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Şüphe Tacirleri (Naomi Oreskes) Skip to content Şüphe Tacirleri Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway PEGASUS YAYINLARI BİR AVUÇ BİLİM İNSANI SİGARA DUMANINDAN KÜRESEL ISINMAYA KADAR BİRÇOK MESELEDE GERÇEĞİ NASIL ÖRTBAS ETTİ? Bilim topluluğu; halk sağlığı, çevre bilimi ve yaşam kalitesini etkileyen konular gibi alanlarda yaptığı çalışmalarla uzun süredir dünyaya öncülük ediyor. Bilim insanları DDT’nin, tütün dumanının, asit yağmurunun ve küresel ısınmanın tehlikeleri üzerine dönüm noktası niteliğinde araştırmalar yapıyor. Öte yandan bu topluluğun küçük ama güçlü bir alt kümesi, dünyayı bu tehlikeleri şiddetle inkâr etmeye çağırıyor. Şüphe Tacirleri, siyasette ve sanayide derin bağlantıları olan dağınık bir grup üst düzey bilim insanının ve danışmanın, kırk yıldır halkı yanıltmak ve detaylandırılmış bilimsel bilgiyi inkâr etmek için nasıl etkili kampanyalar yürüttüğünün hikâyesini anlatıyor. Benzer insanlar alışılmadık bir şekilde tekrar tekrar ortaya çıkıyor: Örneğin küresel iklim biliminin “yerleşik” olmadığını iddia eden bazıları, sigarayı akciğer kanserine, kömür dumanını asit yağmuruna ve CFC’leri ozon deliğine bağlayan çalışmaların ortaya çıkardığı bulguları inkâr etmişti. “Şüphe bizim ürünümüzdür.” diyordu bir tütün yöneticisi. Bu “uzmanlar” da işte bu ihtiyacı karşılamıştı. Bilim tarihçileri Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway, bilim camiasının bu karanlık köşesine ışık tutarak ideolojinin ve kurumsal çıkarların, yandaş medyanın yardımıyla çağımızın en acil sorunlarından bazılarına ilişkin kamusal kavrayışı nasıl çarpıttığını gösteriyor. “İklim değişikliği konusunda dünyanın neden sessiz kaldığını gerçekten öğrenmek istiyorsanız Şüphe Tacirleri’ni okuyun.”BioScience “Ufuk açıcı bir çalışma. Şüphe Tacirleri, içinde bulunduğumuz tehlikeyi yüzümüze çarpıyor.”American Biology Teacher “Tam zamanında yazılmış mükemmel bir çalışma. Şüphe Tacirleri, iklim değişikliği meselesini berrak bir şekilde ele alıyor. Bu mesajı göz ardı edemeyiz.”Elizabeth Kolbert , Science “İklim değişikliğinin bugünün tek gerçeği olduğuna şüphe yok. Şüphe Tacirleri, bu gerçeği unutturmaya çalışanlara karşı herkesi mücadeleye çağırıyor.”Daily Kos “Şüphe Tacirleri’nde gezegenin geleceğini, insan sağlığını veya bilimsel bütünlüğü önemseyen herkesi öfkelendirecek çok şey var.”American Scientist “Bazı bilim insanlarının siyasetin ve ekonominin çıkarlarını ileri götürmek için ruhlarını nasıl sattığının rahatsız edici hikâyesini okumaya hazır olun!”Pittsburgh Post-Gazette “Titizlikle araştırılmış bir tarih kitabı ve gerçek bilim dünyasına açılan bir kapı. Can alıcı bir gerilim filmi izliyor gibisiniz…”West Australian
“Zekice hazırlanmış ve acımasız bir netlikle yazılmış enfes bir çalışma.”Choice “Oreskes ve Conway, iklim değişikliği ile ilgili hazırladıkları çalışmalarıyla, ciddi bir farkındalık yaratıyor.”The Huffington Post
“Bazı düşünce kuruluşlarının ve özel şirketlerin, iklim değişikliği ve halk sağlığı konularında harekete geçilmesini engellemek için bilimsel fikir birliğine nasıl şüphe uyandırdığına dair güçlü bir inceleme.”Tom Steyer
“Çok önemli bir kitap… ‘İklim değişikliği diye bir şey yoktur.’ ya da ‘İklim değişikliğinin sebebi insan değildir.’ diyenlerin kısmaya çalıştığı bu sese kulak verin.”Star Tribune
