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Kadir Tuğ. Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’ye göre doğu Türkistan. Doktora tezi (2013) Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’ye göre doğu Türkistan / Мухаммед садык кашгар-и боюнча чыгыш туркстан Yazar:KADİR TUĞ Danışman: PROF. DR. BAYRAM KODAMAN Yer Bilgisi: Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Tarih = History Dizin: Onaylandı Doktora Türkçe 2013 278 s. Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’nin yaşadığı dönem genel Türk tarihinin önemli bir kesitini (1725-1849) içine alır. İpek Yolu’nun geçtiği Doğu Türkistan’da kurulan devletler ekonomik açıdan hızlı bir şekilde gelişme göstermiş ve diğer kültürlerden de etkilenmiştir. Bunun yanında bilhassa yerleşik medeniyet merkezleri ve verimli tarım arazileri de bölgenin önemini devamlı surette canlı tutmuştur. Doğu Türkistan bölgesine geldikten sonra çeşitli kültürlerin ve dinlerin Uygurlar üzerinde tesirleri görülür. X. yüzyılda Karahanlı hükümdarlarından Satuk Buğra Han’ın İslâmiyeti kabul etmesiyle birlikte İslâmiyet yayılmış ve Uygur kültürü de bu dinin kuralları çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. Karahanlı Devletinin topraklarını Karahıtaylılar’ın ele geçirmesiyle birlikte, Uygurlar siyasi hakimiyetlerini kaybetmişlerdir. Daha sonra Doğu Türkistan bölgesi Cengiz Han tarafından işgâledilmiştir. Cengiz Han idaresi altındaki topraklar oğulları arasında taksim edilirken, Doğu Türkistan Çağatay Han’ın payına düşmüştür. Daha sonra Bölgedeki idareciler genel itibariyle Çağatay soyundan gelmişlerdir. Seyit Han’ın önderliğinde 1514 yılında kurulan Yarkent Hanlığı, dinî, iktisadî ve idarî açıdan kurumsallaşmıştır. Yarkent Hanlığı’nın kurulmasıyla birlikte Doğu Türkistan’da dinî tarikatların nüfuzu artmıştır. XVII. asrın ikinci yarısında Appak Hoca, Kalmuklardan destek alıp Yarkent Hanlığı’nı yıktıktan sonra fiilen Çağatay sülalesinin hakimiyeti sona ermiş,1678 yılından itibaren iktidar Hocalar’ın eline geçmiştir. Hocalar Kalmuklara bağlı olarak ve onlara vergi vermek suretiyle 1759 yılına kadar Doğu Türkistan’ı idare etmişlerdir. Çin’in önce Kalmuk devletine son vermesi, daha sonra da 1759 yılında Doğu Türkistan’ı ele geçirmesinden sonra Hocalar Devri fiilen sona ermiştir. Bütün bu tarihi sürecin içerisinde bulunan ve bu olaylara şahit olan v Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî eserinde, Hocaların Doğu Türkistan’a gelmeleri, buradaki siyasi faaliyetleri ve daha sonra Çin’in bu bölgeyi işgal etmesi hakkında Tezkîre-i Hâcegân adlı eserinde geniş ve mühim bilgiler vermektedir. Doğu Türkistan coğrafyası üzerinde hayat süren Uygurlar, bölge nüfusunun esasını oluşturmaktadır. Hocalar Devri olarak nitelendirdiğimiz, 1678-1759 yılları hakkında siyasî bilgiler veren kaynaklar bulunmasına rağmen, sosyal ve kültürel hayatla ilgili fazla kaynak ve dolayısıyla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’nin eserlerini temel alarak “Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’ye Göre Doğu Türkistan” adı altında Kaşgarî’nin yaşadığı dönemin siyasî olayları, dolayısıyla döneminin sosyal ve kültürel hayatı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmayı yaparken Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’den önce ve sonra kaleme alınan eserler ve bölgeye gelen seyyahların vermiş olduğu bilgileri Tezkîre-i Hâcegândaki özlü malumatlarla sentezlemek suretiyle dönem aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmayla bu zamana kadar daha yüzeysel ve genel bir şekilde ele alınan Doğu Türkistan’ın siyasî, sosyal ve kültürel tarihinin bilhassa bu dönemi üzerine spesifik ve detaylı bilgilerin sunulması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın “giriş” bölümünde konuyla ilgili kaynaklar ve eserler ortaya konulup değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. “Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî ve Doğu Türkistan Tarihi” adlı bölümde öncelikle Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’nin hayatı ve eserleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Müellifin, Hocalar Dönemi hakkında temel eser kabul edilen Tezkîre-i Hâcegân ile ilgili detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra ise Doğu Türkistan’a hâkim olan Uygurlar, Karahanlılar, Moğollar, Moğolların devamı olan Çağatay Hanlığı ve Yarkent Hanlığından bahsedilip, özellikle Yarkent Hanları olarak bilinen Abdurreşit Han, Abdulkerim Han, Abdullah Han, Yolbars Han ve İsmail Han dönemleri ile ilgili detaylı bilgi verildikten sonra, Yarkent Hanlığının yıkılmasına kadarki siyasî gelişmeler incelenmiştir. “Doğu Türkistan’da Siyasî ve İdarî Durum” adlı ikinci bölümde dış aktörler olarak incelenen Kalmuklar, Çinliler ve Tibetliler ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş, iç aktörler başlığı altında ise Aktağlık Hocalar ve Karatağlık Hocalar, Kırgız ve Uygurlar ile ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Daha sonra “Hocalar Dönemi” başlığı altında Appak Hoca, Yusuf Hoca, Danyal Hoca, Emin Han ve Cihan Hoca dönemleri incelenmiştir. Burhaneddin Hocanın önderliğindeki Çin ve Kalmuk birleşik ordusu tarafından Hocaların mağlup edilmesi ve Doğu Türkistan’ın Çin idaresine girme süreci ele alınmıştır. Merkezî yapının mühim kurumları olan han, vezir, atalık, işikaga, yasavul, mirap, kazı, paşşap, hazineci gibi unvanlar etraflıca incelenmiştir. “Sosyal ve İktisadî Hayat” başlıklı üçüncü bölümde bilhassa Muhammed Kaşgarî’nin yaşadığı dönemdeki Doğu Türkistan’ın sosyal durumu, etnik yapısı, sosyal sınıfları, kır ve şehir hayatıyla ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. “İktisâdî Hayat” kısmında; ticaret, ziraat, hayvancılık ve el sanatlarıyla ilgili geniş bilgiler ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. “Kültürel Hayat” başlığı altında ise merkezî teşkilatı ayakta tutan eğitim kurumları bir araç olarak bilinmektedir. Medreseler hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra medresenin idarî yapısındaki mütevelli, ahund, müderris, carukbaş gibi görevliler, medreseleri ekonomik açıdan finanse eden vakıflar ile ilgili de detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca medreselerde okutulan eğitim dili ve okutulan dersler hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra dinî ve manevî hayat başlığı altında tarikat eğitimi konusuna yer verilmiş, ibadet mekanları olan camî ve mescidler üzerinde durulmuştur. Doğu Türkistan’da sosyovi kültürel hayatın mühim unsuru olan Ramazan bayramı, Kurban bayramı, Nevruz, Berat, Kadir ve Miraç geceleri konuları üzerinde durulmuştur. “Sanat Eserleri” başlığı altında Appak Hoca türbesi ve İytgâh Mescidi gibi mimarî ve sanat eserleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca yiyecek, içecek, giyim kuşam konuları da kültürel hayat bölümünde ele alınmıştır. 1Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî’ye Göre Doğu Türkistan” adlı bu çalışmada çizelge ve fotoğraf gibi görsel malzemeler kullanılmak suretiyle konunun daha anlaşılır hâle gelmesi sağlanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada mümkün olduğu kadar sosyal hayatta kullanılan isim ve terimlerin orijinal haliyle verilmesine özen gösterilmiş, ifadelerin daha iyi anlaşılması için isim ve terimler hakkında dipnotlarda detaylı bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Muhammed Sadık Kaşgarî, Doğu Türkistan, Uygur, Hocalar, Ak Dağlık, Kara Dağlık, idarî yapı, sosyal hayat, siyasî hayat, kültürel hayat, Tezkîre-i Hâcegân. Hocalar Dönemi. Мухаммед Садык Кашгари жашаган доор Түрк тарыхынын маанилүү бир бөлүгүн (1725-1849) камтыйт. Улуу Жибек Жолу өткөн бул Чыгыш Түркстан аймагында курулган мамлекеттер экономикалык жактан тез өнүккөн жана башка маданияттардан таасирленген. Ошондой эле жергиликтүү маданий борборлор жана жемиштүү дыйканчылык талаалары да аймактын денгээлин дайыма турукташтырып турган. Уйгурлар Чыгыш Түркстанга келгенден кийин аргасыз түрдүү маданияттардын жана диндердин таасиринде калып турган. X-кылымда Караханид мамлекетинин башкаруучуларынан Сатук Буура хандын исламды кабыл алышы менен ислам жайылган жана уйгур маданияты да аталган диндин эрежелери алкагында калыптанган. Караханид мамлекетин Каракытайлар басып алгандан кийин Уйгурлар саясий үстөмдүгүн жоготкон. Кийинчерээк Чыгыш Түркстан Чынгыз хандын басып алуусуна дуушар болгон. Чынгыз ханга караштуу жерлер балдарына бөлүнүп берилгенде Чыгыш Түркстан Чагатай хандын карамагында калган.Аймактагы кийинки башкаруучулар жалпысынан дээрлик Чагатай хандын урпактары болуп эсептелген. Саид хан башчылыгында 1514-жылы курулган Яркенд хандыгы диний, экономикалык жана административдик жактан туруктуу мүнөзгө ээ болгон. Яркенд хандыгынын курулушу менен бирге Чыгыш Түркстанда диний тарикаттардын басымы күчөй баштаган. XVII-кылымдын экинчи жарымында Аппак кожо калмактардын колдоосу менен Яркенд хандыгын жойгондон кийин Чагатай өкүмдардыгы иш жүзүндө жок болгон.1678-жылдан тартып бийлик кожолордун колуна өткөн.Кожолор калмактарга көз каранды болуп аларга салык viii төлөө менен 1759-жылга чейин Чыгыш Түркстанды башкарып турушкан. Цинь империясы калмак мамлекетин жок кылып 1759-жылы Чыгыш Түркстанды ээлеп алгандан кийин кожолор доору аяктаган. Аталган тарыхый доордо жашаган жана бул доорго күбө болгон Мухаммед Садык Кашгари эмгегинде кожолордун Чыгыш Түркстанга келиши, бул жердеги саясий иш аракеттерди жана кийинчерээк Циньдин басып алуусу туурасында кенири жана олуттуу маалыматтарды Тезкира-и Хожаган деген эмгегинде баяндаган. Чыгыш Түркстанда жашаган уйгурлар аймактагы калктын басымдуу бөлүгүн түзгөн. “Кожолор доору” деп билинген 1678-1759 жылдарды камтыган саясий окуялар туурасында булактар болгону менен социалдык жана маданий жашоо турмушка тиешелүү булактар жана маалыматтар жетишээрлик эмес. Бул доктордук диссертациябызда Мухаммед Садык Кашгаринин эмгектерине таянып “Мухаммед Садык Кашгари боюнча Чыгыш Түркстан” деген темада Кашгари жашаган доордун саясий окуялары, социалдык жана маданий жашоо турмушу иликтөөгө алынды. Изилдөөбүздө Мухаммед Садык Кашгариден мурун жана кийин жазылган эмгектер жана аймака келген саякатчылар калтырган маалыматтарды Тезкира-и Хожагандагы маныздуу маалыматтар менен бирге кароо аркылуу доор жөнүндө маалымат берүүгө далалаттандык.Иликтөөбүз менен буга чейин үстүртөн жана жалпы каралган Чыгыш Түркстандын саясий, социалдык жана маданий тарыхын, өзгөчө аталган доорго тиешелүү айкын жана ар тараптуу маалыматтардын берилишин максат кылдык. Илимий ишибиздин киришүү бөлүмүндө темага байланышкан булактар жана эмгектер талкууланды.