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Bursa Yeşil Cami pencere parmaklıklarındaki gümüş kakma motifler (2 cilt) Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu Bursa Yeşil Cami pencere parmaklıklarındaki gümüş kakma motifler (2 cilt) / Yazar:BEDRİ YALMAN Danışman: PROF.DR. ŞERARE YETKİN Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Konu:Sanat Tarihi = Art History Dizin:Gümüş kakma motifler = Silver inlaid motives ; Maden süsleme sanatı = Metal decoration art ; Motifler = Motifs ; Süsleme sanatı = Decorative art ; Yeşil Cami = Yeşil Mosque Onaylandı Doktora Türkçe 1991 590 s. .. \ X – ÖZET Bursa* da Çelebi Sultan Mehmet tarafından 1419 yılın da başlanan ve 1424 yılında II. Murat tarafından kısmen tamam lanan Yeşil Cami%nin benzerleri arasında taş, çini, ahşap, kal em işi,stuko gibi her teknikte seçkin süslemelerle bezenen nadir bir eserdir. Erken Osmanlı dönemine ait sanatçıların isimlerini günümüze tanıtan yazıtların bulunması, Yeşil Camidinin değe rini bir kat daha arttırmaktadır. Cami ve Türbemde tam bir uyum içinde gerçekleştirilen süslemelerin yönetim ve sorumluluğunu nakkaş ” Ali bin tlyas Ali ” üstlenmiştir. Bir sanat abidesi olan cami*nin günümüze kadar yağ lı boya ve pas tabakaları altında saklı kalan, Türk Maden Sa natına yepyeni bir ışık tutacak olan pencere parmaklıklarının iç ve dış yüzeylerinde gümüşten kakma süslemeleri 1977 yılında tarafımdan tespit edildi. Yeşil Cami nin 14 altlık penceresinden doğu ve batı cephesinde birer, güney cephesinde dört pencere parmaklığının bronzdan yapıldığı, altın ile kaplandığı, diğer pencere parmak lıklarının dövme demirden oluşturulduğu, lokmaların dörtgen ve üçgen yüzeyleri ile yatay ve dikey hatların orta kısımlarında gerçekleştirilen çok köşeli yüzeylerde kazıma tekniği ile açıl mış yuvalara kakma olarak ince gümüş şeritlerle motiflerin iş lendiği belirlendi.- 595 – Kuzey cephedeki pencere parmaklıklarında 6 dikey 9 yatay hat ile bunların kesiştikleri noktalarda 54 lokma ve 63 yatay, 60 dikey dilim bulunmaktadır. Bu parmaklıkların iç ve dış yüzeylerinde 108 dörtgen, 432 üçgen, 480 dikey, 504 yatay çok köşeli çerçeveli motif işlenmiştir. Doğu ve batı cephelerindeki demir parmaklıklar 7 dikey, 10 yatay hat ile bunların kesiştikleri noktalarda 70 lokma, 80 yatay ve 77 adet dikey dilimlerden oluşmaktadır. Bu parmaklığın iç ve dış yüzeylerinde 140 dörtgen, 560 üçgen 640 yatay ve 616 dikey çok köşeli çerçeveli motif işlenmiş tir. 10 penceredeki motif adedi, 1272 dörtgen, 5138 üçgen, 5616 dikey ve 5856 adedi yatay çok köşeli çerçeveli olmak U- zere 17882 adet olarak belirlenmiştir. Böylesine yoğun olan motiflerin yerlerinin kolayca belirlenebilmesi için, pencere parmaklıklarına sıra ile 1 den 14 e kadar numara, yatay hatlara harfler, dikey hatlara rakkam- lar verilmiş ve bunlardan çekilen dikey ve ta tay hatların ke siştiği noktalardaki lokma veya dilimlerin belirlenmesi sağ – lanmıştır. Lokmaların ön ve arka yüzlerindeki dörtgen ve üç – genlere romen rakkamları ile I den X a kadar, ayni şekilde di limlerdeki çok köşeli çerçeveli alanlara I den VIII e kadar numaralar verilmiştir. P5(D)K/14-III ü kodlamaya bir örnek olarak verecek olursak, P pencere, 5 pencere nosu, î iç D dış yüzeyi belirt mekte, K/14 yatay ve dikey hatların kesişerek belirttiği lokma veya çok köşeli çerçeveleri, sondaki III te o yerdeki lokma ve ya çok köşeli çerçeveli motifi işaret etmektedir. s x- 596 -. -i X Parmaklıkla rda paslanmalardan, yoğun sülyen ve boya tabakalarından dolayx görülmeleri zor olan motiflerin bir kıs- mmın döküldüğü, doğa nedenlerle aşınıp kaybolduğu, parmaklık o- narımları sarasında hatların komple değiştirilmesi, kaynak ma – kinesi kullanılması veya lokma ile dilimlerin tavlanmak üzere ateşe tutulmasından dolayı motiflerin bir kısmı günümüze ulaş mamıştır. Bazı pencere parmaklıklarının bulunduğu yeri ve yönü nedeni ile bilhassa iç yüzeylerinin ciddi şekilde paslandığı ve pullandığı, en ufak bir temasta dökülmesinden dol a yi, bunlar m gelişen teknik imkanlarla hiçbir fiziki müdahaleye gereksinim kalmadan şekillerinin belirlenme aşamasına kadar saklı tutulma sının daha uygun olacağı görüşü ile hareket edilmiştir. Motiflerin katalogu, pencere parmaklıklarındaki sıra lamaya uygun olarak yapılmıştır. Yeni belirlenen- motifler de – tayları ile anlatılmış, tekrarlar, silinmeler nedenleri ile be – lirlenmiştir. Motifler çerçevelerine göre, lokmalardakiler “dört gen çerçeveli” ve “üçgen çerçeveli ” motifler olarak ayrılmış tır. Yatay ve dikey dilimlerdekiler ise “çok köşeli yatay çer çeveli”, “çok köşeli dikey çerçeveli”, “eşkenar