“Bilim dogmalara yer bırakmaz; buna hiç şüphe yok. Gelgelelim 21. yüzyıl, azınlık da olsa bazı bilim insanlarının, bilimi istemedikleri şeyi durdurmak için politik bir silah olarak kullandıkları yüzyıl oldu. Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway’in şüphe siyasetini ele aldığı kitapları Şüphe Tacirleri, üretilmiş tartışmalarla bilimin nasıl kasıtlı olarak örtbas edildiğini araştırıyor. Zamanımız hakkında önemli bir kitap… evet, bu kitabın bir derdi var.”Peter Galison, Harvard Üniversitesi “Bir grup bilim insanının, çevre ve sağlık konularıyla ilgili onlarca yıldır halkı nasıl yanılttığını ortaya koyan sürükleyici bir çalışma.”Sunday Times “Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway, tüm yalanlar ortaya çıkıncaya kadar olayları tek tek ele alıyor. Tamamen referans niteliğinde bir kitap okuyacaksınız.”Sunday Times (UK) “Beş yıllık titiz bir çalışmanın ürünü olan Şüphe Tacirleri, bilimsel yargılara nasıl itiraz edildiğine dair rahatsız edici bir tablo çizerek muhaliflerin iddialarını ciddiye alan politika yapıcılara ve bu iddialara çokça yer veren medyaya dikkat çekiyor.”Times “Şüphe Tacirleri’nin önemi, araştırmanın titizliğinin yanı sıra hayatımızı değiştirecek olaylara derinlemesine odaklanmasından ileri geliyor… Çevre ile ilgili sorunların üzerine gidecek kadar bilgimiz var ama bu kitap, artık sessiz kalmak için bir mazeretimiz olmadığını tasdik ediyor.”The Ecologist “Şüphe Tacirleri, bilimin nadiren siyah beyaz olduğunu ve gri tonlarının bazen birkaç istekli el tarafından nasıl bozulduğunu göstererek bilime olan güveni tazelemeye yardımcı olabilir.”Independent “Hiç şüphe yok ki Oreskes ve Conway, bu olağanüstü kitapla karanlık ideolojilerin etkisini açığa vurdukları için hatırı sayılır bir övgüyü hak ediyor. Şüphe Tacirleri ele aldığı konuları açık ve net bir şekilde özetlemiş, derli toplu bir şekilde aktarmış ve baştan sona enerjisini koruyan bir çalışma olmuş. Yılın en iyi bilim kitabı için başka adrese gitmeye gerek yok.”Observer (UK) “Şüphe Tacirleri, oldukça sürükleyici bir kitap. Ciddi bir araştırmanın ürünü olduğu çok belli. Adeta gerçek bilim dünyasına açılan bir kapı gibi.”The West Australian “Şüphe Tacirleri, küresel ısınma ve tütün kullanımı gibi son dönemin kritik meselelerine yönelik keskin bilimsel yaklaşıma şüphe uyandırmak için finanse edilen profesyonel inkâr endüstrisinin ardındaki entrikaları özetleyen harika bir kitap. Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway, profesyonel şüphe tacirlerinin Big Tobacco, Big Oil ve Big Coal gibi dev endüstrilerin finansal gücünü arkalarına alarak nasıl yalanlar yaydığını göstererek harika bir iş çıkarıyor.”Mother Nature Network “Son derece dikkat çekici bir çalışma. Yazarlar gerçekten objektif bir bakış açısına sahip.”Christopher Lane, Psychology Today “Oreskes ve Conway, birçoğumuzun uzun süredir şüphelendiği bir şeyi, diğer pek çok çevre sorunu üzerine yapılan değerlendirmelerin yanı sıra iklim krizi tartışmasının da, ‘içilebilir’ sigara öneren kişiler tarafından yapıldığını ispat ediyor. Amerika’da demokrasinin bugünüyle ilgilenen herkes bu kitabı okumalı.”Al Gore, ABD Eski Başkan Yardımcısı
“Küresel ısınmayla ilgili bilimsel değerlendirmeler son yıllarda daha da güvenilir hale geldikçe, bilime yönelik saldırılar da bir o kadar artıyor. Şüphe Tacirleri, bu paradoksu son derece açık ve anlaşılır bir şekilde ortadan kaldırıyor. Nasıl desem, böylesine çetrefil bir konuyu bu denli berrak bir şekilde açıklamak, tek kelimeyle büyüleyici.”Bill McKibben “Bilimin nasıl işlediğine ve siyasi saiklerin bilimsel bilginin halka yayılma sürecini nasıl ele geçirebileceğine dair yazılı kanıtlara dayanan ve lafını esirgemeyen bir çalışma.”Kirkus Reviews “Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway, bu büyüleyici ve kışkırtıcı çalışmalarında şaşırtıcı ve rahatsız edici bir tez için ikna edici kanıtlar sunuyor. Sigara