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Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 52, 264 – 284, 30.06.2024
Adnan Arslan
Öz This study aims to criticize the poetry of al-Mutanabbi, a prominent figure of the Abbasid period Arabic poetry, in terms of literary arts in his childhood and early youth. In this way, it seeks to illuminate how the experiences and emotions of al-Mutanabbi’s youth are reflected in his poetry, the nature of his use of language, theme and style, and where he stands within the cultural and social context of his time, as well as the influence of previous literary heritage and other poets on his pre-maturity poetry. The article examines how al-Mutanabbi’s poetry in his youth laid the foundation for his mature works and contributed to his literary development. It is observed that the majority of academic studies on al-Mutanabbi do not focus much on his pre-maturity period. However, it has been determined that the poems written by the poet during his childhood and early youth also have aspects worthy of artistic criticism. Therefore, this point constitutes the importance and originality of the study. Content analysis was adopted as the method of the study. From this point of view, the poems were first analyzed in terms of declarative arts. The poet’s applications of metaphor and simile, which we find particularly successful, were selected and literary arts were analyzed through the commentaries of these couplets. In order to emphasize the critical aspect of the study, the poet’s unsuccessful examples of metaphor and simile were criticized. As far as we can see, al-Mutanabbi’s poems in this period contain forms of expression that do not seek the level he reached in his maturity. In these couplets, examples of which are given in this study, the signs and indications of the poet’s literary genius are strongly felt. By using these arts successfully, the poet expresses abstract concepts and emotions in a concrete way, touching the emotional world of the reader. Deep and layered meanings are hidden in the poet’s successful examples of metaphor. On the other hand, there are some examples of simile and metaphor that show that the poet has not yet reached maturity, and his expressions are weak, unqualified and disturbing to literary sensibility. In this study, the poet’s poems of this period are also analyzed in terms of the arts such as tehallus, hüsn-ü hatime, etc. The poet lived in a period when the Arabs were influenced by the philosophical knowledge and cultural heritage of other nations. It has been determined that this influence manifested itself in the form of philosophical and wisdom tendencies in the poet’s early poems. Such couplets are analyzed under a separate heading in this study. al-Mutanabbi’s couplets, which we find quite inadequate and unsuccessful when compared to the poems of his maturity period, are discussed separately under a separate heading. Under another heading, which we cover extensively in the study, the poet’s exaggerated narratives are analyzed. Here we focus on couplets that suggest that the poet was prone to exaggeration from his childhood. One of the most important findings of the study is that al-Mutanabbi was aware from his childhood that he would become a great poet. He was conscious of his literary talent and could not help boasting of his megalomaniacal level in many of his poems. From this point of view, it can be said that the poet began his literary life as someone who exalted his own self to this extent and pushed his potential to become the best poet to the limit with the motivation given by overconfidence.
Anahtar Kelimeler Arabic rhetoric, Arabic poetry, al-Mutanabbi, Abbasid poetry, Eulogy
Kaynakça Abdulazîz, İlhâm. “el-İstiâre ve’t-temâsuku’n-nassî diâsetun fî kasîdeti’l-Mutenebbî dayfun elemme bi-ra’sî”. Mecelltu Kulliyyeti Dâri’l-Ulûm 65/1 (2024), 171-232. Acat, Mehmet Emin. “Kemâl ve Bekâ Peşinde: İbn Sînâ’nın Aşkın Mahiyeti Hakkında Risalesi Bağlamında Bir Çözümleme”. Journal of Islamic Research 34/3 (2023), 633-647. Alevî, Ebû İdrîs el-İmâm el-Müeyyed-Billâh Yahyâ b. Hamza b. Alî b. İbrâhîm el-Hüseynî. eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin li-esrâri’l-belâġa. 3 Cilt. Beyrut: Mektebetu’l-Unsuriyye, 1423. Alyân, Mustafâ. Sîygatu’l-mubâlağa fî şi´ri’l-Mutenebbî. Ürdün: Haşimiyye Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Ensitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2015. Arûd, Züheyr Muhammed İkâb. el-Hazfu fî şi‘ri Ebi’t-Tayyib el-Mutenebbî. Yermük: Yermük Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2005. Atîk, Abdulaziz. İlmu’l-beyân. Beyrut: Dâru‟n-Nahda, 1982. Aydın, Hasan. Mitos’tan Logos’a Eski Yunan Felsefesinde Aşk. İstanbul: 7 Renk Basım Yayın 2013. 