dörtgen çerçeveli ve”oval-mekik çerçeveli” 1er olarak tasnif edilmiştir. Her lokmanın iç ve dış yüzeylerinde birer dörtgen çerçeve ile dörderden sekiz üçgen çerçeve yer almaktadır. Parmaklıklarda lokmalar arasında kalan yatay ve dikey dilimlerin orta kısımlarında birbirini izleyen çok köşeli çerce veli alanlar sekizer adettir. Çerçevelerin birbiri arasında belirlenen ölçü farklı– 597 – lıkları., parmaklıkların dövme tekniği ile yapılma sı, motif lerin el mahareti ile işlenmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Çerçeveler içinde yer alan motifler üzerinde gerçek leştirilen detay incelemeleri sonunda çok zengin ve işlemi zor olanların üçgen ve dörtgen çerçeveli alanlarda tatbik edildiği yatay ve dikey dilimlerdeki çok köşeli çerçeveli alanların dar, uzun ve kısıtlı zeminlerinden dolayı belli özellikli, düz, spiral S hatlı veya soyut motifler işlenmiş, motif çeşitliliği yerine tekrarlar tercih edilmiştir. Binlerce motifin kendi aralarında çerçeve düzenlerine bakılmadan yapılan tasnifleri sonunda altı ana gurup belirlen miştin Geometrik motifler; gümüş kakma motiflerde hakim olan şekiller üçgenler, dörtgenler, yamuklar, ovaller ve çemberlerdir. Bunlar somut olarak kullanıldıkları gibi bitkisel, yazı ve soyut şekillerle kaynaşmış olarakta tatbik edilmiştir. Bitkisel motifler; çeşitli yapraklar, stilistik bitki ler, rozeti er, kıvrık dallar, spiraller ve zengin çiçek motifleri ile bezenmiş olanlar bu gurupta toplanmıştır. Bu motiflerin bir kısmı yaprak ve damla dolgularla zenginleştirilmiştir. Yazı ve yazıdan soyutlanan motifler; Seçilen pencere parmaklıklarında işlenen yazılar arapça olup “Kelime- i Tevhid” ağırlıklıdır. Yazı ve geometrik karışımlı motifler; geometrik şekil lerle birlikte bir uyum içinde, yazıların işlendiği bu gurupta Kelime- i Tevhid* ler yanında “Allah”, “Muhammed” ile “El Aki- bet il küllü” okunabilmektedir. Bu gurupta bilhassa “Allah” ile “Muhammed” yazılı olan.i – 598 – lar son derece mükemmel bir bezemeye sahiptir. Bitki ve geometrik karışımlı motifler; Motifler için de en yoğun işlenenler bu gurupta toplanmaktadır. Tercih edilen bitkisel motifler, yapraklar, değişik tür ve zenginlikte açılmış çiçekler, rozetler, filizler, spiral ler, saplı yapraklar, dörtgenler, üçgenler, çemberler, düz, kırık ve eğik hatlar ile bunların ahenkli karışımlarından oluşmaktadır. Soyut motifler; belirtilen motif gurupları içinde de ğerlendirilemeyen, nitelikleri kesinlik kazanmayan, teknik neden lerle motiflerin deformasyonu belirlenenler bu gurupta değer lendirilmiştir. On yıla yakın yoğun çalışmalarım sonunda ortaya orta ya çıkardığım gümüş kakma motiflerin benzerlerine yurt içinde ve dışındaki yapılarda günümüze kadar rastlanılmaması, karşılaş tırma imkanı bırakmaması bir zorluk, ilk kez Yeşil Camidinde gü müş kakma tekniğindeki bu bezemeleri ortaya çıkarmış olmak ise bir kıvanç oluşturmuştur. Bu sanat aşığı ve aşıklarının adına rastlama ümidi ile her motif heyecanla temizlenmesine rağmen, bulunamamıştır. Gerçek leştirilen stilistik çalışmalar sonunda pencere parmaklıklarm- daki motiflerin işlenmesinde birden fazla sanatkarın görev yap tığı anlaşılmıştır. Belirlenen motifler cami ve türbenin çini, s tuko, ahşap mermer ve kalem işlerindeki motiflerle büyük bir benzerlik gös termektedir. Buda parmaklıkl ardaki gümüş kakma motiflerininde yer aldığı caminin tüm süslemelerinin yöneticisinin Nakkaş Ali bin tlyas Ali olduğunu ortaya koyması bakımından önemlidir. Motifleri gümüş kakma tekniğinde aktaran ustalar, kendi s – 599 – nin sevdiği veya işlenmesinde. başarı gösterdiği şekilleri faz lası ile tekrarlamıştır. Sanatkârlar motifleri işlerken belli bir kurala bağ lı kalmamış olup, serbest çalışmaları nedeni ile daha içten, şevk le ve duyarlılıkla böylesine zengin motifler üretilmesini sağla mışlardır. Son derece kısıtlı alanlarda kendi bilgi, beceri ve inanç dünyasından elde ettikleri zengin motifleri, zor bir iş çiliğe rağmen gerçekleştirme başarısını ve benzerlerini -binler ce kez uygulama sabrını,en ufak detaylarına kadar işleyerek gös termi şl erdi r. Erken Osmanlı mimari süslemeleri arasına pencere par maklık süslemelerinin de katılmasını sağlayacak olan bu çalış malarım umarım ki bu noktada kalmaz. Teknik ve maddi imkanlar konuya yönlendirilir. Kendilerini tanrının güzelliklerini yan sıtan kişiler sayan bu duyarlı sanatkârların tüm yönleri tek tek belgelenir. S x SUMMARY Yeşil Cami which was begun by Çelebi Sultan Mehmed in 1419 and which was partially completed by Murat II in 1424 is a rare work of art among similar works with its outstanding ornaments produced