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Fiddlers and Their Music in Romanian Principalities, from the Beginnings until the Nineteenth century: Artistic Aspects Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 – 27, 30.06.2024
Eduard Rusu
https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1129926
Öz Fiddlers and their music were a very important component of the music of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. Mentioned in documents since the 16th century, fiddlers were indispensable at the princely court, where they participated in most of the ceremonies in which the ruler played the principal role. The fiddle music varied depending on the characteristic music of the regions in which they settled, as well as on various foreign influences, especially the Ottoman classical music practised in those areas bordering the two Romanian Principalities. Thus, it gradually became possible for the fiddle music to acquire an individual identity and a specific social profile. The present study by no means exhausts the documentary sources regarding general aspects of this category of ‘fiddlers’, nor of their music, but it should be said that comparable research is largely absent in Romanian scholarly literature. The main focus rather is on general aspects of the tradition, and less on the particular. This paper outlines the general framework in which fiddlers appeared, but also highlights their placement in Romanian musical culture. It also tries to promote some awareness of the foreign and domestic influences that have been imprinted on their music, as well as of the musical instruments they have used. One aspect of the study is represented by comparative analysis of different written sources to indicate how the fiddlers have been referenced over time. All these aspects captured in this first article represent a contextualization of the fiddlers’ practice, and at the same time serve as a broad introduction to a second article, which is unprecedented in its scope, and adopts an original historical approach to the entire ‘phenomenon’ of fiddle music and fiddlers. Both parts of the study should be considered complementary, and together they constitute a seminal contribution to the subject.
Anahtar Kelimeler fiddler, fiddle music, musical instruments, Moldavia, Wallachia
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Documente moldovenești dela Ștefan cel Mare [Moldovian documents from Stephen the Great]. Iași: Institutul de Arte Grafice “Brawo”. Cronț, Gheorghe; Constantinescu, Alxeandru and Popescu, Ancuța. & et al. (Ed.) (1973). Acte juridice din Țara Românească 1775 1781 [Legal documents from Wallachia 1775-1781]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. de Paula Bizonfy, F. (1886). Hungarian English Dictionary. Magyar angol szótár, second part. Budapest. Demian, Wilhelm. (1968). Teoria Instrumentelor [Instruments Theory]. Bucharest: Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. Dieaconu, Daniel. (2009). “Țiganii din spațiul românesc în Evul Mediu” [The Gypsies from the Romanian space in the Middle Ages] Historia, an IX, nr. 87: 17-22. Engel, Carl. (1874). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum, London, second edition. London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode. Falvy, Zoltan. (1987). “Middle East European Court Music (11 16th Centuries) (A Preliminary Survey)” Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, T. 29, Fasc. ¼: 63-105 Farmer, Henry George. (2000). “ʽŪd” [Lute] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, (Ed.) P. J. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs, volume X, (T U), pp. 768-770. Leiden: Brill. Filimon, Nicolae. (1978). “Lăutarii și compozițiile lor” [Fiddlers and their compositions] Opere II, Ed. Mircea Anghelescu: pp. 265-271. Bucharest: Editura Minerva. Fotino, Dionisie. (2008). Istoria generală a Daciei sau a Transilvaniei, Țării Muntenești și a Moldovei [General history of Dacia or Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia] (George Sion Trans.). Bucharest: Editura Valahia. Garfias, Robert. (1981). “Survivals of Turkish Characteristics in Romanian Musica Lautareasca” Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 13: 97-107. Ghenea, C. Cristian. (1965). Din trecutul culturii muzicale românești [From the past of the Romanian musical culture]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din R. P. R. Ghircoiașiu, Romeo. (1963). Contribuții la istoria muzicii românești [Contributions to the history of Romanian music]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din R. P. R. Giurescu, Dinu. (1962). “Anatefterul. Condica de porunci a vistieriei lui Constantin Brâncoveanu” [Register. The order register form of Constantin Brâncoveanuʼs treasury] Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, V: 353-504. Györy, Ilona. (1902). “Hungarian Music of a Thounsand Years” Proceedings of the Musical Association, 29th Sess. (1902 1903):1-19. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1997). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. IX. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (2000). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. X, partea I. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. VIII. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul (Ed.) (2001). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. X, part II. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1973). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. V. Bucharest: Editura Științifică. Ionașcu, Ion; Lăzărescu-Ionescu, Lucian; Câmpina, Barbu & et al. (Ed.) (1951a). Documente privind Istoria României, veacul XVI [Documents on the History of Romania, 16th century] – A. Moldova, vol. II (1551 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. Ionașcu, Ion; Lăzărescu-Ionescu, Lucian; Câmpina, Barbu & et al. (Ed.) (1951b). Documente privind Istoria României, veacul XVI [Documents on the History of Romania, 17th century] – B. Țara Românească, vol. III (1551 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. Iorga, Nicolae. (1904). Studii și documente cu privire la Istoria Romînilor [Studies and documents on the History of the Romanians], vol. VI, part II. Bucharest. Kogălniceanu, Mihail. (1946). “Esquisse sur lʼhistoire, les moeurs et la langue des cigains, connus en France sous le nom de bohémiens” [Sketch on the history, customs and language of the cigans, known in France as bohemians] Opere, vol I, Scrieri Istorice, ediție critică adnotată cu o introducere și note de Andrei Oțetea, pp. 557-610. Bucharest: Fundația Regală pentru Literatură și Artă. Mioc, Damaschin; Caracaș, Sașa and Bălan, Constantin (Ed.) (1974). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], B. Țara Românească, vol. XXIV (1633 1634). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Neculce, Ioan. (1982). Opere. Letopisețul Țării Moldovei și O samă de cuvinte [Works. The Chronicle of the Country of Moldavia and A Collection of Words], Ed. Gabriel Ștrempel. Bucharest: Editura Minerva. Papadima, Ovidiu. (2009). Anton Pann, „cântecul de lume” și folclorul Bucureștilor. Studiu istoric critic [Anton Pann, “the song of the world” and the folklore of Bucharest. Critical historical study] (Ioan Oprișan Ed.). Bucharest: Editura Saeculum I. O. Pașcanu, Alexandru. (1980). Despre instrumentele muzicale [About musical instruments]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală. Potra, George. (1936). “Despre țiganii domnești, mănăstirești și boierești” [About the Gypsies of rulers, monasteries and boyars] Revista Istorică Română, MCMXXXV VI, vol. V VI: 295-320. Bucharest. Potra, George. (2001). Contribuțiuni la istoricul țiganilor din România [Contributions to the history of Romanian Gypsies], ediție îngrijită și prefață de Ștefan Postelnicu. Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. Sachs, Curt. (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. Publishers. Sava, V. Aurel (1944). Documente privitoare la târgul și ținutul Orheiului [Documents regarding the burg and the land of Orhei]. Bucharest. Sinclair, A. T. (1908). “Gypsy and Oriental Musical Instruments” The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 21, No. 81, Apr. Sept.: 205-221. Székely, Maria Magdalena; Gorovei, Ștefan Sorin (1997). “Documente inedite de la Petru Rareș” [Unpublished documents from Peter Rareș] Revista Istorică, serie nouă, vol VIII, nr. 7 8: 503-515. Șaineanu, Lazăr. (1900a). Influenţa orientală asupra limbei şi culturei române. I. Introducerea. Limba-cultura-resultate-conclusiune-bibliografia [Oriental influence on the Romanian language and culture. I. Introduction. Language-culture-results-conclusion-bibliography]. Bucharest. Șaineanu, Lazăr. (1900b). Influența orientală asupra limbei și culture române. II. Vocabularul [Oriental influence on the Romanian language and culture. II. Vocabulary]. Bucharest. Ștefănescu, Ștefan; Diaconescu, Olimpia. (Ed.) (1985). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], B. Țara Românească, vol. VI (1566 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Urechiă, Vasile Alexandrescu (1893). Istoria Românilorǔ [History of the Romanians], series 1786 1800, vol III. Bucharest: Tipografia și Fonderia de Litere Thoma Basilescu. Vianu, Alexandru. (1956). “Considerații asupra caracterului activității administrației ruse în Țările Romîne (1769 1774)” [Considerations on the character of the activity of the Russian administration in the Romanian Principalities (1769 1774)] Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, vol. I: 233-244. Wilkinson, William. (1821). Tableau historique, géografique et politique de la Moldavie et de la Valachie [Historical, geographical and political picture of Moldavia and Wallachia], traduit de lʼAnglais. Paris. Zăloagă, Marian. (2015). Romii în cultura săsească în secolele al XVIII lea și al XIX lea [The Roma in Saxon culture in the 18th and 19th centuries]. Cluj Napoca: Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale. Zinveliu, Gemma. (1995). Fr. J. Sulzer în Dacia cisalpină și transalpină [Fr. J. Sulzer in cisalpine and transalpine Dacia], traducerea și îngrijirea ediției de Gemma Zinveliu. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor și Muzicologilor din România.
