebiyat ve kitâbet alanlarında temayüz eden ve bir süre vezirlik de yapan Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Lahmî, Ebû Tâlib Abdülcebbâr b. Asbağ el-Kureşî, Sa‘d b. Ahmed b. Abdülber ve kendi adını ve künyesini taşıyan bir torunu sayılabilir.
Ebû Ubeyd, zekâsı ve ilmî kapasitesi sayesinde Endülüs’ün meşhur ulemâsı arasına girmiştir. Abbâdîler’in son emîri Mu‘temid b. Abbâd’ın, Tuleytula’nın (Toledo) istilâsından sonra Kastilya Krallığı’nın artan baskılarına karşı Endülüs’e yardım etmesi için Murâbıt Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’e gönderdiği elçilik heyetinde Bekrî de yer alıyordu. Merakeş’ten döndükten sonra bir süre İşbîliye’de oturan Bekrî, Murâbıtlar’ın Kurtuba’yı yeniden Endülüs’ün idarî merkezi haline getirmelerinin ardından buraya yerleşti ve 487 Şevvalinde (Ekim 1094) vefat etti.
Eserleri. Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî coğrafya, dil ve edebiyat, din, botanik vb. sahalarda birçok eser telif etmiştir. Günümüze ulaşan eserleri şunlardır:
1. Muʿcemü me’staʿcem min esmâʾi’l-bilâd ve’l-mevâżiʿ (mevâḳıʿ) . Bir coğrafya ansiklopedisidir. Müellif bu eserini, gerek Câhiliye şiirinde gerekse Kur’an’da ve hadis edebiyatında zikredilen Arap yarımadasına ait birçok yerin tarih ve coğrafyası hakkında bilgi vermek, imlâ ve telaffuzunda zamanla meydana gelen yanlışları düzeltmek maksadıyla kaleme almıştır. Eserin mukaddimesinde Arap yarımadasının sınırları, Hicaz, Tihâme ve Yemen gibi bölgeleri, muhtelif kabileleri ve bu kabilelerden kaynaklanan göç hareketleri hakkında önemli bilgiler verilmektedir. Bekrî, daha önce sadece kāmuslarda kullanılmış olan alfabetik sistemi bilindiği kadarıyla ilk defa bir coğrafya kitabında uygulamıştır. Avrupa’da alfabetik sistemle yazılmış ilk coğrafya ansiklopedisi beş asır sonra yani XVI. yüzyılda kaleme alınmıştır. Müellif, 784 babdan oluşan bu eserinde coğrafya başta olmak üzere edebiyat, tarih, sîret, hadis, fıkıh ve nesep alanlarında yazılmış pek çok eserden faydalanmıştır. Gerek kaynaklarının zenginliği gerekse verilen bilgilerin doğruluğu bu eseri, R. Dozy’nin de dediği gibi emsalleri arasında çok seçkin bir konuma getirmiştir. Muʿcem önce F. Wüstenfeld (Das geographische Wörterbuch , Göttingen, Paris 1876-1877), daha sonra da Mustafa es-Sekkā (Muʿcem me’staʿcem , I-IV, Kahire 1945-1951) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
2. el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik . İçindeki geniş mâlûmat sebebiyle eser bir dünya coğrafyası (kozmografi) kitabı niteliğindedir. Müellif eserine âlemin yaratılışıyla başlamakta ve kendi yaşadığı döneme kadar gelmektedir. Bu çerçevede söz konusu ettiği her ülkeyi geniş bir şekilde ele almakta, bu ülkelerin sınırları, yolları, nehirleri, iklim durumları ve şehirleri hakkındaki bilgiler yanında ülkelerin etnik ve dinî yapılarına, halklarının örf ve âdetlerine, hükümdarlarına ve tarihlerinde cereyan eden büyük olaylara dair çok önemli bilgiler vermekte, hatta zaman zaman belgeler sunmaktadır. Bekrî’nin bu eseri aynı zamanda siyasî ve sosyal tarih, mezhepler tarihi, arkeoloji, etnografya alanlarında değerli bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. Bu bilgilerin mahiyeti ve sunuluş şekli, müellifin sahip olduğu mâlûmat zenginliğini ve ifade gücünü göstermektedir. Ayrıca müellifin daha o zaman dünyanın yuvarlaklığından söz etmesi özellikle dikkat çekicidir. Ebû Ubeyd el-Mesâlik ’i telif ederken farklı sahalara ait çok sayıda kaynaktan istifade etmiştir. Yirminin üzerinde olan bu kaynakların en önemlileri arasında Mes‘ûdî’nin Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , Taberî’nin Târîḫ , İbn Kuteybe’nin el-Maʿârif , İbn Hurdâzbih’in