with various techniques such as stone, tile, wood, inscription, stucco. The existence of inscriptions which introduce the names of the artists of the early Ottoman period to the present increases the value of the Yeşil Cami even more. The management and responsibility of the or- nements which have been materialized in complete harmony at the mosque and the tomb have been under taken by the eng raver “Ali bin İlyas Ali”. The silver repousse ornaments on the inner and outer surfaces of the window grilles, which will shed a new light on Turkish Metal Art and which have been hidden under layers of oil paint and rust until the present in this mosque which is a monument of art, have been discovered by myself in 1977. It was discovered that out of the 14 lower win dows at Yeşil Cami, one window grille on the eastern wall, one on the western wall, and four window grilles on the southern side have been made from bronze, coated with gold, the other window grilles have been built from wrought iron, and motives have been applied with thin silver repousse bands in the soc-. -i N kets opened with engraving tecnique on the rectangular and triangular surfaces of the joints and on the multicornered surfaces in the middle of the horizontal and vertical lines. There are 6 vertical, 9 horizontal lines and 54 joints at the intersection points of these lines, and 63 ho rizontal and 60 vertical strips at the window grilles on the north wall. 108 rectangular, 432 triangular, 480 vertical, 504 horizontal multicornered framed motives have been engraved on the inner and outer surfaces of these grilles. The iron grilles on the east and west walls con sist of 7 vertical, 10 horizontal lines and 70 joints at the intersection points of these lines, 80 horizontal and 77 ver tical strips. 140 rectangular, 560 triangular, 640 horizon – tal and 616 vertical multi-cornered framed motives have been engraved on the inner and outer surfaces of this grille. The total number of motives on the 10 windows have been determi ned to be 17882, 1272 of these being rectangular, 5138 trian gular, 5616 vertical and 5856 horizontal multi-cornered fra med. In order to easily determine the location of these motives which are so many in number, the window grilles have been numbered from 1 or 14, letters have been accorded to the horizontal lines, and numbers have been accorded to the vertical lines, and thus it was possible to figure out the joints and strips at the intersection points of the vertical and horizontal lines drawn from these, The rectangles and tri angles on the front and back sides of these joints have beennumbered from 1 to X in Roman numerals, similarly numbers from Itö VIII have been given to the multi- cornered framed areas in the strips. If we give P5(D)k/14-III as an example to the co ding, P signifies window, 5 window number, t interior, D ex terior surface, K/14 the joints or multi-cornered frames for med by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines, and the III, at the end, the joint or the multi- cornered fra med motive. Some of the motives, which are difficult to per – ceive due to rust, layers of slilyen and paint, have fallen off while some have disappeared because of corrosion due to natu ral reasons, and some have not reached the present because of the total replacement of the lines during grille repairs f the use of welding machines, and the contact of the strips with fi re with the purpose of tempering. It has been observed that because of the location and direction of some of the window grilles, particularly the inner surfaces have rusted and been spotted seriously, and fall off in each contact, and thus it has been decided to keep these until the stage when their forms can be determi – ned by improved technical means without the need for any phy sical intervention. The catalogue of the motives has been prepared ac cording to the arrangement in the window grilles. The motives which have been newly perceived have been described in detail the repetitions and wipings have been determined with their reasons.The motives have been separated according to their frames, the ones on the joints being distinguished as “quad rangular framed” and “triangular framed”. The ones on the horizontal and vertical strips have been classified as ” multi- cornered horizontal framed”, “multi-cornered vertical framed”, “equilateral rectangular framed” and “oval-shuttle ” framed”. one rectangular frame and four triangular frames are located on the inner and outer surfaces of each joint. The multi-cornered framed