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Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 120 – 155, 30.06.2024
Hatice Keleş
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1420334
Öz The reform that took place in the 16th century was a movement made after Martin Luther claimed that he opposed the authority of the Catholic Church in the Christian world and that regulations should be made regarding the management of the Christian world. The Reformation movement is a historical event that affected not only Christians living in Europe but also all citizens, regardless of religion and race, socially, economically and religiously. Jewish communities, especially those living in Europe, were also affected by the reform process. The Christianization policy that Catholics pursued against the Jews for centuries was not fully successful. Luther also pointed out that Jews have always been an issue on the agenda of the Christian world. Luther’s hostile statements and attitudes towards the Jews are a known fact. However, his policy of tolerance towards the Jews in the work he wrote in 1523 led to him being criticized by other reformers and Catholics for supporting the Jews. For centuries Jews were accepted as the murderers of Jesus Christ. In addition, accusations made against Jews such as ritual murders, poisoning, disrespect towards the owner and burning down houses further increased the hostility against them. What needs to be taken into consideration here is the claim that the hostility towards Jews actually originates from the Jews. Namely, the fact that the Jews clearly revealed their hostility towards Christianity in their rabbinic literature increased the negative attitudes and discourses against them. In addition, the fact that prayers based on taking revenge on Christians are made in their rituals, that Christians are cursed, and that these discourses and provocations are written not only in prayers but also in poems and prayer books are the lightest evidence that defines their hostility towards Christians. Luther, on the other hand, stated that Jews should be treated tolerantly in his work written in 1523. With this work, he stated that the papacy and Christians spread lies about them, accused them of shedding Christian blood, and did not treat them like humans. That’s why he said that they were not Christians and never would be. He also stated that it was Christians who forced them into usury because they did not allow them to practice ordinary professions. He claimed that these pressures and prohibitions on Jews prevented them from approaching Christianity, and suggested that Christians and Jews could be brought closer to the Bible by ensuring that they had positive social and economic relationships in daily life. On the other hand, his work in 1543, in which he wrote hostile and insulting discourses against the Jews, has a meaning that is exactly the opposite of his work in 1523. With this work, he states that Jews have been raised since childhood as enemies of Jesus Christ and that they are trying to destroy Christians. He states that he wrote this work to warn all Christians to be alert against these enemies. In these statements, he includes insulting statements against Jews like Jews do not see people other than themselves as humans; that they still carry the mentality of the chosen people and pose a threat to Christians and other humanity. This change in Luther’s attitude was shown as his policy to make his reform successful. It is claimed by some historians that his hostile attitude towards them, with insulting expressions, paved the way for violent acts against the Jews. In this study, it is examined what Luther aimed to do with his two important works, That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and On the Jews and Their Lies, which express the policy of tolerance he implemented towards the Jews and his anti-Semitism in a way opposite to this policy in the last years of his life, whether or not he achieved his goal, and the criticisms and evaluations made about these two works.
