Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Yapay Zekâ: Uluslararası Güvenlik Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 54, 60 – 73, 30.06.2024

Selim Kanat Nurettin Oğuzhan Akoğuz

Öz

21. yüzyılın en dönüştürücü teknolojilerinden biri olan yapay zekâ, tüm alanları olduğu gibi uluslararası ilişkiler alanını da birçok yönden etkilemektedir. Dil işleme, görüntü ve ses tanıma, makine öğrenimi, derin öğrenme, otonom hareket etme, veri analitiği ve öngörü gibi çok yönlü kullanım alanları bulunan yapay zekâ teknolojileri ekonomiyi, sosyopolitiği, güvenliği, askeri teknolojileri ve daha nicesini derinden etkilemektedir. Bu yönü ile yapay zekâ teknolojileri küresel güç dengelerini değiştirip dönüştürebilecek bir kapasite oluşumuna işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, özellikle yapay zekânın uluslararası güvenlikteki rolünü önde gelen uluslararası teorilerine dayanarak farklı açılardan ele alır. Böylece çalışma boyunca yapay zekânın veri analizi, siber güvenlik, istihbarat ve askeri stratejilerdeki uygulamalarına odaklanılmış ve söz konusu alandaki etik kaygılar bağlamında uluslararası düzenlemelerin ve disiplinler arası iş birliğinin gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Araştırmada, yapay zekânın uluslararası ilişkiler üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın teorik çerçevesini oluşturmak için özellikle yapay zekâ, teknoloji ve uluslararası güvenlik konularını ele alan literatür taranmıştır. Ayrıca yapay zekânın uluslararası ilişkilerdeki etkilerini somut örneklerle analiz etmek için haber kaynakları incelenmiş ve çeşitli vaka çalışmaları yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zekâ, Veri Analitiği, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Askeri Teknolojiler, Siber İstihbarat, Otonom Askeri Sistemler

Kaynakça

• Abaimov, S., and Martellini, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence in autonomous weapon systems. 21st Century Prometheus: Managing CBRN Safety and Security Affected by Cutting-Edge Technologies, 141-177.
• Alarefi, Mohammed (2022). The effect of data characteristics and top management characteristics on decision making capabilities: The role of AI and business analytical capability. Wseas Transactions On Information Science and Applications, 1(9), 237-247.
• Alexandra-Cristina, D. I. N. U. (2023, May). Cyber Diplomacy and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime-2023 (pp. 86-93). Asociatia Romana pentru Asigurarea Securitatii Informatiei.
• Allen, G. C., and Chan, T. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
• Anand, A., Chirputkar, A. and Ashok, P. (2023, April). Mitigating Cyber-Security Risks using Cyber-Analytics. In 2023 7th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) (pp. 630-635). IEEE.
• Bendett, S. (2018). In AI, Russia is hustling to catch up. Defense One, 4(6), 1-3.
• Blessing, J., Elgin, K. K., Ewers-Peters, N. M. and Tiderman, R. (Eds.). (2021). NATO 2030: Towards a New Strategic Concept and Beyond. Brookings Institution Press.
• Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., … and Amodei, D. (2018). The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and mitigation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.07228.
• Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton and Company.
• Buczak, A. L. and Guven, E. (2016). A survey of data mining and machine learning methods for cyber security intrusion detection. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 18(2), 1153-1176.
• Chesney, R. and Citron, D. K. (2019). Deepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics. Foreign Affairs, 98(1), 147-155.
• Cox, R. W. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 126-155.
• Cummings, M. (2017). Artificial intelligence and the future of warfare (pp. 01-26). London: Chatham House for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
• Cummings, M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare. Chatham House.
• Dangi, A. K., Pant, K., Alanya-Beltran, J., Chakraborty, N., Akram, S. V. and Balakrishna, K. (2023, January). A Review of use of Artificial Intelligence on Cyber Security and the Fifth-Generation Cyber-attacks and its analysis. In 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC) (pp. 553-557). IEEE.
