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SOVYET KAYNAKLARINDA LOZAN BARIŞ KONFERANSI VE LOZAN BARIŞ ANTLAŞMASI Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 51 – 71, 30.06.2024
Celal Pekşen
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211109
Öz Лозаннский мирный договор – это одно из важнейших политических событий первой четверти XX века. Лозаннская мирная конференция, начавшаяся 20 ноября 1922 года, после тяжелых переговоров завершилась подписанием 24 июля 1923 года договора. Главное значение этого договора для Турции заключается в том, что он не только официально закрепил великую победу, одержанную на полях сражений, но и подтвердил независимость Турецкой республики. С подписанием этого документа для турецкого народа официально завершился долгий период войны. Этим договором было признано существование Турции, ее суверенитет был признан всем миром. Движение за независимость страны, начавшееся после отъезда Мустафы Кемаля Ататюрка в Самсун, достигло своего окончательного результата. По сути, Лозаннский мирный договор стал подтверждением того, что вражеские силы были полностью изгнаны с турецких земель, оккупированных в результате Первой мировой войны. Договор имел огромное значение не только для Турции, но и повлиял на внутреннюю и внешнюю политику всех государств, участвовавших и не участвовавших в конференции, и в первую очередь СССР. Последний считал, что многие вопросы (независимость Турции, проливы, Черное море и Кавказ) непосредственно касаются интересов Советского государства. Такой подход определял позицию Советской России на конференции. В частности, это ее нежелание, чтобы Турция шла на какие-либо уступки в вопросе о проливах. Вместе с тем внешняя политика СССР этим подходом не ограничивалась. Данный период подробно а также источники анализировался в исследованиях, проведенных как в те годы, так в последующие. Все эти научные работы, , написанные в России, имеют огромное значение, поскольку показывают, как страна, не являяющаяся непосредственным участником войны, видела и оценивала этот процесс.
Anahtar Kelimeler Российская история, Советская Россия, Турецкая Республика, Лозаннская мирная конференция
Kaynakça Aralov, S. İ. Bir Sovyet Diplomatının Anıları 1922-1923. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017. Bagirov, Y. A. Turtsiya Na Lozanskoy Konferentsii. Moskva: Akademiya Nauk SSSR İnstitut Vostokovedeniya, 1955. Butayev, İ. Problemı Turtsii. Leningrad: Raboçee İzdatelstvo Priboy, 1925. Carr, E. H. Bolşevik Devrimi 1917-1923. Cilt: III. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık, 2015. Dantsig, B. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Voennoe İzdatelstvo, 1940. Djamil, G. SSSR-Turtsiya: Ot neytraliteta k holodnoy voyne 1939-1953, Moskova: Tsentr Propagandı, 2008. Dokumentı Vneşney Politiki SSSR. Tom V. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1961. Gasratyan, M. A., C. F. Oreşkova & Y. A. Petrosyan. Oçerki İstorii Turtsii. Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostoçnoy Literaturı İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1983. Gurko-Kryajin, V. A. İstoriya Revolyutsii v Turtsii. Moskva: Mir, 1923. Hormaç, İ. A. “Sovetskaya Rossiya na Lozannskoy Konferentsii, po uregulirobaniyu polojeniya ha blijnem vostoke (1922-1923 godı).” Novaya i Noveyşaya İstoriya 2 (2019), 74-92. İvanova, İ. İ. Evolyutsiya Blijnevostoçnoy Politiki Turetskoy Respubliki. Moskva: Aspekt Press, 2017. Kireyev, N. G. İstoriya Turtsii XX. Vek. Moskva: Kraft+ Institut Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2007. Leonid-Friedrich. Ankara 1922. İki Komintern Gözlemcisinin Kurtuluş Savaşı Değerlendirmeleri. Çev. Gizem Gürtürk. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1994. Melnik, A. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsialno-Ekonomiçeskoe İzdatelstvo, 1937. Moiseyev, P. & Y. Rozaliev. K İstorii Sovetsko-Turetskih Otnoşeniy. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1958. Noviçev, A. D. Turtsiya. Moskva: İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1965. Perinçek, Doğu. Komintern Belgelerinde Türkiye–1: Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Lozan. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1993. Perinçek, Mehmet. Atatürk'ün Sovyetler'le Görüşmeleri. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2014. Potemkin, V. P. İstoriya Diplomatii, Tom III, Diplomatiya v Period Podgotovki Vtoroy Mirovoy Voynı, 1919-1939 gg. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literaturı, 1945. Potskhveriya, B. “1920’li ve 1930’lu Yıllarda Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri.” Türk-Rus İlişkilerinde 500 Yıl. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, 189-196. Rossiiskiy Gosudarstvennıy Arhiv Sovremennoy Politiçeskoy İstorii (RGASPİ). Fond 159, opis 2, delo 18. Rozaliev, Y. N. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. İstanbul: Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları, 1997. Şamsutdinov, A. M. Mondros’tan Lozan’a Türkiye Ulusal Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi 1918-1923. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 1999. Yerasimos, S. Ekim Devriminden Millî Mücadele’ye Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1979. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. İstoriya Turetskoy Respubliki s 1918 Goda Do Naşih Dney. Moskva: Kvadriga, 2017. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. Na Stıke Azii i Evropı, Oçerki o Turtsii k Turkah. Moskva: Hauka, 1980.