Anahtar Kelimeler History of Religions, Martin Luther, Reformation, Christians, Jews
Kaynakça Bodian. Miriam. “Jews in a Divided Christendom”. A Companion to the Reformation World. ed. R. Po-Hsia. 471-483. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Chadwick. Owen. The Early Reformation on the Continent. New York: Clarendon Press, 2001. Deutsch. Yaacov. “Von Der Iuden Ceremonien: Representations of Jews in Sixteenth Century Germany”. Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century. ed. Dean Philip Bell. Eiden Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Durrant. Jonathan B. Witchcraft, Gender and Society in Early Modern Germany. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2007. Durant. Will. The Reformation. The Story of Civilization. Chicago: World Library, 1994. Grell. Peter Ole. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Hamm. Berndt. The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2004. Hamm. Berndt. “Tolerance and Heresy: Martin Bucer’s Radical New Definition of Christian Fellowship”. Politics and Reformations: Histories and Reformation. ed. Christopher Ocker, Michael Printy, Peter Starenco, Peter Wallece. 269- 291. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2007. Hendrix. Scott H. “Luther”. The Cambridge Companion Reformation Theology. ed. David Bagchi, David Steinmetz. 39-56. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. James Maxwell Anderson. Daily Life During The Reformation. Santa Barbara California: Greenwood Press, 2011. Johnson. Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. çev. Filiz Orman. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2008. Kaufmann. Thomas. Luther’s Jews. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Kaufmann. Thomas. “Luther and the Jews”. Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century Germany. ed. Dean Philip Bell, Stephen G. Burnett, 69-104. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003. Luther. Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies 1543, Medieval Sorcebook. West Virginia: Liberty Bell Publication, 2004. Luther. Martin. “That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew 1523”. Luther’s Work, 45 the Christian Society. trans. Walther I. Brandt, ed. Walther I. Brandt. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1962. McGrath. Alister. The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformatio. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2. Basım, 2004. Oberman. Heiko. “The Travail of Tolerance: Containing Chaos in Early Modern Europe”. Tolerance and İntolerance in the European Reformation. ed. Ole Peter Grell, Bob Scribner. 13-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Raisanen. Heikki. “A Controversial Jew and His Conflicting Convictions”. Redefining First Century Jewish and Christian Identities. ed. Fabian E. Udoh. 319-335. Notre Dame Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. Reventlow. Henning Graf. History of Biblical Interpretation, Reneissance, Reformation, Humanism. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010. Saari-Aaron. Peggy- Saari. Maurice. Renaissance and Reformation Primary Sources. Michigan: Thomson Gale Press, 2002. Schöner. Petra. “Visual Representations of Jews and Judaism”. Jews, Judaism, and The Reformation in Sixteenth Century Germany. 26. ed. Dean Philip Bell, Stephen G. Burnett. 357-391. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Temiztürk. Halil. “Osmanlı, İran ve Diyalog Perspektifinden Anabaptistler ve Hristiyan-Müslüman İlişkileri”. Eskiyeni 40 (Mart 2020). https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.667827. Vandiver. Elizabeth vd. Luther’s Lives. Manchester New York: Manchester University Press, 2002. Witte. John. Law and Protestantism, The Legal Teachings of the Lutheran Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 120 – 155, 30.06.2024
Hatice Keleş
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1420334