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Fârih, Muhammed. the Metaphor and its Pilgrim Effect in the Poetry of Abu al-Tayeb al-Mutanabi -an Argumentative, Deliberative Approach. Mecelletu’l-Mevrûs 9/2 (2021), 327-335. Gânim, Rulâ Hâlid Muhammed. el-Âhâr fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî. Filistin: Necah Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2010. Haddâd, Melike Ali Kâzım. Serikâtu’l-Mutenebbî fi’n-nakdi’l-Arabiyyi’l-kadîm. Kûfe: Kûfe Universitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002. Hamed, Muhammed Ahmed Surûr. Nûnâ’t-te’kîd fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî. Sudan: Ummu Durmân Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ts. Hüseyin, Tâhâ. Ma´al-Mutenebbî. Birleşik Krallık: Muessesetu Hindâvî, 2013. İbn Asâkir, Ebü’l-Kāsım Alî b. el-Hasen b. Hibetillâh b. Abdillâh. Târîhu Dimeşk. thk. Muhibbuddîn Ebû Saîd. 80 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1415/1995. İbn Cinnî, Ebü’l-Feth Osmân el-Mevsılî el-Bağdâdî. Fesrü şiʿri’l-Mütenebbî. thk. Ridâ Recep. Dimeşk: Dâru’l-Yenâbî´, ts. İbn Fâris, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Ahmed, Mekâyîsu’l-luğa. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed. 6 Cilt. 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Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma Yıl 2024, Sayı: 52, 264 – 284, 30.06.2024
Adnan Arslan
Öz Bu çalışmada, Abbasi dönemi Arap şiirinin öne çıkan ismi Mütenebbî’nin (ö. 354/965) çocukluk ve erken gençlik döneminde söylediği şiirlerinin edebi sanatlar açısından eleştirisi amaçlanmıştır. Bu suretle, Mütenebbi’nin gençlik yıllarında edindiği deneyimlerin ve duyguların şiirlerine nasıl yansıdığı, onun dil, tema ve üslup kullanımının niteliği ve çağının kültürel ve toplumsal bağlamı içinde nerede durduğu, onun olgunluk öncesi şiirlerinde, önceki edebi mirasın ve diğer şairlerin etkileri gibi hususlar aydınlatılmak istenmiştir. Makalede, Mütenebbi’nin gençlik yıllarındaki şiirlerinin onun olgunluk dönemi eserlerine nasıl bir temel oluşturduğu ve onun edebi gelişimine nasıl katkı sağladığı incelenmiştir. Mütenebbî üzerine yapılan akademik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğunun olgunluk öncesi döneme çok eğilmediği görülmektedir. Hâlbuki şairin çocukluk ve erken gençlik döneminde kaleme aldığı şiirlerin de sanatsal açıdan kritiğe değer yönleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu nokta, çalışmanın önem ve özgünlüğünü teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak içerik analizi benimsenmiştir. Buradan hareketle önce şiirlerin beyan sanatları açısından tahlili yapılmıştır. Şairin özellikle başarılı bulduğumuz istiare ve teşbih uygulamaları seçilmiş ve bu beyitlerin şerhleri üzerinden edebi sanatlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın eleştirel yönünün ön plana çıkarılması amacıyla şairin başarısız bulunan istiare ve teşbih örneklerinin kritiği yapılmıştır. Görüldüğü kadarıyla Mütenebbî’nin bu dönemde söylediği şiirlerinde olgunluk döneminde yakaladığı seviyeyi aratmayacak nitelikte ifade biçimleri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada örneklerine yer verdiğimiz bu beyitlerde şairin edebi bir dehaya sahip olduğunun alamet ve işaretleri kendini güçlü bir şekilde hissettirmektedir. Şair, bu sanatları başarılı bir şekilde kullanmakla soyut kavramlar ve duyguları somut bir şekilde ifade eder, okuyucunun duygusal dünyasına dokunur. Şairin başarılı bulduğumuz istiare örneklerinde, derinlikli ve katmanlı anlamlar saklıdır. Bunun dışında bazı teşbih ve istiare örneklerinde de şairin henüz olgunluğa ermediğini gösteren zayıf, niteliksiz ve edebi duyarlılığı rahatsız edecek türden ifadeleri vardır. Çalışmada şairin bu döneme ait şiirleri; tehallus, hüsn-ü hatime vb. sanatlar açısından da incelenmiştir. Şair, Arapların diğer milletlerin felsefi birikim ve kültürel miraslarından etkilendiği bir dönemde yaşamıştır. İşbu etkinin şairin erken dönem şiirlerinde felsefî ve hikemî eğilimin şeklinde tezahür ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu türden beyitler çalışmada ayrı bir başlık halinde incelenmiştir. Mütenebbî’nin olgunluk dönemi şiirlerine kıyaslandığında oldukça yetersiz ve başarısız bulduğumuz beyitleri müstakil bir başlık altında ayrıca ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada geniş bir şekilde yer verdiğimiz diğer bir başlık altında şairin abartılı anlatımları incelenmiştir. Burada şairin abartılı anlatımlarda epey bir aşırıya kaçmaya çocukluğundan itibaren yatkın olduğu düşüncesini uyandıran beyitler üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın en önemli bulgularından birisi olarak şu tespit edilmiştir ki Mütenebbî, küçüklüğünden itibaren büyük bir şair olacağının farkındadır. İçindeki edebi melekenin bilincinde olmuş ve pek çok şiirinde megaloman düzeyde iftihar etmekten kendini alamamıştır. Buradan hareketle, şairin kendi benliğini bu derecede yüceltmiş biri olarak edebi hayatına başladığı ve aşırı özgüvenin verdiği motivasyonla en iyi şair olma potansiyelini sonuna kadar zorladığı söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Arap dili belagati, Arap şiiri, Mütenebbî, Abbasi şiiri, Methiye.