LAUSANNE PEACE CONFERENCE AND THE LAUSANNE PEACE TREATY IN SOVIET SOURCES Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 51 – 71, 30.06.2024
Celal Pekşen
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211109
Öz The Lausanne Peace Treaty, signed as a result of the Lausanne Peace Conference, is one of the most important political events of the first quarter of the 20th century. Started on November 20, 1922, this conference ended with the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty on July 24, 1923, following tough negotiations. The greatest importance of this treaty for the Turkey is that it not only formalized the great victory it had won on the battlefields, but also confirmed the independence of the Turkey. The Turkish Nation officially ended a long period of war with the signing of this treaty. With this treaty, the existence of the Turkey was recognized and its independence and sovereignty were accepted by the whole world. The movement to gain the independence of the Turkish homeland, which was ignited by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s departure to Samsun, reached its final result with the signing of the Lausanne Peace Treaty on July 24, 1923. As a matter of fact, the Lausanne Peace Treaty is the proof on the table that the enemy forces were completely expelled from the Turkish lands with the War of Independence, which was resisted against the destruction of the Turkish lands occupied as a result of the First World War. The conference process and the treaty were of great importance not only for Turkey, but also for influencing the internal and external policies of all states participating and not participating in the conference. Soviet Russia was at the forefront of these countries. Soviet Russia believed that many issues such as the issue of Turkey’s independence, the Straits, the Black Sea and the Caucasus were of its own concern. These issues determined Soviet Russia’s approach and theses regarding the conference. Soviet Russia did not want Turkey to make any concessions, especially regarding the Straits. This approach of the Soviets was not limited to their foreign policy at the time. In the studies written both in that period and in the following years, this period was analyzed in detail in the sources. All these studies and works written in Russia are of great importance in terms of showing us how a country that was not a direct party to the war saw and evaluated this process.
Anahtar Kelimeler Russian history, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Turkish Republic, Turkish War of Independence, Lausanne Peace Conference
Kaynakça Aralov, S. İ. Bir Sovyet Diplomatının Anıları 1922-1923. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017. Bagirov, Y. A. Turtsiya Na Lozanskoy Konferentsii. Moskva: Akademiya Nauk SSSR İnstitut Vostokovedeniya, 1955. Butayev, İ. Problemı Turtsii. Leningrad: Raboçee İzdatelstvo Priboy, 1925. Carr, E. H. Bolşevik Devrimi 1917-1923. Cilt: III. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık, 2015. Dantsig, B. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Voennoe İzdatelstvo, 1940. Djamil, G. SSSR-Turtsiya: Ot neytraliteta k holodnoy voyne 1939-1953, Moskova: Tsentr Propagandı, 2008. Dokumentı Vneşney Politiki SSSR. Tom V. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1961. Gasratyan, M. A., C. F. Oreşkova & Y. A. Petrosyan. Oçerki İstorii Turtsii. Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostoçnoy Literaturı İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1983. Gurko-Kryajin, V. A. İstoriya Revolyutsii v Turtsii. Moskva: Mir, 1923. Hormaç, İ. A. “Sovetskaya Rossiya na Lozannskoy Konferentsii, po uregulirobaniyu polojeniya ha blijnem vostoke (1922-1923 godı).” Novaya i Noveyşaya İstoriya 2 (2019), 74-92. İvanova, İ. İ. Evolyutsiya Blijnevostoçnoy Politiki Turetskoy Respubliki. Moskva: Aspekt Press, 2017. Kireyev, N. G. İstoriya Turtsii XX. Vek. Moskva: Kraft+ Institut Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2007. Leonid-Friedrich. Ankara 1922. İki Komintern Gözlemcisinin Kurtuluş Savaşı Değerlendirmeleri. Çev. Gizem Gürtürk. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1994. Melnik, A. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsialno-Ekonomiçeskoe İzdatelstvo, 1937. Moiseyev, P. & Y. Rozaliev. K İstorii Sovetsko-Turetskih Otnoşeniy. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1958. Noviçev, A. D. Turtsiya. Moskva: İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1965. Perinçek, Doğu. Komintern Belgelerinde Türkiye–1: Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Lozan. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1993. Perinçek, Mehmet. Atatürk'ün Sovyetler'le Görüşmeleri. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2014. Potemkin, V. P. İstoriya Diplomatii, Tom III, Diplomatiya v Period Podgotovki Vtoroy Mirovoy Voynı, 1919-1939 gg. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literaturı, 1945. Potskhveriya, B. “1920’li ve 1930’lu Yıllarda Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri.” Türk-Rus İlişkilerinde 500 Yıl. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, 189-196. Rossiiskiy Gosudarstvennıy Arhiv Sovremennoy Politiçeskoy İstorii (RGASPİ). Fond 159, opis 2, delo 18. Rozaliev, Y. N. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. İstanbul: Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları, 1997. Şamsutdinov, A. M. Mondros’tan Lozan’a Türkiye Ulusal Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi 1918-1923. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 1999. Yerasimos, S. Ekim Devriminden Millî Mücadele’ye Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1979. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. İstoriya Turetskoy Respubliki s 1918 Goda Do Naşih Dney. Moskva: Kvadriga, 2017. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. Na Stıke Azii i Evropı, Oçerki o Turtsii k Turkah. Moskva: Hauka, 1980.
SOVYET KAYNAKLARINDA LOZAN BARIŞ KONFERANSI VE LOZAN BARIŞ ANTLAŞMASI Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 51 – 71, 30.06.2024
Celal Pekşen
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211109
Öz Lozan Barış Konferansı neticesinde imzalanan Lozan Barış Antlaşması, XX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde meydana gelen en önemli siyasî hadiselerden biridir. 20 Kasım 1922 tarihinde başlayan Lozan Barış Konferansı, çetin müzakere süreçlerinin ardından 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde Lozan Barış Antlaşması’nın imzalanması ile son bulmuştur. Türkiye açısından bu antlaşmanın en büyük önemi savaş meydanlarında kazandığı büyük zaferin yalnızca resmiyete kavuşmuş olması değil, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin bağımsızlığını da tevsik etmiş olmasıdır. Türk milleti için uzun yıllar süren bir savaş dönemi bu antlaşmanın imzalanması ile resmî olarak son bulmuştur. Bu antlaşma ile birlikte Türkiye’nin varlığı tanınmış; bağımsızlığı ve egemenliği tüm dünya tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Samsun’a hareket etmesi ile fitili ateşlenen Türk vatanının bağımsızlığını kazanması harekâtı, 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde Lozan Barış Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla nihai sonuca ulaşmıştır. Nitekim Lozan Barış Antlaşması, Birinci Cihan Harbi neticesinde işgal edilen Türk topraklarının tarumar edilmesine karşı koyulan ve İstiklâl Harbi ile düşman güçlerini tamamen Türk topraklarından temizlenmesinin masada ikrarıdır. Konferans süreci ve antlaşma yalnızca Türkiye açısından değil, konferansa katılan ve katılmayan tüm devletlerin dâhilî ve haricî politikalarına da tesir etmesi bakımından büyük ehemmiyet taşıyordu. Bu ülkelerin başında ise Sovyet Rusya geliyordu. Sovyet Rusya Türkiye’nin bağımsızlığı meselesi, Boğazlar, Karadeniz ve Kafkasya gibi pek çok konunun bizzat kendisini ilgilendirdiğini düşünüyordu. Sovyet Rusya’nın konferansa dair yaklaşımını ve tezlerini bu hususlar belirlemiştir. Sovyet Rusya bilhassa Boğazlara ilişkin Türkiye’nin hiçbir şekilde taviz vermesini istemiyordu. Sovyetlerin bu yaklaşımı yalnızca o dönemdeki hariciye politikaları ile de sınırlı değildi. Gerek o dönem gerekse de sonraki yıllarda kaleme alınan çalışmalarda, bu dönemi detaylı bir şekilde tetkik ettiler. Rusya’da kaleme alınan tüm bu çalışmalar ve eserler, savaşa doğrudan taraf olmayan bir ülkenin bu süreci nasıl gördüğünü ve nasıl değerlendirdiğini bizlere göstermesi açısından büyük ehemmiyet arz etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Rusya tarihi, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, İstiklâl Harbi, Lozan Barış Konferansı