el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik , İbn Rüste’nin el-Aʿlâḳu’n-nefîse , Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin el-Eġānî , hocası İbnü’d-Delâî’nin Terṣîʿu’l-aḫbâr , Muhammed b. Yûsuf el-Verrâk’ın el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik adlı eseri ve yahudi asıllı İbrâhim b. Ya‘kūb et-Turtûşî’nin adı tam olarak tesbit edilemeyen seyahatnâmesi zikredilebilir. Müellifin ayrıca Endülüs’le ilgili olarak verdiği bilgilerde Kurtuba’daki resmî belgelerden faydalandığı anlaşılmaktadır. el-Mesâlik ’in kaç cilt olduğu tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Eserin günümüze ulaşan parçalarının büyük bir kısmı neşredilmiştir. British Museum’da (nr. 9577) Kuzey Afrika ile ilgili bir bölüm, Mac-Guckin de Slane tarafından el-Muġrib fî ẕikri bilâdi İfrîḳıyye ve’l-Maġrib: Description de l’Afrique septentrionale (Algiers 1857, 1910) başlığı altında yayımlanmış ve Fransızca’ya da tercüme edilmiştir (JA , 1858-1859; Algiers 1910). Quatremère, daha önce aynı kısmın muhtasar Fransızca tercümesini neşretmişti (Notices et extrais des MSS de la BN , XII, Paris 1831, s. 437-664). A. Kunik ve V. Rosen, Bibliothèque Nationale’deki fragmandan (nr. 5905) Ruslar ve Slavlar’la ilgili kısımları çıkarıp yayımlamışlardır (Izvestiya al-Bekri i drugikh avtorov o Rusi i Slavyanakh , Petersburg 1878). Abdurrahman Ali el-Haccî, Paris (Bibliothèque Nationale, nr. 5905), Fas (Mektebetü câmii’l-Karaviyyîn, nr. L80/390) ve Rabat (el-Hizânetü’l-âmme li’l-kütüb ve’l-vesâik, nr. 488) nüshalarını kullanarak el-Mesâlik ’in Endülüs ve Avrupa ile ilgili bölümlerini Coġrâfiyyetü’l-Endelüs ve Ûrûbbâ min Kitâbi’l-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik adı altında neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1387/1968). Abdullah Yûsuf el-Guneym de önce Cezîretü’l-ʿArab min Kitâbi’l-Memâlik ve’l-mesâlik (Küveyt 1977) adıyla Arap yarımadası, daha sonra Coġrâfiyyetü Mıṣr min Kitâbi’l-Memâlik ve’l-mesâlik (Küveyt 1980) adıyla Mısır’la ilgili kısımları yayımlamıştır. Nihayet eserin günümüze ulaşan kısımlarının bütünü, on nüshası esas alınarak A. P. van Leeuwen ve A. Ferre tarafından neşredilmiştir (I-II, Tunus 1992).
3. Kitâbü’t-Tenbîh ʿalâ aġlâṭı Ebî ʿAlî fî Emâlîhi . Müellifin, Bağdat’tan Kurtuba’ya göç eden meşhur âlim Ebû Ali el-Kālî’nin el-Emâlî ’deki (bk. el-EMÂLÎ ) hatalarını düzelttiği bu eser el-Emâlî ’nin ikinci baskısının (I-IV, Kahire 1344/1926) son cildi olarak neşredilmiştir.
4. Simṭü’l-leʾâlî fî şerḥi Emâli’l-Ḳālî . Ebû Ali el-Kālî’nin dil ve edebiyata dair el-Emâlî adlı eserinin şerhidir (nşr. Abdülazîz el-Meymenî, I-II, Kahire 1354),
5. Faṣlü’l-maḳāl fî şerḥi Kitâbi’l-Ems̱âl . Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm’ın atasözlerini ihtiva eden Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl adlı eserinin şerhidir (nşr. İhsan Abbas – Abdülmecid Âbidîn, Hartum 1958; Beyrut 1971).
Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî’nin kaynaklarda zikredilen dil ve edebiyat alanındaki eserleri de şunlardır: el-İḥṣâʾ li-ṭabaḳāti’ş-şuʿarâʾ , İştiḳāḳu’l-esmâʾ , Şifâʿü ʿalîli’l-ʿArabiyye , Ṣılatü’l-mefṣûl fî şerḥi ebyâti’l-Ġarîbi’l-muṣannef , et-Tedrîb ve’t-tehẕîb fî ḍurûbi aḥvâli’l-ḥurûb . İbn Beşküvâl, Bekrî’nin Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberlik alâmetlerine dair bir kitap yazdığını belirtmekte, ancak eserin adını kaydetmemektedir. Ayrıca İbn Hayr’ın ifadesine göre Bekrî botanikle ilgili olarak Kitâbü’n-Nebât adıyla bir eser daha kaleme almıştır. Fakat bunların da yazma nüshalarına henüz rastlanmamıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 247-248 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.