Öz 16. yüzyılda meydana gelen reform, Martin Luther’in Katolik Kilisesinin Hıristiyan dünyasındaki otoritesine karşı çıktığını ve Hıristiyan dünyasını yönetim konusunda düzenlemelerin yapılması gerektiğini iddia etmesi üzerine yapılan bir harekettir. Reform hareketi sadece Avrupa’da yaşayan Hıristiyanları değil, dini ve ırkı ne olursa olsun bütün vatandaşları sosyal, ekonomik ve dini yönden etkileyen tarihi bir olaydır. Özellikle Avrupa’da yaşayan Yahudi toplulukları da reform sürecinden etkilenen kesim olmuştur. Yüzyıllar boyunca Katoliklerin Yahudiler üzerinde sürdürdüğü Hıristiyanlaştırma politikası tam anlamıyla başarılı da olamamıştır. Luther de Yahudilerin her zaman Hıristiyan dünyasının gündeminde olan bir konu olduğuna dikkat çekmiştir. Luther’in Yahudiler hakkında düşmanca söylemleri ve tavırları bilinen bir gerçektir. Ancak bununla birlikte 1523 yılında yazdığı eserle Yahudilere karşı hoşgörü politikası sergilemesi, diğer reformcular ve Katolikler tarafından Yahudileri desteklediğine dair eleştirilere maruz kalmasına yol açmıştır. Çünkü Yahudiler, İsa Mesih’in katilleri olarak kabul edilmişlerdir. Ayrıca ritüel cinayetleri, zehirleme, ev sahibine karşı saygısızlık-evleri yakmaları gibi Yahudiler üzerine atılan suçlamalar, onlara karşı düşmanlığı daha da arttırmıştır. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken durum, Yahudiler üzerine yapılan düşmanlığın aslında Yahudilerden kaynaklanmış olduğu iddiasıdır. Şöyle ki Yahudilerin, kendilerine ait olan rabbinik literatürlerinde Hıristiyanlığa karşı düşmanlıklarını açıkça ortaya koymaları, onlara karşı olumsuz tavırları ve söylemleri arttırmıştır. Ayrıca ritüellerinde Hıristiyanlardan intikam alma temelli duaların yapılması, Hıristiyanların lanetlenmesi, bu söylemlerin ve kışkırtmaların sadece dualarda değil, şiirlerde ve dua kitaplarında da yazılı bir halde geçmesi, onların Hıristiyan düşmanlığını tanımlayan en hafif kanıtlardır. Luther ise 1523 yılında yazdığı eser ile Yahudilere karşı hoşgörülü davranılması gerektiğini ifade etmiştir. Bu eser ile papalığın ve Hıristiyanların onlar hakkında yalanlar yaydıklarını, onları Hıristiyan kanı akıtmakla suçladıklarını ve onlara insan gibi davranmadıklarını belirtmiştir. Bu yüzden de onların Hıristiyan olmadıklarını ve asla olmayacaklarını söylemiştir. Ayrıca sıradan meslekleri icra etmelerine izin vermedikleri için onları tefeciliğe zorlayanların da Hıristiyanlar olduklarını ifade etmiştir. Yahudiler üzerinde uygulanan bu baskı ve yasaklamaların onların Hıristiyanlığa yaklaşmasının önüne geçtiğini öne sürmüş, günlük yaşamda sosyal ve ekonomik yönden Hıristiyan ve Yahudilerin pozitif ilişkiler içerisinde olmalarının sağlanması ile onların İncil’e yaklaştırılabileceğini önermiştir. Buna karşılık 1543’te Yahudilere karşı düşmanca ve hakaret dolu söylemlerini kaleme aldığı eseri ise onun 1523’teki eserinin tam zıddını oluşturan bir anlam içermektedir. Bu eseriyle Yahudilerin İsa Mesih düşmanı olarak çocukluktan beri yetiştirildiklerini ve Hıristiyanları yok etmeye çalıştıklarını belirtir. Bu eserini de bütün Hıristiyanları bu düşmanlara karşı tetikte olmaları adına uyarmak için yazdığını ifade eder. Bu eserinde Yahudilere karşı hakaret dolu ifadelere yer verir. Yahudilerin kendileri dışındaki insanları, insan olarak görmediklerini; seçilmiş halk zihniyetini hala taşıyarak Hıristiyanlara ve diğer insanlığa karşı tehdit oluşturduklarını açıklar. Luther’in tavırlarındaki bu değişiklik, onun reformunu başarıya ulaştırmak adına uyguladığı politika olarak gösterilmiştir. Düşmanca tavrını onlara karşı hakaret dolu ifadelerle yapmasının, bazı tarihçiler tarafından Yahudilere yönelik şiddet eylemlerinin artmasına zemin oluşturduğu iddia edilir. Bu çalışmada Luther’in, Yahudiler üzerine uyguladığı hoşgörü politikasını ifade eden That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew ve yaşamının son dönemlerinde bu politikanın tam zıttı bir şekilde Yahudi düşmanlığını ifade eden On the Jews and Their Lies adındaki iki önemli eseri ile ne amaçladığı, amacına ulaşıp ulaşmadığı ve bu iki eser hakkında yapılan eleştiriler ve değerlendirmeler üzerine durulmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dinler Tarihi, Martin Luther, Reform, Hıristiyanlar, Yahudiler.
