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İBN CÜBEYR Skip to content İBN CÜBEYR Ebü’l-Hüseyn Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Cübeyr b. Muhammed b. Cübeyr el-Kinânî el-Belensî (ö. 614/1217) Endülüslü Arap seyyahı.
Müellif: Nasuhi Ünal Karaarslan
10 Rebîülevvel 540’ta (31 Ağustos 1145) Belensiye (Valencia) veya Şâtıbe’de (Xàtiva) doğdu. Kinâne kabilesine mensup olan büyük dedesi Abdüsselâm b. Cübeyr, Emevîler’in son dönemlerinde Fas’a göç eden bazı Hâricîler’in orada yol açtıkları Arap-Berberî çatışmalarını önlemek için Halife Hişâm b. Abdülmelik tarafından bölgeye gönderilen orduda askerdi. İçinde çıkan fitne yüzünden görevini yapamadan dağılan bu ordudan arta kalanların Endülüs’e sıçrayan Berberî isyanlarını bastırmakla görevlendirilmesi üzerine Abdüsselâm da 124’te (742) İspanya’ya geçerek Şezûne’ye (Sedona) yerleşti (er-Riḥle, s. 1; Tİ , I, 236, 237). İbn Cübeyr’in babası Ahmed b. Cübeyr ise Şâtıbe’nin ileri gelenlerinden bir kâtipti. İbn Cübeyr ilk derslerini ondan almış, daha sonra Ebü’l-Hasan b. Ali b. Ebü’l-Asîlî, Ebü’l-Haccâc Yûsuf b. Yes’ûn ve Ebû Muhammed Kāsım b. Asâkir gibi âlimlerin yanında okumuş ve baba mesleğini devam ettirip Muvahhidler’in kâtipliğini yapmıştır. Aldığı kültür, yetiştiği çevreye uygun olarak felsefeye iyi gözle bakmayan, Mâlikî fıkhına dayalı dinî bir kültürdür; ancak İbn Cübeyr zamanının din dışı konularıyla da ilgilenmiştir.
Kâtipliğinin yanında vasat bir şair olan İbn Cübeyr asıl ününü, alışılmamış bir güzergâh takip ederek ve dikkatli bir seyyah gözüyle incelemelerde bulunarak yaptığı hac seyahatine borçludur. Onun bu seyahatini birçok modern yazar şöyle bir olaya bağlamaktadır: Rivayete göre İbn Cübeyr, Gırnata’yı (Granada) babası Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’yi temsilen yöneten Ebû Saîd Osman’ın kâtibi iken onun tarafından şarap içmeye zorlanır. Dindarlığıyla tanınan ve o zamana kadar ağzına içki koymamış olan İbn Cübeyr istemeyerek yaptığı bu işten büyük bir pişmanlık duyar ve kendini Allah’a affettirmek için hacca gider (Makkarî, II, 385-386). Fakat onun seyahati yalnız bu sebebe bağlanamaz. Çünkü Doğu İslâm dünyasının Endülüs ve Mağrib ile ilmî ve kültürel ilişkileri başlangıçtan beri vardı. Önceleri Doğu’dan Batı’ya göç eden âlimlerle gelişen bu hareket, daha sonra Batılı müslümanların hem hacca gitme hem de bu münasebetle ilim öğrenme arzularıyla artarak sürdü. İbn Cübeyr’in hac niyeti içinde Mısır, Hicaz ve Irak’taki ulemâ ile görüşme ve ilim tahsil etme arzusunun var olduğu seyahatnâmesinden de anlaşılmaktadır. İspanya’dan hacca giderken Doğu İslâm dünyasını gezip görmek ve gördüklerini tesbit ederek dönüşünde Endülüs’e tanıtmak kararlılığı ile yola çıkmıştı. Sonuçta bu misyonu en iyi şekilde tamamlamış ve insanlık tarihine çok önemli bir kaynak eser bırakmıştır.
