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Osmanlı-Rus ve İran üçgeninde Ahıska bölgesi – 1829 Edirne Andlaşması öncesi Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu Osmanlı-Rus ve İran üçgeninde Ahıska bölgesi – 1829 Edirne Andlaşması öncesi / Meskheti (Ahiska) region in the Ottoman Empire, Russian and Iran triangle -before 1829 the treaty of adrianople Yazar:DERYA İDİKURT Danışman: DOÇ. DR. CENGİZ BUYAR Yer Bilgisi: Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Tarih = History Dizin:19. yüzyıl = 19. century ; Ahıska Sancağı = Ahıska Sanjak ; Ahıska Türkleri = Ahıska Turks ; Osmanlı Devleti = Ottoman State ; Osmanlı Dönemi = Ottoman Period ; Rusya = Russia ; Transkafkasya = Transcaucasia ; Çıldır Sancağı = Çıldır Sanjak ; İran = Iran Onaylandı Doktora Türkçe 2021 386 s. Ahıska Bölgesi Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyetine 1578 yılında girmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra Osmanlı idaresi İran’da hüküm sürmüş Safevi, Afşar, Zend ve Kaçar hanedanlıkları ile Gürcistan topraklarına ilişkin çeşitli anlaşmazlıklar yaşamıştır. İki devlet arasında kalan Gürcistan hanlıkları ise değişik zamanlarda taraflardan birinin himayesine girerek varlığını sürdürmüştür. Açıkbaş ve Kartli-Kaheti hanlıklarının Osmanlı Devleti ile diplomatik ilişkilerinin yürütülmesinde Ahıska valiliği ciddi bir rol üstlenmiştir. Ahıska’nın Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kafkasya’ya açılan kapısı ve buradaki en önemli cephesi olduğu söylenebilir. 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar Ahıska ve çevresinde gelişen olaylar Osmanlı Devleti ve İran hanedanlıkları arasında geçmiştir. Nitekim Rusya’nın 1801 yılında Gürcistan’ı ilhak etmesiyle başlayan süreç Ahıska’da sonuçları günümüze kadar uzanan siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel olaylar meydana gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışma giriş ve üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın ana hatlarını 1578-1829 yılları arasında Ahıska Bölgesi’nde iç ve dış siyasete yönelik gelişen olayların ele alınması oluşturmaktadır. Buna ek olarak Ahıska’nın Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kafkasya politikasının şekillenmesine etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın giriş kısmında Ahıska’nın coğrafi komunu ve etnik yapısı hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir. Akabinde Ahıska’nın fethi ve fetihten sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin burada tesis ettiği idari düzen genel olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca Osmanlı ve Safevi Devletleri’nin Güney Kafkasya’daki mücadeleleri ve Rusya’nın I. Petro (Pyotr) (1682-1721) döneminde gündeme gelen Kafkasya politikasına ilişkin genel olarak bilgi verilmiştir. II. Yekaterina (1762-1792) döneminde Rusya, Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi arasında oluşturmak istediği bağlantı açısından Gürcistan’ın öneminin farkına varmıştır. Bu dönem itibariyle Rusya, Güney Kafkasya’ya yönelik ticari ve siyasi politikalarında Gürcistan’ı bir üs olarak değerlendirmek istemiştir. Bu bağlamda Kafkasya’da artan Rus etkisinin, Ahıska valileri ile Gürcistan hanları arasındaki ilişkiyi ne yönde etkilediği ve bunun her iki taraf açısından meydana getirdiği neticeler birinci bölümde ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Gürcistan’ın en nüfuzlu hanlarından olan Açıkbaş hanı I. Solomon ile II. İraklı Han’ın Gürcistan’da Türklerin etkisini zayıflatmak için Rusya ile ittifak kurmaya başlamışlardı. Nitekim Rusya’nın Güney Kafkasya’da yayılan hâkimiyetinden Osmanlı Devleti ve Kaçarlar rahatsızlık duymaya başlamışlardı. Bu noktada özellikle II. İraklı Han’ın Rusya ile temaslarının daha fazla ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. 1783 yılında Georgiyevsk Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla Açıkbaş ve Kartli-Kaheti hanlıkları Rusya’nın himayesini elde etmişlerdi. Onların Rusya ile ittifak girişimlerinin engellenmesi için Ahıska valisi tarafından Lezgiler, Gürcistan üzerine akınlar düzenlemişlerdi. Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar ise bizzat 1795 yılında Tiflis’e sefer düzenleyerek, II. İraklı Han’ı cezalandırmak istemiştir. Bütün bu gelişmeler Rusya’nın 1801 yılında Kartli-Kaheti hanlığını ilhak etmesine kadar giden sürecin zeminini hazırlamıştır. 1801-1829 tarihleri arasında Doğu ve Batı Gürcistan halkı ve hanedanlıkları değişik tarihlerde Rusya’nın bölgedeki politikalarına karşı isyan etmişlerdir. Gürcülerin uzun bir zaman dilimine yayılan isyan sürecinde, Ahıska’daki yönetici ve beylerin rolü ve önemi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Ahıska’nın idari, siyasi ve ekonomik durumu incelenmiştir. 18. yüzyıl ile 19. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar Osmanlı Devleti’nin merkez-taşra ilişkilerine damgasını vurmuş olan ayanların Ahıska’da güçlenme süreci ve uluslararası anlamda bölge siyasetine etkileri ele alınmıştır. Ahıska yönetimine getirilen yerel aileler zamanla nüfuz kazanarak birbirleri ile iktidar mücadelesine girmişlerdir. Onların arasındaki husumetin, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Rusya ve Kaçar Devletleri ile olan ilişkilerine nasıl yansıdığı tetkik edilmiştir. Bu ilişkiler ağı içerisinde değişen siyasi tutumların 1806-1812 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’na etkileri ve sonuçları üzerinde durulmuştur. Rusya’nın Güney Kafkasya’da güçlenmeye başlaması Ahıska Bölgesi’ndeki kalelerin tahkimatı meselesinin de sürekli olarak güncel kalmasına sebep olduğu söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda Ahıska ve çevresindeki kalelere sevk edilen lojistik malzemeler ve kalelerde yapılan inşa ve bakım/onarım faaliyetleri ayrı bir başlık altında incelenmiştir. Yine bunun dışında Rusya’nın ekonomik anlamda Güney Kafkasya’da kurmak istediği ticaret ağının bölgedeki siyasi dengeler üzerindeki etkisi ve Ahıska’nın Güney Kafkasya-Anadolu güzergâhındaki ticaret ağı açısından önemi değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak ise Rusya’nın teşviki ile Kaçarların 1821 yılında Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş açması ve bu süreçte Doğu Anadolu sınırında gelişen olaylar üzerinde durulmuştur. Ahıska’nın Osmanlı Devleti’nden koparıldığı 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı süreci üçüncü bölümde incelenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasında imzalanan Bükreş Antlaşması’nda (1812) Rusya planladığı toprak kazanımlarını elde edememiştir. Bu sebeple Rusya, 1826-1828 Rus-Kaçar Savaşı’ndan hemen sonra Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş ilan etmiştir. Her iki tarafın orduları yoğun bir şekilde lojistik malzeme tedarik etmeye çalışmıştır. General İvan Fedoroviç Paskeviç komutasındaki Rus ordusu Kars sınırından geçerek Osmanlı topraklarına saldırmıştır. Kars kalesini ele geçirdikten sonra Ahılkelek ve Ahıska kalelerine yönelen General Paskeviç, Ahıska kalesini iki haftalık bir çarpışmadan sonra ele geçirmiştir. Balkan cephesinde savaş daha şiddetli geçtiği için Kafkas cephesine eğitimli asker gönderilememiştir. Nitekim koşullar her ne kadar ağır olsa da Osmanlı yönetimi Ahıska’yı Rusya’ya bırakmak istememiştir. Bu yüzden Ahıska’nın geri alınması görevi Ahıska’nın güçlü yerel beylerinden Selimpaşazade Ahmed Paşa’ya verilmiştir. Ancak düzenlenen seferler mevsim şartlarının zorluğu ve askerlerin düzensizliği sebebiyle başarıya ulaşamamıştır. Bunun neticesinde Rusya Erzurum’a kadar ilerlemiştir. 1829 yılında imzalanan Edirne Antlaşması ile Osmanlı Devleti Ahıska, Ahılkelek, Faş (Poti), Anapa gibi son derece stratejik kalelerini kaybetmiştir. 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’ndan sonra Rusya, Osmanlı Devleti’ni yıpratmak için Balkan cephesi dışında Kafkasya’nın da bir alternatif oluşturduğunun farkına varmıştır. Bu yüzden Gürcistan hanlıkları ile iyi ilişkiler sürdürmeye çalışmıştır. Ancak Rusya’nın Gürcü hanlarını kullanarak Güney Kafkasya’da meşruluk kazanma çabası Osmanlı ve Kaçar Devletlerini rahatsız etmiştir. Bu durum bölgedeki hâkim güçler açısından sürekli bir çatışma ortamının zemini hazırlamıştır. Ahıska Bölgesi bu çatışmaların ortasında kalmıştır. Ancak Osmanlı Devleti’nin aldığı bütün tedbirlere rağmen Ahıska 15 Ağustos 1829 tarihinde kaybedilmiştir. Ahıska’nın işgalinden sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kafkasya politikası zamanla etkisiz hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Üstelik Edirne Antlaşması’ndan sonra Ermeniler organize bir şekilde Ruslar tarafından Ahıska, Tiflis ve Erivan gibi şehirlere iskân edilmişlerdi. Bu durum Rusya’nın idaresinde yaşamak istemeyen bölgenin kadim halklarından olan Ahıska Türklerinin Osmanlı Devleti’ne göç etme sürecini başlatmıştır. The Meskhetian Region came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in 1578. After this date, the Ottoman administration constantly had conflicts with the Safavid, Afshar, Zend and Qajar dynasties, which ruled in Iran, regarding the Georgian lands. The Georgian khanates, which remained between the two states, continued their existence by being under the protection of one of the parties. The Meskhetian Governorate played a serious role in the conduct of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Imereti (Açıkbaş) and Kartli-Kaheti khanates with the Ottoman Empire. It can be said that Meskhetian is the gateway of the Ottoman Empire to the Caucasus and the most important front here. Until the second half of the 18th century, the events that developed in and around Meskhetian took place between the Ottoman Empire and the Iranian dynasties. As a matter of fact, the process that started with Russia’s annexation of Georgia in 1801 led to political, economic and socio-cultural events in Meskhetian, the results of which extend to the present day. This study consists of an introduction and three parts. The main lines of the study consisted of dealing with the events related to domestic and foreign politics in the Meskhetian