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 – 27, 30.06.2024
Eduard Rusu
https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1129926
Öz Kaynakça Achim, Viorel. (2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press. Babii, Victor. (2012). Studiu de organologie [Organology study], second edition. Chișinău. Bănescu, Nicolae. (1923). “Viața și opera lui Daniel (Dimitrie) Philipide” [The life and work of Daniel (Dimitrie) Philipide] Anuarul Institutului de Istorie Națională, vol. 2: 119-155. Bărbuceanu, Valeriu. (2014). Dicționar de instrumente muzicale [Dictionary of musical instruments]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală Grafoart. Bobulescu, Constantin (1922). Lăutarii noștri, din trecutul lor. Schiță istorică asupra muzicei noastre naționale corale cum și asupra altor feluri de muzici [Our fiddlers from their past. Historical sketch on our national choral music as well as on other kinds of music]. Bucharest: Tipografia “Națională” Jean Ionescu & Co. Bobulescu, Constantin. (1940). Lăutari și hori în pictura bisericilor noastre [Fiddlers and horas in the painting of our churches]. Bucharest. Boldea, Iulian. (2009). “Lirica românească premodernă. Poeții Văcărești” [Premodern Romanian poetry. Văcărești poets] Limba Română. Revistă de Știință și Cultură, nr. 5 6 (167 168): 37-45. Brâncuși, Petre. (1969). Istoria muzicii românești [The history of Romanian music]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din Republica Socialistă România. Breazul, George. (1966). Pagini din istoria muzicii românești [Pages from the history of Romanian music], vol. I. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din Republica Socialistă România. Can, Neșe. (2004). “Unutulan Sazımız Mıskal” [Our Forgotten Instrument Mıskal]: GÜ, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3): 193-206. Caproșu, Ioan. (Ed.) (2003). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], A. Moldova, vol. XXVI (1641 1642). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Caproșu, Ioan. (Ed.) (2008). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], A. Moldova, vol. VI, (1546 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Caproșu, Ioan; Ungureanu, Mihai-Răzvan, (Ed.) (1997a). “Tabla de scrisu târgului Iașii și a mahalalelor, 1774 iunie 5, din Recensământul populației Moldovei din anul 1774” [Chart of the burg Iași and the slums, June 5, 1774, from the Census of the population of Moldavia from 1774] Documente statistice privitoare la orașul Iași, vol. I (1755 1820): pp. 74-139. Iași: Editura Universității “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași. Caproșu, Ioan; Ungureanu, Mihai-Răzvan., (Ed.). (1997b). “Condica scriirii sufletilor și a familiilor a stării de gios din târgul Ieșii. 1808 iulie 15” [Register of souls and families from the bottom of the social hierarchy of Iași burg, July 5, 1808] Documente statistice privitoare la orașul Iași, vol. I (1755 1820): pp. 140-278. Iași: Editura Universității “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași. Cerne, Titus. (1904). “Lăutar” [Fiddler] Enciclopedia Română, Dr. C. Diaconovich, vol. III: 65. Sibiu: Editura și Tiparul lui W. Krafft. Chelcea, Ioan. (1944). Țiganii din România – monografie etnografică [Gypsies from Romania – ethnographic monograph]. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Central de Statistică. Cihodaru, Constantin; Caproșu, Ioan and Șimanschi, Leon. (Ed.) (1974). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], A. Moldova, vol. I (1384 1448). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Ciobanu, Gheorghe. (1974a). “Despre așa numita gamă țigănească” [About the so-called Gypsy key] Studii de etnomuzicologie și bizantinologie, vol. 1, pp. 83-104. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor. Ciobanu, Gheorghe. (1974b). “Legături folclorice muzicale ale popoarelor sud est europene” [Folk musical connections of the peoples of Southeast Europe] Studii de etnomuzicologie și bizantinologie, vol. 1, pp. 56-58. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor. Codrescu, Theodor. (1888). Uricarul sau colecțiune de diferite acte care pot servi la Istoria Românilor [Collection of different documents that can serve the History of Romanians], vol. X. Iassi. Codrescu, Theodor. (1892). Uricariul. Documente slavone publicate cu traducere și note de Gh. Ghibănescu [Collection of documents. Slavonic documents published with translation and notes by Gh. Ghibănescu], vol. XVIII. Iași. Cosma, Octavian-Lazăr. (1973). Hronicul muzicii românești. Volumul I. Epoca străveche, veche și medievală [Chronicle of Romanian music. Volume I. Ancestral, ancient and medieval times]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor. Cosma, Octavian-Lazăr. (1974). Hronicul muzicii românești 1784 1823 [Chronicle of Romanian music 1784 1823], vol. II. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor. Cosma, Viorel. (1970). Figuri de lăutari [Figures of fiddlers]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din R. P. R. Costăchescu, Mihai. (Ed.) (1933). Documente moldovenești dela Ștefan cel Mare [Moldovian documents from Stephen the Great]. Iași: Institutul de Arte Grafice “Brawo”. Cronț, Gheorghe; Constantinescu, Alxeandru and Popescu, Ancuța. & et al. (Ed.) (1973). Acte juridice din Țara Românească 1775 1781 [Legal documents from Wallachia 1775-1781]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. de Paula Bizonfy, F. (1886). Hungarian English Dictionary. Magyar angol szótár, second part. Budapest. Demian, Wilhelm. (1968). Teoria Instrumentelor [Instruments Theory]. Bucharest: Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. Dieaconu, Daniel. (2009). “Țiganii din spațiul românesc în Evul Mediu” [The Gypsies from the Romanian space in the Middle Ages] Historia, an IX, nr. 87: 17-22. Engel, Carl. (1874). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments in the South Kensington Museum, London, second edition. London: Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode. Falvy, Zoltan. (1987). “Middle East European Court Music (11 16th Centuries) (A Preliminary Survey)” Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, T. 29, Fasc. ¼: 63-105 Farmer, Henry George. (2000). “ʽŪd” [Lute] The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, (Ed.) P. J. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs, volume X, (T U), pp. 768-770. Leiden: Brill. Filimon, Nicolae. (1978). “Lăutarii și compozițiile lor” [Fiddlers and their compositions] Opere II, Ed. Mircea Anghelescu: pp. 265-271. Bucharest: Editura Minerva. Fotino, Dionisie. (2008). Istoria generală a Daciei sau a Transilvaniei, Țării Muntenești și a Moldovei [General history of Dacia or Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia] (George Sion Trans.). Bucharest: Editura Valahia. Garfias, Robert. (1981). “Survivals of Turkish Characteristics in Romanian Musica Lautareasca” Yearbook for Traditional Music, Vol. 13: 97-107. Ghenea, C. Cristian. (1965). Din trecutul culturii muzicale românești [From the past of the Romanian musical culture]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din R. P. R. Ghircoiașiu, Romeo. (1963). Contribuții la istoria muzicii românești [Contributions to the history of Romanian music]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor din R. P. R. Giurescu, Dinu. (1962). “Anatefterul. Condica de porunci a vistieriei lui Constantin Brâncoveanu” [Register. The order register form of Constantin Brâncoveanuʼs treasury] Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, V: 353-504. Györy, Ilona. (1902). “Hungarian Music of a Thounsand Years” Proceedings of the Musical Association, 29th Sess. (1902 1903):1-19. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1997). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. IX. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (2000). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. X, partea I. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. VIII. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul (Ed.) (2001). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. X, part II. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române. Holban, Maria; Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Maria Matilda and Cernovodeanu, Paul. (Ed.) (1973). Călători străini despre Țările Române [Foreign travellers about the Romanian Principalities], vol. V. Bucharest: Editura Științifică. Ionașcu, Ion; Lăzărescu-Ionescu, Lucian; Câmpina, Barbu & et al. (Ed.) (1951a). Documente privind Istoria României, veacul XVI [Documents on the History of Romania, 16th century] – A. Moldova, vol. II (1551 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. Ionașcu, Ion; Lăzărescu-Ionescu, Lucian; Câmpina, Barbu & et al. (Ed.) (1951b). Documente privind Istoria României, veacul XVI [Documents on the History of Romania, 17th century] – B. Țara Românească, vol. III (1551 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. Iorga, Nicolae. (1904). Studii și documente cu privire la Istoria Romînilor [Studies and documents on the History of the Romanians], vol. VI, part II. Bucharest. Kogălniceanu, Mihail. (1946). “Esquisse sur lʼhistoire, les moeurs et la langue des cigains, connus en France sous le nom de bohémiens” [Sketch on the history, customs and language of the cigans, known in France as bohemians] Opere, vol I, Scrieri Istorice, ediție critică adnotată cu o introducere și note de Andrei Oțetea, pp. 557-610. Bucharest: Fundația Regală pentru Literatură și Artă. Mioc, Damaschin; Caracaș, Sașa and Bălan, Constantin (Ed.) (1974). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], B. Țara Românească, vol. XXIV (1633 1634). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Neculce, Ioan. (1982). Opere. Letopisețul Țării Moldovei și O samă de cuvinte [Works. The Chronicle of the Country of Moldavia and A Collection of Words], Ed. Gabriel Ștrempel. Bucharest: Editura Minerva. Papadima, Ovidiu. (2009). Anton Pann, „cântecul de lume” și folclorul Bucureștilor. Studiu istoric critic [Anton Pann, “the song of the world” and the folklore of Bucharest. Critical historical study] (Ioan Oprișan Ed.). Bucharest: Editura Saeculum I. O. Pașcanu, Alexandru. (1980). Despre instrumentele muzicale [About musical instruments]. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală. Potra, George. (1936). “Despre țiganii domnești, mănăstirești și boierești” [About the Gypsies of rulers, monasteries and boyars] Revista Istorică Română, MCMXXXV VI, vol. V VI: 295-320. Bucharest. Potra, George. (2001). Contribuțiuni la istoricul țiganilor din România [Contributions to the history of Romanian Gypsies], ediție îngrijită și prefață de Ștefan Postelnicu. Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche. Sachs, Curt. (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. Publishers. Sava, V. Aurel (1944). Documente privitoare la târgul și ținutul Orheiului [Documents regarding the burg and the land of Orhei]. Bucharest. Sinclair, A. T. (1908). “Gypsy and Oriental Musical Instruments” The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 21, No. 81, Apr. Sept.: 205-221. Székely, Maria Magdalena; Gorovei, Ștefan Sorin (1997). “Documente inedite de la Petru Rareș” [Unpublished documents from Peter Rareș] Revista Istorică, serie nouă, vol VIII, nr. 7 8: 503-515. Șaineanu, Lazăr. (1900a). Influenţa orientală asupra limbei şi culturei române. I. Introducerea. Limba-cultura-resultate-conclusiune-bibliografia [Oriental influence on the Romanian language and culture. I. Introduction. Language-culture-results-conclusion-bibliography]. Bucharest. Șaineanu, Lazăr. (1900b). Influența orientală asupra limbei și culture române. II. Vocabularul [Oriental influence on the Romanian language and culture. II. Vocabulary]. Bucharest. Ștefănescu, Ștefan; Diaconescu, Olimpia. (Ed.) (1985). Documenta Romaniae Historica [Documents of the History of Romania], B. Țara Românească, vol. VI (1566 1570). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. Urechiă, Vasile Alexandrescu (1893). Istoria Românilorǔ [History of the Romanians], series 1786 1800, vol III. Bucharest: Tipografia și Fonderia de Litere Thoma Basilescu. Vianu, Alexandru. (1956). “Considerații asupra caracterului activității administrației ruse în Țările Romîne (1769 1774)” [Considerations on the character of the activity of the Russian administration in the Romanian Principalities (1769 1774)] Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, vol. I: 233-244. Wilkinson, William. (1821). Tableau historique, géografique et politique de la Moldavie et de la Valachie [Historical, geographical and political picture of Moldavia and Wallachia], traduit de lʼAnglais. Paris. Zăloagă, Marian. (2015). Romii în cultura săsească în secolele al XVIII lea și al XIX lea [The Roma in Saxon culture in the 18th and 19th centuries]. Cluj Napoca: Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale. Zinveliu, Gemma. (1995). Fr. J. Sulzer în Dacia cisalpină și transalpină [Fr. J. Sulzer in cisalpine and transalpine Dacia], traducerea și îngrijirea ediției de Gemma Zinveliu. Bucharest: Editura Muzicală a Uniunii Compozitorilor și Muzicologilor din România. Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil İngilizce Konular Müzik Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Eduard Rusu Opera Națională Română din Iași 0000-0002-5731-6802 Romania
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster APA Rusu, E. (2024). Fiddlers and Their Music in Romanian Principalities, from the Beginnings until the Nineteenth century: Artistic Aspects. Musicologist, 8(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.33906/musicologist.1129926
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