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Fârih, Muhammed. the Metaphor and its Pilgrim Effect in the Poetry of Abu al-Tayeb al-Mutanabi -an Argumentative, Deliberative Approach. Mecelletu’l-Mevrûs 9/2 (2021), 327-335. Gânim, Rulâ Hâlid Muhammed. el-Âhâr fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî. Filistin: Necah Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2010. Haddâd, Melike Ali Kâzım. Serikâtu’l-Mutenebbî fi’n-nakdi’l-Arabiyyi’l-kadîm. Kûfe: Kûfe Universitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2002. Hamed, Muhammed Ahmed Surûr. Nûnâ’t-te’kîd fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî. Sudan: Ummu Durmân Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ts. Hüseyin, Tâhâ. Ma´al-Mutenebbî. Birleşik Krallık: Muessesetu Hindâvî, 2013. İbn Asâkir, Ebü’l-Kāsım Alî b. el-Hasen b. Hibetillâh b. Abdillâh. Târîhu Dimeşk. thk. Muhibbuddîn Ebû Saîd. 80 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1415/1995. İbn Cinnî, Ebü’l-Feth Osmân el-Mevsılî el-Bağdâdî. Fesrü şiʿri’l-Mütenebbî. thk. Ridâ Recep. Dimeşk: Dâru’l-Yenâbî´, ts. İbn Fâris, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Ahmed, Mekâyîsu’l-luğa. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed. 6 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1399/1979. İbn Hallikân, Ebü’l-Abbâs Şemsüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed. Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ve enbâʾü ebnâʾi’z-zamân mimmâ s̱ebete bi’n-naḳl evi’s-semâʿ ev es̱betehü’l-ʿayân, thk. İhsân Abbâs. Beyrut: Dâru Sâdir, ts. İbn Kayyım, Ebû Abdillâh Şemsüddîn el-Cevziyye. Muhammed Ravżatü’l-muḥibbîn ve nüzhetü’l-müştâḳīn. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kutubi’l-İlmiyye, 1403/1983. İbn Kuteybe, Ebû Muhammed Abdullāh b. Müslim. Teʾvîlü müşkili’l-Ḳurʾân. thk. İbrahim Şemsuddîn. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kutubi’l-İlmiyye, ts. İbn Manzûr, Ebü’l-Fazl Cemâlüddîn Muhammed b. Mükerrem. Lisânu’l-Arab. 15 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru Sâdir, 1414. Kalkaşendî, Ebü’l-Abbâs Şihâbüddîn Ahmed b. Ali. Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ fî ṣınâʿati’l-inşâʾ. 14 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kutubi’l-İlmiyye, 1407/1987. Kudâî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Selâme b. Ca’fer b. Alî b. Hakmûn. Müsnedu’ş-Şihâb el-Kudâî. thk. Hamdî b. Abdulhamîd. 2 Cilt. Beyrut: Muessesetu’r-Risâle, 1407/1986. Maarrî, Ebü’l-Alâ’ Ahmed b. Abdillâh b. Süleymân. Risâletu’l-gufrân. Birleşik Krallık: Muessesetu Hindâvî, 2013. Mahmûd Şakir, Muhammed. Kitâbu’l-Mütenebbî. Kahire: Şeriketu’l-Kuds, 1977. Medverî, Sâmiye. Şi‘ru’l-Hıkme beyne’r-ru’yeti’l-felsefiyye ve’l-melfûzu’n-nefsî inde’l-Mutenebbî. Cezayir: Akîd el-Hâc Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009-2010. Mukallid, Tahâ Abdulfettâh. Fennu’l-ilkâ. B.y.: Mektebetu’l-Faysaliyye, ts Mütenebbî, Ebü’t-Tayyib Ahmed b. el-Hüseyn b. el-Hasen b. Abdissamed el-Cu‘fî el-Kindî. Dîvânu’l-Mutenebbî. Beyrut: Dâru Beyrut, 1403/1983. Nüveyrî, Ebü’l-Abbâs Şihâbüddîn. Nihâyetü’l-ereb fî fünûni’l-edeb. 33 Cilt. Kahire: Dâru’l-Kutub ve’-Vesâik, 1423. Ömeroğlu, Elif Nur. “Metindilbilim Açısından el-Mütenebbî’nin Aḥyâ ve Eyser İsimli Kasidesinin Analizi”. Istanbul Journal of Arabic Studies (ISTANBULJAS) 6/1 (2023), 37-59. Sâlih, Bilâl Mahmûd