içmenin tehlikeleri, Stratejik Savunma Girişimi’nin (‘Yıldız Savaşları’) zorlukları, asit yağmurunun etkileri, ozon deliğinin varlığı, pasif içiciliğin neden olduğu sorunlar ve –nihayet– antropojenik iklim değişikliği gibi bilimsel olarak desteklenmiş iddialara karşı muhalefet etmenin, daha önemli bilgilerin kamuyoundan saklanması amacıyla ‘siyasi hedefler ve ticari çıkarlar’ doğrultusunda nasıl kullanıldığını belgelerle açıklayan Şüphe Tacirleri, son derece önemli siyasi kararların nasıl geciktirildiğini ya da tahrif edildiğini o denli kapsamlı bir şekilde ifşa ediyor ki geniş bir okuyucu kitlesini hak ediyor. Kamuoyuna bilimsel bilgileri ileten herkesin okuması gereken bir çalışma.”Science “Gerçekten çok kapsamlı bir çalışma… Oreskes ve Conway, karmaşık ve önemli bir çevre mücadelesini canlandırarak müthiş bir iş çıkarıyor… İklim değişikliği nedir diye mi soruyorsunuz? Şüphe Tacirleri’ni okuyun… Sonra uygun bir zamanınızda bir daha okuyun. Bir süre sonra bir daha… ve bunu periyodik olarak yapın.”Grist “Naomi Oreskes ve Erik M. Conway, tartışmayı bilimsel olarak ‘kanıtlanmamış’ diyerek yaftalayan ve ölüm tacirleri için pazardan yıllarca pay kapan tütün endüstrisi korumacılarının kirli tarihini, tarihçi titizliği ve edebî ustalıkla ortaya koyuyor.”Prof. Dr. Stephen H. Schneider, Stanford Üniversitesi “Naomi Oreskes ve Erik Conway, Şüphe Tacirleri’nin dumanını tüttürüyor.”Vanity Fair “İnkârcılığın soykütüğünü çıkaran kusursuz çalışmalarında Naomi Oreskes ve Erik Conway, küresel ısınmayı inkâr eden nüfuzlu bir grubun, tütün endüstrisinin sigara ve kanser arasındaki bağı gözden düşürme girişimlerine nasıl destek olduğunu ortaya koyuyor.”New Humanist “Bu kitabın asıl şoke edici tarafı, katı hükümet düzenlemesi gerektiren ve birkaç bilim insanının düzenleyicilerin, politikacıların ve gazetecilerin ofislerine şüphe tozu serpmesinden dolayı yıllarca bir kenarda bırakılan yedi bilimsel meseleyi bize hatırlatmasıdır… Oreskes ve Conway harika bir kamu hizmeti yapıyor.”HeadButler “Oreskes ve Conway önemli bir şey söylüyor… Bu sese kulak verin. Şüphe Tacirleri, bilimin siyasi ve ticari amaçlarla kötüye kullanılması hakkında verdiği dersler için ciddi bir ilgiyi hak ediyor.”Publishers Weekly “Bilim tarihçisi Naomi Oreskes ve yazar Erik Conway, Şüphe Tacirleri adlı kitaplarında bir tür ters komplo teorisi tahlili yapıyor: Şüphe bilimini dayatanlar, sanıldığı gibi ekoteröristler ve sosyalistler değil iyi finanse edip örgütledikleri yalanları ısrarla sürdüren inkârcılardır. Daha önce de benzer temaları ustaca ortaya koyan birkaç çalışma oldu elbet ama Şüphe Tacirleri, açıkçası birilerinin bam teline basıyor.”On Earth “Oreskes ve Conway, bazı bilim insanlarının kamusal tartışmanın merkezinde yer alan konular üzerindeki ezici bilimsel fikir birliğine karşı durmaya devam ettiklerine dair çirkin bir tablo çiziyorlar.”USA Today “Enfes.”Economist “Sigaranın akciğer kanserine neden olduğu, çevre kirliliğinin gezegene zarar verdiği ve nükleer silahların son derece tehlikeli olduğu konusunda şüphe uyandıran inatçı haber bültenlerinin arkasında aynı kılık değiştirmiş paralı asker çetesinin olup olmadığını merak edenler Şüphe Tacirleri’nin sayfalarını çevirmeye başlasın.”Chronicle of Higher Education “Basın, bilim topluluğu ve halkın ne kadar saf olduğunu (ve büyük ölçüde olmaya devam ettiğini) açıklığa kavuşturan organize bilimsel dezenformasyon kampanyalarının yıkıcı bir tasviri.”Capital Weather Gang/WashingtonPost “İyi araştırılmış ve berrak bir şekilde yazılmış değerli bir çalışma.”Washington Times “Harika.”America Magazine “Çok önemli bir kitap… Bu kitabı okuduktan