Kaynakça Aralov, S. İ. Bir Sovyet Diplomatının Anıları 1922-1923. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017. Bagirov, Y. A. Turtsiya Na Lozanskoy Konferentsii. Moskva: Akademiya Nauk SSSR İnstitut Vostokovedeniya, 1955. Butayev, İ. Problemı Turtsii. Leningrad: Raboçee İzdatelstvo Priboy, 1925. Carr, E. H. Bolşevik Devrimi 1917-1923. Cilt: III. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık, 2015. Dantsig, B. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Voennoe İzdatelstvo, 1940. Djamil, G. SSSR-Turtsiya: Ot neytraliteta k holodnoy voyne 1939-1953, Moskova: Tsentr Propagandı, 2008. Dokumentı Vneşney Politiki SSSR. Tom V. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1961. Gasratyan, M. A., C. F. Oreşkova & Y. A. Petrosyan. Oçerki İstorii Turtsii. Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostoçnoy Literaturı İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1983. Gurko-Kryajin, V. A. İstoriya Revolyutsii v Turtsii. Moskva: Mir, 1923. Hormaç, İ. A. “Sovetskaya Rossiya na Lozannskoy Konferentsii, po uregulirobaniyu polojeniya ha blijnem vostoke (1922-1923 godı).” Novaya i Noveyşaya İstoriya 2 (2019), 74-92. İvanova, İ. İ. Evolyutsiya Blijnevostoçnoy Politiki Turetskoy Respubliki. Moskva: Aspekt Press, 2017. Kireyev, N. G. İstoriya Turtsii XX. Vek. Moskva: Kraft+ Institut Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2007. Leonid-Friedrich. Ankara 1922. İki Komintern Gözlemcisinin Kurtuluş Savaşı Değerlendirmeleri. Çev. Gizem Gürtürk. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1994. Melnik, A. Turtsiya. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsialno-Ekonomiçeskoe İzdatelstvo, 1937. Moiseyev, P. & Y. Rozaliev. K İstorii Sovetsko-Turetskih Otnoşeniy. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politiçeskoy Literaturı, 1958. Noviçev, A. D. Turtsiya. Moskva: İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1965. Perinçek, Doğu. Komintern Belgelerinde Türkiye–1: Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Lozan. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 1993. Perinçek, Mehmet. Atatürk'ün Sovyetler'le Görüşmeleri. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2014. Potemkin, V. P. İstoriya Diplomatii, Tom III, Diplomatiya v Period Podgotovki Vtoroy Mirovoy Voynı, 1919-1939 gg. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe İzdatelstvo Politicheskoy Literaturı, 1945. Potskhveriya, B. “1920’li ve 1930’lu Yıllarda Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri.” Türk-Rus İlişkilerinde 500 Yıl. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, 189-196. Rossiiskiy Gosudarstvennıy Arhiv Sovremennoy Politiçeskoy İstorii (RGASPİ). Fond 159, opis 2, delo 18. Rozaliev, Y. N. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. İstanbul: Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları, 1997. Şamsutdinov, A. M. Mondros’tan Lozan’a Türkiye Ulusal Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi 1918-1923. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 1999. Yerasimos, S. Ekim Devriminden Millî Mücadele’ye Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1979. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. İstoriya Turetskoy Respubliki s 1918 Goda Do Naşih Dney. Moskva: Kvadriga, 2017. Yeremeyev, D. Ye. Na Stıke Azii i Evropı, Oçerki o Turtsii k Turkah. Moskva: Hauka, 1980. Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yakınçağ Tarihi (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Celal Pekşen Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0000-0003-3531-2373 Russian Federation
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Kasım 2022 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 11
Kaynak Göster Chicago Pekşen, Celal. “SOVYET KAYNAKLARINDA LOZAN BARIŞ KONFERANSI VE LOZAN BARIŞ ANTLAŞMASI”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 11 (Haziran 2024): 51-71. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1211109.
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