Anahtar Kelimeler Dinler Tarihi, Martin Luther, Reform, Hristiyanlar, Yahudiler
Kaynakça Bodian. Miriam. “Jews in a Divided Christendom”. A Companion to the Reformation World. ed. R. Po-Hsia. 471-483. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Chadwick. Owen. The Early Reformation on the Continent. New York: Clarendon Press, 2001. Deutsch. Yaacov. “Von Der Iuden Ceremonien: Representations of Jews in Sixteenth Century Germany”. Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century. ed. Dean Philip Bell. Eiden Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Durrant. Jonathan B. Witchcraft, Gender and Society in Early Modern Germany. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2007. Durant. Will. The Reformation. The Story of Civilization. Chicago: World Library, 1994. Grell. Peter Ole. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Hamm. Berndt. The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2004. Hamm. Berndt. “Tolerance and Heresy: Martin Bucer’s Radical New Definition of Christian Fellowship”. Politics and Reformations: Histories and Reformation. ed. Christopher Ocker, Michael Printy, Peter Starenco, Peter Wallece. 269- 291. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2007. Hendrix. Scott H. “Luther”. The Cambridge Companion Reformation Theology. ed. David Bagchi, David Steinmetz. 39-56. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. James Maxwell Anderson. Daily Life During The Reformation. Santa Barbara California: Greenwood Press, 2011. Johnson. Paul. Yahudi Tarihi. çev. Filiz Orman. İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları, 2008. Kaufmann. Thomas. Luther’s Jews. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Kaufmann. Thomas. “Luther and the Jews”. Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century Germany. ed. Dean Philip Bell, Stephen G. Burnett, 69-104. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003. Luther. Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies 1543, Medieval Sorcebook. West Virginia: Liberty Bell Publication, 2004. Luther. Martin. “That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew 1523”. Luther’s Work, 45 the Christian Society. trans. Walther I. Brandt, ed. Walther I. Brandt. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1962. McGrath. Alister. The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformatio. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2. Basım, 2004. Oberman. Heiko. “The Travail of Tolerance: Containing Chaos in Early Modern Europe”. Tolerance and İntolerance in the European Reformation. ed. Ole Peter Grell, Bob Scribner. 13-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Raisanen. Heikki. “A Controversial Jew and His Conflicting Convictions”. Redefining First Century Jewish and Christian Identities. ed. Fabian E. Udoh. 319-335. Notre Dame Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2008. Reventlow. Henning Graf. History of Biblical Interpretation, Reneissance, Reformation, Humanism. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010. Saari-Aaron. Peggy- Saari. Maurice. Renaissance and Reformation Primary Sources. Michigan: Thomson Gale Press, 2002. Schöner. Petra. “Visual Representations of Jews and Judaism”. Jews, Judaism, and The Reformation in Sixteenth Century Germany. 26. ed. Dean Philip Bell, Stephen G. Burnett. 357-391. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2006. Temiztürk. Halil. “Osmanlı, İran ve Diyalog Perspektifinden Anabaptistler ve Hristiyan-Müslüman İlişkileri”. Eskiyeni 40 (Mart 2020). https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.667827. Vandiver. Elizabeth vd. Luther’s Lives. Manchester New York: Manchester University Press, 2002. Witte. John. Law and Protestantism, The Legal Teachings of the Lutheran Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Dinler Tarihi Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Hatice Keleş Bayburt Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi 0000-0002-6984-0732 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 21 Mart 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 22
Kaynak Göster APA Keleş, H. (2024). Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi (22 ), 120-155. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1420334 AMA Keleş H. Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi. Haziran 2024;(22):120-155. doi:10.18498/amailad.1420334 Chicago Keleş, Hatice. “Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, sy. 22 (Haziran 2024): 120-55. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1420334. EndNote Keleş H (01 Haziran 2024) Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 22 120–155. IEEE H. Keleş, “Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi , sy. 22, ss. 120–155, Haziran 2024, doi: 10.18498/amailad.1420334. ISNAD Keleş, Hatice. “Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 22 (Haziran 2024), 120-155. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1420334. JAMA Keleş H. Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi . 2024;:120–155. MLA Keleş, Hatice. “Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, sy. 22, 2024, ss. 120-55, doi:10.18498/amailad.1420334. Vancouver Keleş H. Martin Luther’in Yahudiler Hakkındaki Söylemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi. 2024(22):120-55.
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