• Emms, M. and Luz, S. (2007). Machine learning for natural language processing. ESSLLI 2007 Course Reader.
• Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., … and Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689-707.
• Lohn, A. J. and Geist, E. (2018). How might artificial intelligence affect the risk of nuclear war?
• Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. and Courville, A. (2016). Deep learning. MIT Press.
• Goodman, B. and Flaxman, S. (2017). European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a “right to explanation”. AI Magazine, 38(3), 50-57.
• Helbing, D. (2019). Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution. Springer.
• Herzog, S. (2019). Revisiting the Estonian cyber attacks: Digital threats and multinational responses. Journal of Strategic Security, 12(4), 1-14.
• Horowitz, M. C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, International Competition, and the Balance of Power. Texas National Security Review, 1(3), 36-57.
• Hudson, V. M. (2019). Artificial intelligence and international politics. Routledge.
• Jung, K., Yoon, S. and Lee, J. (2019). Machine learning for intelligence analysis: Applications and challenges. Computational Intelligence Review, 12(2), 133-150.
• Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield singularity: Artificial intelligence, military revolution, and China’s future military power.
• Keohane, R. O. and Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and interdependence: World politics in transition. Little, Brown and Company.
• LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. and Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.
• Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. Alfred A. Knopf.
• Murphy, R. R. (2019). Introduction to AI robotics. MIT Press.
• Nye, J. S. (2011). The Future of Power. PublicAffairs.
• O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown Publishing Group.
• Paramés-Estévez, S., Carballosa, A., Garcia-Selfa, D. and Munuzuri, A. P. (2023). Artificial intelligence techniques used to extract relevant information from complex social networks. Entropy, 25(3), 507.
• Ranade, P., Mittal, S., Joshi, A. and Joshi, K. P. (2018, October). Understanding multi-lingual threat intelligence for AI based cyber-defense systems. In IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security.
• Raisinghani, M., Sawra, R., Dhavalikar, O., Chhabria, P. and Giri, N. (2022, April). Crime Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence. In Edge Analytics: Select Proceedings of 26th International Conference-ADCOM 2020 (pp. 33-42). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
• Russell, S. and Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson.
• Russell, S. and Tegmark, M. (2015). Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence. AI Magazine, 36(4), 105-114.
• Rizvi, M. (2023). Enhancing cybersecurity: The power of artificial intelligence in threat detection and prevention. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 10(5).
• Sarker, I. H., Kayes, A. S. M. and Watters, P. (2020). Cyber security data science: An overview from machine learning perspective. Journal of Big Data, 7(1), 1-29.
• Scharre, P. (2016). Autonomous weapons and operational risk. Center for a New American Security.
• Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. W. W. Norton and Company.
• Schmidt, E. and Cohen, J. (2013). The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business. Knopf.
• Schwarz, E. (2018). Death Machines: The Ethics of Violent Technologies. Manchester University Press.
• Shabbir, J. and Anwer, T. (2015). Artificial intelligence and its role in near future. Journal of Latex Class Files, 14(8), 1-11.
• Singer, P. W. and Friedman, A. (2014). Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.
• Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in international relations: Feminist perspectives on achieving global security. Columbia University Press.
• Taddeo, M. and Floridi, L. (2018). How AI can be a force for good. Science, 361(6404), 751-752.
• Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
• Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E. and Van Spall, H. G. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435-e440.