Мухаммед Садык Кашгари жана Чыгыш Түркстан деген бөлүмдө алгач Мухаммед Садык Кашгаринин өмүр таржымалы жана эмгектерине токтолдук. Автордун кожолор доору туурасында алгачкы эмгеги катары кабыл алынган Тезкира-и Хожаган туурасында кенири маалымат берилди.Андан соң Чыгыш Түркстанда үстөмдүгүн жүргүзгөн уйгурлар, караханиддер, монголдор, чагатай хандыгы жана Яркенд хандыгы баяндалып айрыкча Яркенд ханы катары таанылганАбдурашид хан,Абдулкерим хан, Жолборс хан жана Исмаил хандын доору туурасында кеңири маалыматтар берилгенден кийин Яркенд хандыгынын кыйрашына чейинки саясий окуялар изилденди. Кожолор доорунда административдик башкаруу жана саясий абал деп аталган экинчи бөлүмдө тышкы күчтөр катары каралган калмактар, цинь жана тибеттиктерге байланышкан маалыматтар берилди, ички күчтөр деп аталган темада Актоолук жана Каратоолук кожолор, кыргыз жана уйгурлар иликтөөгө алынды. Кийинки кожолор доору деп аталган бөлүмдө Аппак кожо, Жусуп кожо, Даниел кожо, Эмин хан жана Жихан кожо доору каралды.Бурханиддин кожо башында турган Цинь жана калмак биргелешкен армиясы тарабынан кожолордун жок болушу жана Чыгыш Түркстандын Цинь империясына карашы иликтенди. Борбордук башкаруудагы хан, вазир, аталык, эшик ага, жасоол, мирап,казы, пашап, казыначы сыяктуу наамдар ар тараптуу иликтенди. Социалдык жана экономикалык турмуш деген темадагы үчүнчү бөлүмдө айрыкча Мухаммед Кашгари жашаган доордогу Чыгыш Түркстандын социалдык ix абалы, этникалык түзүлүшү, социалдык катмарлар, айыл жана шаар турмушун баяндаган маалыматтар берилди.Экономикалык турмуш бөлүмүндө соода, дыйканчылык жана кол өнөрчүлүк менен байланышкан кенири маалыматтар талкууланды.Маданий жашоо турмушту чагылдырган бөлүмүбүздө борбордук түзүлүштү турукташтырып турган билим берүү мекемелеринин кандайдыр бир каражат катары орун ээлегендиги байкалат.Медреселер туурасында маалымат бергенден кийин медресенин башкаруу системасындагы мютевелли, ахунд, мүдарис, чарукбаш сыяктуу кызматкерлер, медреселерди каржылаган вакыфтар тууралуу кенири маалымат берилди. Ошондой эле медреселердеги билим берүү жана окутулган сабактар баяндалып, диний жана руханий жашоо турмуш деген теманын тегерегинде тарикат илимине тиешелүү маалыматтарга кайрылдык, ибадат жайлары катары эсептелген мечиттер маалымдалды. Чыгыш Түркстанда социалдык маданий турмуштун маанилүү элементтери Рамазан майрамы, Курман майрамы, Нооруз, Бараат, Кадыр жана Мираж түнү деген темаларга токтолдук. Көркөм өнөр жаатында Аппак кожонун күмбөзү жана Йытгах Мечити сыяктуу архитектура жана көркөм өнөрэстеликтери туурасында маалымат берилди. Ошондой эле тамак аш, кийим кечеге тиешелүү маалыматтар маданий жашоо турмуш бөлүмүндө каралды. Мухаммад Садык Кашгари боюнча Чыгыш Түркстан деп аталган бул иликтөөбүздө таблица жана сүрөттөр колдонулуп теманын тереңирээк түшүндүрүлүшү камсыздалды. Ошондой эле илимий ишибизде мүмкүн болушунча социалдык жашоо турмушта колдонулган аттар менен терминдердин өз аты менен берилүүсүнө көнүл бурдук, аталыштардын түшүнүктүү болушу үчүн ат жана терминдер жөнүндө шилтемелерде ачык маалымат берүүгө аракет кылдык. Ачкыч сөздөр: Мухаммед Садык Кашгари, Чыгыш Түркстан, Уйгур, Кожолор, Актоолук, Кара тоолук, башкаруу системасы, социалдык жашоо турмуш, маданий жашоо турмуш, Тезкира-и Хожаган, Кожолор доору.
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