Region between 1578-1829. In addition, the effects of Meskhetian on the shaping of the Caucasus Policy of the Ottoman Empire were emphasized. In the introduction part of the study, brief information is given about the geographical commune and ethnic structure of Akhaltsikhe (Ahıska). Subsequently, the conquest of Akhaltsikhe and the administrative order established by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest were discussed in general. In addition, general information was given about the struggles of the Ottoman-Safavid States in the South Caucasus and the Caucasus policy of Russia which came to the agenda during the reign of Peter I (1682-1721). In the second part of the study, the administrative, political and economic situation of Akhaltsikhe was examined under various headings. The strengthening process of the notables, who left their mark on the central-provincial relations of the Ottoman Empire from the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, and their effects on regional politics in the international sense are discussed. The local families brought to the Meskhetian administration gained influence over time and entered into a power struggle with each other. It has been examined how the enmity between them was reflected in the relations of the Ottoman Empire with Russia and the Qajar States. The effects and results of the changing political attitudes within this network of relations on the Ottoman-Russian War of 1806-1812 are emphasized. It can be said that the strengthening of Russia in the South Caucasus caused the issue of fortification of the castles in the Meskhetian region to remain constantly up to date. In this context, the logistics materials shipped to the castles in and around Meskhetian and the construction and maintenance/repair activities in the castles are examined under a separate heading. Apart from this, the effect of the trade network that Russia wants to establish in the South Caucasus on the political balances in the region and the importance of Meskhetian in terms of the trade network on the South Caucasus-Anatolia route were evaluated. Finally, with the encouragement of Russia, the Qajars declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1821 and the events that developed on the Eastern Anatolian border in this process were emphasized. The process of the 1828-1829 Ottoman-Russian War, in which Akhaltsikhe was separated from the Ottoman Empire, was examined in the third chapter. In the Treaty of Bucharest (1812) signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, Russia could not achieve the territorial gains it had planned. For this reason, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire right after the Russo-Qajar War of 1826-1828. The armies of both sides tried to procure logistics materials intensively. The Russian army under the command of General Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich attacked the Ottoman lands through the Kars border. After capturing the Kars castle, General Paskevich headed for Ahalkalaki (Ahılkelek) and Akhaltsikhe castles, and captured the Meskhetian castle after a two-week battle. Since the war was more violent on the Balkan front, trained soldiers could not be sent to the Caucasian front. As a matter of fact, although the conditions were severe, the Ottoman administration did not want to leave Akhaltsikhe to Russia. For this reason, the task of taking Akhaltsikhe back was given to Selimpashazade Ahmed Pasha, one of the powerful local chiefs of Akhaltsikhe. However, the expeditions were not successful due to the difficulty of the seasonal conditions and the lack of training of the soldiers. As a result, Russia was able to advance as far as Erzurum. With the Adrıanople Treaty signed in 1829, the Ottoman Empire lost its strategic castles such as Akhaltsikhe, Ahalkalaki, Poti (Faş), Anapa. After the 1768-1774 Ottoman-Russian War, Russia realized that the Caucasus was an alternative to wear out the Ottoman Empire, apart from the Balkan front. Therefore, Russia tried to maintain good relations with the Georgian khanates. However, Russia’s effort to gain legitimacy in the South Caucasus by using Georgian khans disturbed the Ottoman and Qajar States. This situation has prepared the ground for a continuous conflict environment for the dominant powers in the region. The Meskhetian Region remained in the middle of these conflicts. However, despite all the measures taken by the Ottoman Empire, Akhaltsikhe was lost on 15August 1829. After the occupation of Akhaltsikhe, the Caucasus policy of the Ottoman Empire became ineffective over time. Moreover, after the Treaty of Adrianople, Armenians were settled in cities such as Meskhetia, Tbilisi and Yerevan by the Russians in an organized manner. This situation started the migration process of Meskhetian Turks, one of the ancient peoples of the region, who did not want to live under the rule of Russia, to the Ottoman State.
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