İbn Cübeyr, seyahati boyunca yanında bulunan arkadaşı Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Hasan ile birlikte 8 Şevval 578’de (4 Şubat 1183) Gırnata’dan hareket etti (er-Riḥle, s. 8). Önce Tarîf (Tarifa) yoluyla Sebte’ye (Ceuta), oradan da bir Ceneviz gemisiyle Sardinya, Sicilya ve Girit üzerinden İskenderiye’ye gitti. Bu şehri ve Kahire’yi ziyaret ettikten sonra Nil boyunca Kūs’a, arkasından çölü geçip Ayzâb’a, sonra da gemiyle Kızıldeniz’den Cidde’ye vardı ve 20 Rebîülevvel 579’da (13 Temmuz 1183) Mekke’ye ulaştı. Mekke’de sekiz aydan fazla kalıp hac farîzasını yerine getirdikten sonra Medine’ye geçti (3 Muharrem 580 / 16 Nisan 1184) ve burada yalnızca beş gece yatıp Irak’a dönen hacı kervanına katılarak Bağdat’a, buradan da yine beş gün sonra Sâmerrâ, Tikrît, Musul, Nusaybin, Harran, Halep, Hama ve Humus üzerinden 24 Rebîülevvel’de (5 Temmuz) Doğu’nun cenneti, İslâm ülkelerinin mührü ve şehirlerin gelini diye vasıflandırdığı, kendilerine sıcak duygularla bağlı olduğu Emevîler’in eski başşehri Dımaşk’a gitti ve 5 Cemâziyelâhir’e (13 Eylül) kadar bu şehirde kaldı (a.g.e. , s. 234-271). Buradan Haçlılar’ın işgali altındaki Filistin’e geçti ve tarihî Sûr şehrine uğrayıp arkasından her yöne gidebilecek gemilerin bulunduğu ana üs konumundaki Akkâ’ya indi; 10 Receb 580’de (17 Ekim 1184) yine bir Ceneviz gemisiyle memleketine dönmek üzere yola çıktı. Fakat Messîne önlerinde geminin batması üzerine boğulma tehlikesi atlattı ve bir süre yeni bir gemiyle yolculuğuna devam edebilmek için şartların düzelmesini bekledi. Nihayet 22 Zilhicce 580’de (26 Mart 1185) Sicilya’nın Trapani Limanı’ndan tekrar denize açıldı ve yine Sardinya ve Balear adaları üzerinden İspanya kıyılarına ulaşarak Cartagena’da karaya çıktı; 22 Muharrem 581’de (25 Nisan 1185) kendi ifadesiyle iki yıl üç buçuk ay sonra Kurtuba’daki (Córdoba) evine döndü (a.g.e. , s. 320).
Endülüs’e döndükten sonra İbn Cübeyr resmî bir göreve girmeyerek seyahatnâmesini yazmaya ve seyahati sırasında icâzet aldığı ilimleri okutmaya başladı; böylece çevresinde daha fazla saygınlık kazandı ve ünü arttı. Hâfız Ebû Muhammed el-Münzirî, Hâfız Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ali el-Kureşî ve Ahmed b. Abdülmü’min eş-Şerîşî onun önde gelen öğrencilerindendir. Dindar, âlicenap ve yardım sever bir tabiata sahip olan İbn Cübeyr etrafını aydınlatmayı, insanlar arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözüp onları barıştırmayı, ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi için feragatle çaba sarfetmeyi kendine görev edinmişti.
İbn Cübeyr, 583’te (1187) Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Kudüs’ü Haçlılar’dan geri aldığını duyunca sevincinden ikinci defa hacca gitti ve bu seyahati 585’ten 587’ye kadar (1189-1191) iki yıl sürdü; ancak bunun ve daha sonra gerçekleştirdiği üçüncü hac için herhangi bir seyahatnâme yazmamıştır. Hacdan döndükten sonra önce Malaka ve Sebte’ye, daha sonra da Fas’a gitti, burada kalarak hadis ve tasavvufla meşgul oldu. 601 (1204) yılında Vezir Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Abdurrahman el-Vakkaşî’nin kızı olan eşi Âtike Ümmü’l-Mecd’in ölümü üzerine üzüntüsünden üçüncü hac seyahatine çıktı. Haccını eda ettikten sonra evine dönmeyip önce Kudüs’e, daha sonra da Mısır’a giderek İskenderiye’ye yerleşti ve kendini hadis rivayetine verdi; 27 Şâban 614’te (29 Kasım 1217) burada vefat etti.