sonra bir arkadaşınız, bir haber kanalı ya da bir siyasetçi, ‘iklim değişikliğinin gerçekleşmediği’ni yahut gerçekleşse bile bunun ‘insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanmadığı’nı iddia ederse, bu insanların neyi nasıl yanlış anladığını daha net kavrayacaksınız. İçiniz rahat olsun; iyi haber, sonunda dürüst bilim kazanır; kötü haberse, bu suni tartışma devam ederken dünya ısınıyor. Neyse ki Şüphe Tacirleri, medyanın alevlerini söndürmeye yardım edecektir.”Minneapolis Star Tribune “Şüphe Tacirleri yılın en önemli kitaplarından biri olabilir. Paragöz bilim insanlarının son birkaç yıldır tütün ve kimya şirketleri ile nasıl ortak çalıştığını; bilim aksini kanıtlasa bile, halkı bu şirketlerin ürünlerinin güvenli olduğuna ikna etmeleri için nasıl canhıraş bir mücadele verdiklerini tek tek ortaya döküyor… Ciddi bir araştırmanın ürünü olan bu çalışmanın bir sözü var ve söylediği şeyin duyulması gerekir.”Christian Science Monitor “Özgürlük ve bağımsızlık terimlerinin sahte bilimle nasıl iç içe geçtiğini, endüstri dostu düşünce kuruluşlarının nasıl ortaya çıktığını veya bilim insanlarının kendilerini paraya nasıl sattığını hiç merak ettiniz mi? Şüphe Tacirleri, tarihin karanlık yollarını ustalıkla takip ederek tüm bu soruları, okuyucular tarafından kolayca sindirilen eğlenceli anlatılara dönüştürülmüş zarif ayrıntılarla yanıtlıyor. Elinizdeki çalışma, herhangi bir bilim insanı ama özellikle de çalışmaları kamu politikasıyla kesişenler için kaynak kitap olmalıdır.”Austin Science Policy Examiner “Şüphe Tacirleri, başka hiçbir çalışmanın dile getiremediği her şeyi söylemiş. ‘Artık gerçeklerden kaçış yok!’ mottosuyla yazılmış adeta… O kadar ikna edici ki, ‘Bana ne ya!’ denilerek bir kenara atılamaz. Serbest piyasa anlayışının, asit yağmuru ve küresel ısınma gibi başarısızlıklarının üstünü örtmek artık imkânsız.”Scholars and Rogues “Öncelikle soralım; iklim değişikliğiyle ilgili bir sürü ilgi çekici kitabın yayımlandığı bir dönemde bu kitabı özellikle değerli kılan nedir? Kapsamlı bir çalışma olması mı? Derinlemesine araştırılması mı? Elbette bunlar da var ama Şüphe Tacirleri’ni değerli kılan, iklim bilimin siyasallaşmasının arka planını anlamak isteyen herkes için kaynak niteliğinde olmasıdır.”Yale İklim Değişikliği Forumu “Yılın en ışık saçan kitabı.”Huffington Post “Şüphe Tacirleri, etkileyici ve rahatsız edici bir kitap olmuş. Tüm siyasilerin, akademisyenlerin ve köşe yazarlarının bilhassa okuması gerekir.”ClimateProgress “Oreskes ve Conway, bilimin nasıl işlemesi gerektiğinin ve bazı kritik bilimsel kanıtların, devletlerin kamu söyleminde nasıl bastırıldığını gösteriyor bize. Bilim ve medyanın bilime yaklaşımı ile ilgili okunması gereken bir çalışma.”Library Journal “Yazarlar, ünlü bilim insanlarının bilimi nasıl terk ettiğini, çevreciliğin nasıl komünizmle özdeşleştirildiğini ve Soğuk Savaş’ın iklim inkârı ile nasıl bağlantılı hale geldiğini ayrıntılı bir şekilde araştırılmış olarak açıklıyor… Okunmalı.”Earth Gauge “Zamanında yazılmış kışkırtıcı bir çalışma.”Skeptical Inquirer “Herhangi bir bilim koleksiyonu için bir zorunluluk.”California Bookwatch “Oreskes ve Conway, Amerika örneğinden hareketle serbest piyasanın ve çıkar gruplarının halk sağlığı ve çevre kalitesi pahasına kârlarını yükseltmek ve ideolojilerini korumak için halkı ve hükümeti nasıl karıştırdığını anlatıyor.”San Francisco Book Review
Çevirmen: Cahit Kaya Yayın Tarihi: 21.06.2021 Orijinal Adı: Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming ISBN: 9786254101335 Dil: TÜRKÇE Sayfa Sayısı: 528 Cilt Tipi: Karton Kapak Kağıt Cinsi: Kitap Kağıdı Boyut: 13.5 x 21 cm