International Relations and Artificial Intelligence: An Assessment in terms of International Security

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 54, 60 – 73, 30.06.2024

Selim Kanat Nurettin Oğuzhan Akoğuz

Öz

One of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century, artificial intelligence (AI) has a profound impact on a multitude of domains, including international relations. The areas of language processing, image and audio recognition, machine learning, deep learning, autonomous navigation, data analytics, and prediction are just a few of the many applications of artificial intelligence. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is having a profound impact on various sectors, including economics, sociopolitics, security, and military technology. This capacity for change and transformation is indicative of the potential of artificial intelligence technologies to alter global power dynamics. This article, based on leading international theories, examines artificial intelligence’s role in international security from different perspectives. The study thus focuses on the applications of artificial intelligence in data analysis, cybersecurity, intelligence, and military strategy. Moreover, the necessity for international regulations and interdisciplinary collaboration in this field has been emphasized. The research employed rigorous qualitative research methods to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence on international relations. In order to establish the theoretical framework of the study, a review of the literature was conducted, focusing on artificial intelligence, technology, and international security. Furthermore, the impact of artificial intelligence on international relations has been investigated through the analysis of news sources and the implementation of case studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics, International Security, Military Technology, Cyber Intelligence, Autonomous Military Systems

Kaynakça

• Abaimov, S., and Martellini, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence in autonomous weapon systems. 21st Century Prometheus: Managing CBRN Safety and Security Affected by Cutting-Edge Technologies, 141-177.
• Alarefi, Mohammed (2022). The effect of data characteristics and top management characteristics on decision making capabilities: The role of AI and business analytical capability. Wseas Transactions On Information Science and Applications, 1(9), 237-247.
• Alexandra-Cristina, D. I. N. U. (2023, May). Cyber Diplomacy and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime-2023 (pp. 86-93). Asociatia Romana pentru Asigurarea Securitatii Informatiei.
• Allen, G. C., and Chan, T. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
• Anand, A., Chirputkar, A. and Ashok, P. (2023, April). Mitigating Cyber-Security Risks using Cyber-Analytics. In 2023 7th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) (pp. 630-635). IEEE.
• Bendett, S. (2018). In AI, Russia is hustling to catch up. Defense One, 4(6), 1-3.
• Blessing, J., Elgin, K. K., Ewers-Peters, N. M. and Tiderman, R. (Eds.). (2021). NATO 2030: Towards a New Strategic Concept and Beyond. Brookings Institution Press.
• Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., … and Amodei, D. (2018). The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and mitigation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.07228.
• Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton and Company.
• Buczak, A. L. and Guven, E. (2016). A survey of data mining and machine learning methods for cyber security intrusion detection. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 18(2), 1153-1176.
• Chesney, R. and Citron, D. K. (2019). Deepfakes and the New Disinformation War: The Coming Age of Post-Truth Geopolitics. Foreign Affairs, 98(1), 147-155.
• Cox, R. W. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 126-155.
• Cummings, M. (2017). Artificial intelligence and the future of warfare (pp. 01-26). London: Chatham House for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
• Cummings, M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare. Chatham House.
• Dangi, A. K., Pant, K., Alanya-Beltran, J., Chakraborty, N., Akram, S. V. and Balakrishna, K. (2023, January). A Review of use of Artificial Intelligence on Cyber Security and the Fifth-Generation Cyber-attacks and its analysis. In 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC) (pp. 553-557). IEEE.
• Emms, M. and Luz, S. (2007). Machine learning for natural language processing. ESSLLI 2007 Course Reader.
• Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., … and Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689-707.
• Lohn, A. J. and Geist, E. (2018). How might artificial intelligence affect the risk of nuclear war?
• Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y. and Courville, A. (2016). Deep learning. MIT Press.
• Goodman, B. and Flaxman, S. (2017). European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a “right to explanation”. AI Magazine, 38(3), 50-57.
• Helbing, D. (2019). Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution. Springer.
• Herzog, S. (2019). Revisiting the Estonian cyber attacks: Digital threats and multinational responses. Journal of Strategic Security, 12(4), 1-14.
• Horowitz, M. C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, International Competition, and the Balance of Power. Texas National Security Review, 1(3), 36-57.
• Hudson, V. M. (2019). Artificial intelligence and international politics. Routledge.
• Jung, K., Yoon, S. and Lee, J. (2019). Machine learning for intelligence analysis: Applications and challenges. Computational Intelligence Review, 12(2), 133-150.
• Kania, E. B. (2017). Battlefield singularity: Artificial intelligence, military revolution, and China’s future military power.
• Keohane, R. O. and Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and interdependence: World politics in transition. Little, Brown and Company.
• LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y. and Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.
• Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. Alfred A. Knopf.
• Murphy, R. R. (2019). Introduction to AI robotics. MIT Press.
• Nye, J. S. (2011). The Future of Power. PublicAffairs.
• O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown Publishing Group.
• Paramés-Estévez, S., Carballosa, A., Garcia-Selfa, D. and Munuzuri, A. P. (2023). Artificial intelligence techniques used to extract relevant information from complex social networks. Entropy, 25(3), 507.
• Ranade, P., Mittal, S., Joshi, A. and Joshi, K. P. (2018, October). Understanding multi-lingual threat intelligence for AI based cyber-defense systems. In IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security.
• Raisinghani, M., Sawra, R., Dhavalikar, O., Chhabria, P. and Giri, N. (2022, April). Crime Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence. In Edge Analytics: Select Proceedings of 26th International Conference-ADCOM 2020 (pp. 33-42). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
• Russell, S. and Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson.
• Russell, S. and Tegmark, M. (2015). Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence. AI Magazine, 36(4), 105-114.
• Rizvi, M. (2023). Enhancing cybersecurity: The power of artificial intelligence in threat detection and prevention. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 10(5).
• Sarker, I. H., Kayes, A. S. M. and Watters, P. (2020). Cyber security data science: An overview from machine learning perspective. Journal of Big Data, 7(1), 1-29.
• Scharre, P. (2016). Autonomous weapons and operational risk. Center for a New American Security.
• Scharre, P. (2018). Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War. W. W. Norton and Company.
• Schmidt, E. and Cohen, J. (2013). The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business. Knopf.
• Schwarz, E. (2018). Death Machines: The Ethics of Violent Technologies. Manchester University Press.
• Shabbir, J. and Anwer, T. (2015). Artificial intelligence and its role in near future. Journal of Latex Class Files, 14(8), 1-11.
• Singer, P. W. and Friedman, A. (2014). Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.
• Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in international relations: Feminist perspectives on achieving global security. Columbia University Press.
• Taddeo, M. and Floridi, L. (2018). How AI can be a force for good. Science, 361(6404), 751-752.
• Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
• Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E. and Van Spall, H. G. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435-e440.

Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

Download or read online: Click here