Arap edebiyatının seçkin örneklerinden biri kabul edilen İbn Cübeyr’in seyahatnâmesi kendi türünde çok önemli bir yere sahiptir ve daha sonra kaleme alınan birçok seyahatnâmeye öncülük etmiştir. Başta İbn Battûta olmak üzere pek çok seyyah onun üslûbundan etkilenmiş, ayrıca özellikle şehir tasvirlerinde çeşitli cümlelerini aynen iktibas etmiştir. Bu konu üzerinde duran araştırmacılar, İbn Battûta’nın genel olarak özet şeklinde ve bazan da aynen İbn Cübeyr’in er-Riḥle’sinden alıntı yaptığına işaret etmişlerdir. Bu tesbitlere göre İbn Battûta, Mekke’de gerek hac günlerinde gerekse diğer zamanlarda yapılan ibadetlerin tasvirinde ve Akkâ, Sûr, Dımaşk, Humus, Halep, Hama, Kûfe, Musul, Bağdat, Nusaybin, Mardin ve Medine’nin tanıtımında doğrudan İbn Cübeyr’den faydalanmıştır (Mattock, Glasgow University Oriental Society Transactions, XXI [1965-66], s. 36, 38-39). Mattock, İbn Battûta’nın İbn Cübeyr’den ne derecede alıntı yaptığını göstermek üzere yazmış olduğu makalede, “İbn Battûta’nın eserinin yaklaşık 250 sayfası hemen hemen aynen İbn Cübeyr’den alınmıştır” demektedir (Proceedings of the Ninth Congress, s. 211). Ayrıca Abderî er-Riḥle’sinde Mekke’yi, Makkarî Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb’inde Dımaşk’ı tasvir ederken ve Makrizî el-Ḫıṭaṭ ve es-Sülûk adlı eserlerinde İhmîm ve Ayzâb’da hacılardan alınan vergileri anlatırken İbn Cübeyr’in eserinden iktibaslar yapmışlardır.
İbn Cübeyr seyahatini gün gün anlatmakta, bazan olayların günün hangi saatinde cereyan etmiş olduğunu da belirtmektedir. Bu da onun Endülüs’e döndükten sonra kaleme alacağı rihlesi için seyahati sırasında günlük notlar tuttuğunu göstermektedir. Eser coğrafî olduğu kadar tarihî, sosyolojik ve folklorik açılardan da önemli bir kaynaktır. XII. yüzyılda Akdeniz’de yapılan bir deniz yolculuğunu, gemileri, denizcileri, liman ve gümrükleri, uğradığı yerlerin sosyal, kültürel ve dinî durumlarını, idarecilerini, şehirlerin genel tasvirini, şehirlerde ve güzergâhları üzerindeki tarihî ve arkeolojik eserleri açık ve akıcı bir üslûpla anlatmakta, geçtiği bölgelerin coğrafî yapılarını, iklimlerini, konaklama yerleri arasındaki mesafeleri, insanların sosyal yaşantılarını ve iktisadî durumlarını objektif bir gözlemci dikkatiyle yansıtmaktadır.