areas following each ot her in the middle section of the horizontal and vertical st rips which are located between the joints in the grilles are eight in number. The differences of dimension among the frames are due to their production by wrought technique, and the engra ving of the motives by hand skill. As a result of detail analysis realized on the mo tives existing in the frames, it has been found out that the ones which are very rich and diffcult to treat are applited on triangular and rectangular framed areas, that straight, spiral S lined or abstract motives with obvious character – is tics are engraved on the multi-cornered framed areas in the horizontal and vertical s trips, because of their narrow, long and limited surfaces, and that repetititive rather than dif ferent motives have been preferred. As a result of the classification of thousands of motives among themselves, without considering their frame or-der, six main groups have been determined. Geometric motives; shapes which are dominant in the silver repousse motives, triangles, quadrangles, obliques, ovals and circles. These have been applied directly or in conjunction with plant, inscription or abstract figures. Plant motives; the ones embellished with various leaves, stylistic pi ants, rosettes, curved branches, spirals and rich f lover motives have been included in this group. Some of these motives have been enriched with leaf and drop fillings. Inscription and abstract inscription motives; The inscriptions applied on the selected window grilles are ara ble and mostly include “Kel ime- i Tevhid”. Inscription and geometric mixture motives; in this group where inscription have been engraved in harmony with geometric figures, “Allah”, “Muhammed” and “El akibet 11 kul lu” can be read beside “Kelime-i Tevhid”‘ s. In this group, especially those writing “Allah” and “Muhammed” contain perfect embellishments. The preferred plant motives are leaves, flowers ope ned in different kinds and richness, rosettes, buds, spirals, lea ves with stems, quadrangles, triangles, circles, straight, broken and curved lines and a harmonious mixture of these. Abstract motives; those motives which cannot be inc luded among the stated motive groups, those with unclear charac teristics, those whose deformation due to technical reasons has been discerned have been evaluated in this group. Motives similar to the silver repousse motives i which 1 have uncovered aa a result of approximately ten years ofhardwork, have not been found either in this country or in other countries until the present, thus creating difficulty since it is impossible to make a comparison, however, it has been a pride to have uncovered these embellishments produced in silver repousse technique for the first time at Yeşil Cami. It has been impossible to find the name of the art lover or lovers although each motive has been cleaned in ex – cikement with the hope of finding these names. As a result of stylistic studies, it has been concluded that more than Qne artist worked in the engraving of the motives on the window grilles. The specified motives bear a great resemblance to the motives in tee motives in the tile, stucco, wood, marble and inscription works inside the mosque and the tomb. This is im portant because it proves that the director of all the orna – ments of the mosque, including the silver repousse motives on the grilles, is Nakkaş Ali bin îlyas Ali. The craftsmen who applied the motives with silver repousse technique have repeated many times the forms which they liked or which they succesfully produced. The artists have not followed a certain rule while engraving the motives, and have been able to produce such rich motives in sincerity, eagerness and sensitivity due to their free workmansip. They have shown the success of producing rich moti ves which they have acquired from their own world of knowledge, skill and belief, in very limited areas, in spite of a difficult- i workmanship, and the patience of applying these and similar ones thousands of times by engraving these with their small est details. I hope that these studies which will enable the win dow grille ornaments to be included among early ottoman archi tectural ornaments will not remain at this stage. X hope that technical and economic means will be directed to this subject, and that all aspects of these sensitive artists, who consider themselves as people reflecting God* s beauties, will be dpcu – men ted. TQfcaekG3i»tim Sural» dokümantasyon Merkee’
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