Ya’kûb. el-İğtirâb fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî. Amman: Haşimi Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2004. Sâlihî, İbrâhîm. et-Ta´rîd fî medâihi’l-Mutenebbî’l-Kâfûriyye. Biskra: Muhammed Khider Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008-2009). Sâlihî, İbrâhîm. et-Ta’rîd fî medâihi’l-Mutenebbî. Cezayir: Muhammed Haydar Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008-2009. Seâlibî, Ebû Mansûr Abdülmelik b. Muhammed b. İsmâîl. Ebü’ṭ-Ṭayyib el-Mütenebbî ve mâ lehû ve mâ ʿaleyh, thk. Muhammed Muhyiddîn Abdülhamîd. Kahire: Mektebetu Huseyn et-Ticâriyye, ts Sekkâkî, Ebû Ya‘kūb Sirâcüddîn Yûsuf b. Ebî Bekr. Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kutubi’l-İlmiyye, 1407/1987. Sumeyye, Muveylih. “The Manifestations of the Artistic Image in the Praise of Al-Mutanabbi – Metaphor and Analogy as a Example”. Meceletu’l-Kâri’ di’d-dirâsâti’l-edebiyye 5/2 (2022), 263-276. Sübkî, Ebû Hâmid Bahâüddîn Ahmed b. Alî b. Abdilkâfî. ʿArûsü’l-efrâḥ fî şerḥi Telḫîṣi’l-Miftâḥ. thk. Adülhamîd Hindâvî. 2 Cilt. Beyrut: Mektebetu’l-Asriyye, 1423/2003. Şâir, Mûsâ. “et-Tasgîr fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî”. Mecelletu Mecmai’l-Lugati’l-Arabiyyeti’l-Urdunî 23-24 (Haziran 1984), 39-65. Şefîka, Umrâvî. Tecelliyâtü kasîdeti’l-medhi fî şi‘ri’l-Mutenebbî: Dirâsetün fenniyyetün cemâliyye. Ümmü’l-Bevâkî: el-Arabî b. Muheydi Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013. Tehânevî, Muhammed A‘lâ b. Ali b. Muhammed Hâmid b. Muhammed Sâbir el-Ömerî el-Fârûkī. Keşşâfü ıstılâhâti’l-fünûn ve’l-ulûm. thk. Ali Dahrûc. 2 Cilt. Beyrut: Mektebetu Lubnân, 1996. Vâhidî, Nîsâbûrî Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Ahmed b. Muhammed. Şerḥu Dîvâni’l-Mütenebbî. Beyrut: Dâru’r-Râidi’l-Arabî, 1419/1999. Zehebî, Ebû Abdillâh Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. Siyeru a‘lâmi’n-nübelâ. Kahire: Dâru’l-Hadîs, 1427/2006. Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Arap Dili ve Belagatı Bölüm Research Article Yazarlar Adnan Arslan BİLECİK ŞEYH EDEBALİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İSLAMİ İLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-3989-6612 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Nisan 2024 Kabul Tarihi 6 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 52
Kaynak Göster APA Arslan, A. (2024). Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (52 ), 264-284. AMA Arslan A. Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2024;(52):264-284. Chicago Arslan, Adnan. “Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 52 (Haziran 2024): 264-84. EndNote Arslan A (01 Haziran 2024) Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52 264–284. IEEE A. Arslan, “Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 52, ss. 264–284, Haziran 2024. ISNAD Arslan, Adnan. “Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 52 (Haziran 2024), 264-284. JAMA Arslan A. Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi . 2024;:264–284. MLA Arslan, Adnan. “Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 52, 2024, ss. 264-8. Vancouver Arslan A. Arap Şairi Mütenebbî’nin İlk Şiirlerindeki Edebi Sanat Düzeyi Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Okuma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024(52):264-8.
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