Geçtiği her yeri genel hatlarıyla anlatan İbn Cübeyr bazı yerlerin üzerinde uzun uzadıya durmaktadır. Meselâ İskenderiye gümrüğünde karşılaştığı zorluklardan ve Kahire’deki önemli eserlerden geniş biçimde bahseder. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’yi ve adaletini över; Nil vadisini, zamanın en işlek hac limanlarından biri olan Ayzâb’a kadar yaptığı çöl yolculuğunu ve rastladığı ilkel kabilelerin hayat tarzlarını, bu limandan Cidde’ye gidip gelen gemilerin inşa biçimlerini, oradaki idarecilerin ve birtakım insanların hacıları nasıl sömürdüklerini ayrıntılı olarak anlatır. Uzun süre kaldığı Mekke’yi, Kâbe’yi ve diğer mukaddes yerleri, hac günlerini, Medine ve Mescid-i Nebevî’yi, Bağdat’ı ve orada bulunan hamamları, mescid ve medreseleri, katıldığı ilmî toplantıları ve dinlediği vaazları nakleder; yine uzun süre kaldığı ve Mekke’den sonra en fazla önem verdiği Dımaşk’ın güzelliklerini ve bilhassa Emeviyye Camii’ni orijinal mozaik süslemelerine varıncaya kadar tasvir eder. Haçlılar’ın elinde bulunan Filistin bölgesindeki müslümanlarla hıristiyanlar arasında yaşanan ilişkileri anlatır. Akkâ Limanı’nın hareketliliğini, ticarî faaliyetleri, Sicilya müslümanlarının zor durumlarını açıklar.
Bu seyahatnâme, hakkında kaynaklarda fazla bilgi bulunmayan İbn Cübeyr’in karakterini, fikir ve inançlarını en iyi şekilde yansıtmaktadır. Eşyayı ve olayları tesbiti onun fevkalâde bir bilgi ve kültür birikimine, gözlemlerini abartmadan ve mâkul ölçüler içinde nakletmesi de tarafsız bir analiz, tenkit ve tarih anlayışına sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
İbn Cübeyr’in sonraki nesiller tarafından Riḥletü’l-Kinânî diye bilinen seyahatnâmesi Avrupa’da XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında tanınmış ve özellikle Haçlı tarihi ve Sicilya ile ilgili olması sebebiyle dikkat çekerek birçok defa çeşitli dillere tercüme edilip kısmen veya tamamen yayımlanmıştır. Önce bir bölümü Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte Mac-Guckin de Slane tarafından Nebẕe min Riḥleti’bni Cübeyr / Extrait du voyage d’Ibn Djobeir adıyla Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Orientaux içinde neşredilmiştir (Paris 1884, III, 445-456). Eserin Sicilya’ya dair bölümünü Michele Amari Fransızca çevirisiyle birlikte Extrait du voyage en orient de Mohammed ebn-Djobair adıyla yayımlamıştır (JA , VI [1845], s. 507-545; VIII [1846], s. 73-92, 201-243). Kitabın tam metni ise William Wright tarafından neşredilmiştir (Leiden 1852). Daha sonra bu metin, nâşiri ve ayrıca R. Dozy ve Robertson Smith tarafından tekrar gözden geçirilip notlandırılarak yeniden yayımlanması için Jan Michael de Goeje’ye emanet edilmiş ve bu ikinci neşir de Leiden-Londra’da 1907’de yapılmıştır. De Goeje’nin hazırladığı diğer bir metin ise 1326’da (1908) Kahire’de hatalı bir şekilde basılmıştır. Daha sonra Nu‘mân el-A‘zamî (Bağdat 1937) ve Hüseyin Nassâr tarafından Wright neşri esas alınarak tekrar yayımlanan eseri (Kahire 1347/1955, 1992) ayrıca Dâru Sâdır da basmıştır (Beyrut 1959, 1964, 1980). Bunlardan başka kitabı Celestino Schiaparelli İtalyanca’ya (Viaggio in Ispagna, Sicilia, Siria e Palestina, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egitto: compiuto nel secolo XII, Roma 1906), R. J. C. Broadhurst İngilizce’ye (The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, London 1952), M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes Fransızca’ya (Voyages, I-III, Paris 1949-1956) ve Felipe Maillo Salgado İspanyolca’ya (A Través del oriente: el-Siglo XII ante los ojos / Ibn Yubayr, Barcelona 1988) çevirmişlerdir. İbn Cübeyr’in eseri ayrıca Paule Charles-Dominique tarafından İbn Fazlân ve İbn Battûta’nın seyahatnâmeleri ve müellifi meçhul bir seyahatnâmeyle birlikte Fransızca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Voyageurs arabes: Ibn Fadlān, Ibn Jubayr, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa et un auteur anonyme, Paris 1995, s. 71-368).
İbn Cübeyr’in çok sayıda şiir yazdığı ve Ebû Temmâm’ın divanının hacmine eşit bir de divanının bulunduğu nakledilmektedir. Günümüze gelebilen bazı şiirleri kitap halinde yayımlanmıştır (Şiʿru İbn Cübeyr [nşr. Fevzî Hatbâ], Amman 1991). Kâtipliği sırasında dostlarına hitaben yazdığı bilinen mektuplardan ise zamanımıza bir şey intikal etmemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Cübeyr, er-Riḥle, Beyrut 1384/1964. The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (trc. R. J. C. Broadhurst), London 1952. Studies on Ibn Ğubair (ed. Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography içinde), Frankfurt 1994, CLXXIII. İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , II, 230-239. Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 381-388, 485-494. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 478; Suppl., I, 879. J. Sauvaget, Historiens arabes, Paris 1946, s. 105. R. Blachère – H. Darmaun, Extraits des principaux géographes arabes du Moyen Age, Paris 1957, s. 314-348. I. J. Kračkovskij, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-coġrâfiyyi’l-ʿArabî (trc. Selâhaddin Osman Hâşim), Kahire 1963, s. 299-301. J. N. Mattock, “The Travel Writings of Ibn Jubair and Ibn Batūta”, Glasgow University Oriental Society Transactions, XXI, Hertford 1965-66, s. 35-47. a.mlf., “Ibn Battūta’s Use of Ibn Jubayr’s Rihle”, Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam 1st to 7th September 1978 (ed. R. Peters), Leiden 1981, s. 209-218. İbrâhim Avad, Riḥletü İbn Cübeyr el-Endelüsî, Kahire 1992. Avâtıf M. Yûsuf Nevvâb, er-Riḥletü’l-Maġribiyye ve’l-Endelüsiyye, Riyad 1417/1996, s. 97-140. Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed, er-Riḥle ve’r-raḥḥâletü’l-müslimûn, Cidde, ts. (Dârü’l-beyâni’l-Arabî), s. 323-338. G. C. Anawati, “Textes arabes anciens édités en Égypte au cours des années 1955 et 1956”, MIDEO , III (1956), s. 323. Hüseyin Mûnis, “el-Coġrâfiyye ve’l-coġrâfiyyûn fi’l-Endelüs”, Ṣaḥîfetü Maʿhedi’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye fî Madrid, sy. 11-12, Madrid 1963-64, s. 155-178. S. A. Bonebakker, “Three Manuscripts of Ibn Jubayr’s, Rihla”, RSO , XLII (1972), ss. 235-245. Cl. Cahen, “Ibn Jubeyr et les magrébins de Syrie”, Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, sy. 13-14, Aix-En-Provence 1973, s. 207-209. Müneccid Mustafa Behcet, “İbn Cübeyr el-Endelüsî şâʿiren”, Âdâbü’r-Râfideyn, IX, Musul 1978, s. 459-487. Ahmed eş-Şetîvî, “Mevâḳıfu İbn Cübeyr es-siyâsiyye min ḫilâli riḥletih”, Ḥavliyyâtü’l-Câmiʿati’t-Tûnisiyye, sy. 26, Tunus 1987, s. 191-223. A. Elad, “The Description of the Travels of Ibn Battuta in Palestine: Is it Original?”, JRAS (1987), s. 256-272. I. R. Netton, “Basic Structures and Signs of Alienation in the Rihla of Ibn Jubayr”, JAL , XXII/1 (1991), s. 21-31. Me’mûn es-Sâgırcî, “Şiʿru İbn Cübeyr”, MMLADm. , LXIX/1 (1994), s. 161-171. “İbn Cübeyr”, İA , V/2, s. 720. Ch. Pellat, “Ibn D̲j̲ubayr”, EI2 (İng.), III, 755. Hüseyin Nassâr, “Riḥletü İbn Cübeyr”, Tİ , I, 236-250.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 400-402 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.