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The History of the Alevis in Germany, which Began in 1961 Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 2, 1 – 18, 30.06.2024
Bülent Keleş
Öz Alevis gained social visibility with the urbanisation process that started in the 1950s. With the labour migration abroad, thousands of Turks who had never seen the city turned to European countries in the hope of economic prosperity. Alevis are one of the groups affected by labour migration to Europe. Alevis were hesitant to express their Alevism until the 1980s. In Germany, the first institutionalisation in the 80s took place on the axis of religious identity. The initiative to establish the “Association for the Promotion of Hacı Bektaş Veli Culture in Cologne and its Surroundings”, which started in 1984, was formalised in 1987 and then associations were opened in other cities under the leadership of “dedes”. However, the “Alevi Cultural Centres” established after the “Alevi Culture Week” in 1989 were organised by Alevis with political identities. In our article, the history of Alevis in Germany, which is divided into “dede-centred” and “culture-centred”, has been examined in general terms and an attempt has been made to evaluate it in a way to shed light on the history of Alevis in the modern period. In our study, in which we applied the qualitative research method of social sciences, phenomenological approach was preferred as a design. Participant observation and interview methods were also utilised.
Anahtar Kelimeler Alevis, Germany, Immigration, Migration, Alevi Institutionalisation
Kaynakça Abadan-Unat, N. (2002). Bitmeyen göç konuk işçilikten ulus ötesi yurttaşlığa. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Abadan-Unat, N. vd. (ts.) Göç ve gelişme uluslararası işgücü göçünün Boğazlıyan ilçesi üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin bir araştırma (Ü. Oskay Çev.). Ajans – Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii. Abadan-Unat, N. (1972). Türkiye’nin dış göç akımı ve sosyal hareketlilik. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27/04, 17-52. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000001171 Abdullah, M. S. (1981). Geschichte des Islam in Deutschland. Verlag Styria. Aydemir, A. & Elçioğlu, İ. (1993, Şubat). Alevi Birlikleri Federasyonu bildirisi. Mürşid, (10), 23-25. Aksünger, H. (2013). Gemeinschaftsbildung und Integration. Die Aleviten in Deutschland und den Niederlanden. G. Schultze – D. Thränhardt (Ed.), Migrantenorganisationen, Engagement, Transnationalität und Integration (42-54) içinde. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Altıntaş, İ. (2008). 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(Ed.), Deutsch-türkische Beziehungen: Historische, sektorale und migrationsspezifische Aspekte. (579-610) içinde. Peter Lang, 1. Auflage. Dettling, W. (2006). Das Religionsverständnis der anatolischen Aleviten in Deutschland. [Dissertazione per il Dottorato, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi] Pontıfıcıa Unıversıtà Gregorıanafacoltà Dı Mıssıologıa Gelekçi, C. & Köse, A. (2011). Misafir işçilikten etnik azınlığa Belçika’daki Türkler. Phoenix Yayınevi. Gül, Z. (1995) Yol muyuz, yolcu mu? Alevi örgütlenmesi nasıl başladı, nasıl gelişti ve nereye gidiyor. Emek Druckerei, Gülçiçek, A. R. (2018). Sınırları aşan mücadelem, Karacaören-Köln-Ankara. İtalik Kitapları. Güler, S. (2008). Aleviliğin siyasal örgütlenmesi: Modernleşme, çözülme ve Türkiye Birlik Partisi. Dipnot Yayınları. Gümüş, B. (2005). Alevi hareketleri ve değişen Alevilik üzerine. İ. Engin – H. Engin (Ed.), Alevilik. (507-529) içinde. İnsan ve Toplum Dizisi 19. Kitap Yayınevi. Kaplan, İ. (2009). Alevice, inancımız ve direncimiz. Almanya Alevi Birlikleri Federasyonu Yayınları. Kaplan, İ. (2002 Ekim). Yeni tüzük oybirliği ile kabul edildi…. Alevilerin Sesi (58), 42-43. Karaboğa Duman, Ö. (2018). Almanya’da yaşayan Alevi göçmenler (Tez No. 503517) [Yüksek Lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Kaya, A. (2006). Almanya’daki Türkler ve Türkiye’deki Almanlar – Göçün sebepleri ve uyum sorunları. Almanya’daki Türkler: İki ülkedeki beklentiler (81-94) içinde. http://www.konrad.org.tr/Migration%20tr/081-094.pdf Kaya, A. vd. (2008). Fransa-Türkleri: Cumhuriyetçi entegrasyon Modelinin Eleştirisi. Entegrasyonun ötesinde Türkye’den Fransa’ya göç ve göçmenlik halleri (35-72). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kaya, A. – Kentel, F. (2008). Belçika Türkleri Türkiye ve Avrupa arasında köprü mü engel mi? (Suna Gökçe Çev.) İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kehl-Bodrogi, K. (2006). Von der kultur zur religion Alevitische Identitätspolitik in Deutschland. Max Planck Institute For Social Antrhropologz Working Papers (84), 1-20. Kehl-Bodrogi, K. (2002). Was du auch suchst, such es in dir selbst! Aleviten (nicht nur) in Berlin. Die Ausländerbeauftragte des Senats. Keleş, B. (2021). Almanya’da Alevilerin kurumsallaşma süreci. (Tez No. 685429) [ Doktora tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Keleş, B. (2012). Almanya’da İslam ve Müslümanlar “Bavyera örneği”. (Tez No. 330134) [Yüksek Lisans tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Keleş, B. (2022). Bir Alevi partisi olarak Türkiye Birlik Partisi’nin Almanya yansıması: Yurtseverler Birliği Federasyonu – YBF. Ö. Özdemir (Ed.), Uluslararası Hünkâr Hacı Bektaş Veli ve Birlikte Yaşama Kültürü Bilgi Şöleni Bildiriler Kitabı (533-557) içinde. Türk Ocakları Eskişehir Şubesi. Keleş, B. (2021 Aralık). Die institutionalisierung Der Aleviten in Deutschland. Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24, 3-46. https://doi.org/10.24082/2021.24 Klausen, J. (2008). İslamı yeniden düşünmek Batı Avrupa’da siyaset ve din. (Mahmut Aydın Çev.). Liberte Yayınları. Kutlu, K. (1991). Yâsı Matem ve Muharrem Orucu üzerine. Gerçek İlim Dergisi, 23-24, 8-10. Laschet, A. (2020, Aralık 10). Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts an die Alevitische Gemeinde Deutschland, Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Verleihung der Rechte einer Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts an die Alevitische Gemeinde Deutschland mit Sitz in Köln. Körperschaftsstatusgesetz Vorlage 17/4227. Massicard, É. (2007). Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya Alevi hareketinin siyasallaşması. (Ali Berktay Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. Muckel, S. (2004, Nisan 14). Ist die Alevitische Gemeinde Deutschland e.v. eine Religionsgemeinschaft? Rechtsgutachten. Gutachten. Köln: Instituts für Kirchenrecht und rheinische Kirchenrechtsgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. Instituts für Kirchenrecht und rheinische Kirchenrechtsgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. Öcalan, A. (1995 Mart). Kürdistan’da ulusal kurtuluşçuluk ve Alevilik. Kızılbaş, (5), 23-31. Öcalan, A. (1995 Mayıs). Kürdistan’da ulusal kurtuluşçuluk ve Alevilik – II. Kızılbaş, (6), 17-23. Özbaş, M. D. (ed.) (1999). Onların öyküsü, Hamburg Alevi Kültür Merkezi Tarihi. Hamburg Alevi Kültür Merkezi-Alevitisches Kulturzentrum Hamburg e.v. Özbek, Y. (2012). Misafir İşçi’den (gastarbeiter) Alman Türkler’e (Deutschtürken) Almanya’ya Emek Göçü’nün tarihi. Ü. Özbir Fındıkçıoğlu – E. Z. Güler (Ed.), (13-28) içinde. Almanya’ya Emek Göçü, Bir Bavul, Umut ve Hayalleriyle Çıktılar Yola. Türkiye Yazıları 10. Yazılama Yayınevi. Öztoprak, H. (2012). Kur’an’da hikmet tarihte hakikat ve Kur’an’da hikmet İncil’de hakikat. Demos Yayınları Perşembe, E. (2005). Almanya’da Türk kimliği din ve entegrasyon. Araştırma Yayınları. Savaşan, M. (1991a). Kerbelâ mahşeri günü. Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (23-24), 11,12. Savaşan, M. (1991b). Kerbelâ mahşeri günü. Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (27-28), 21. Savaşan, M. (1992). Kerbelâ mahşeri günü. Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (31-32), 19-21, 23. Schührer, S. (2018). Türkeistämmige Personen in Deutschland, Erkenntnisse aus der Repräsentativuntersuchung "Ausgewählte Migrantengruppen in Deutschland 2015" (RAM). Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Sökefeld, M. (2002). Alevi Dedes in the German Diaspora: The Transformation of a Religious Institution. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 127, 163-186. https://doi.org/10.5282/UBM/EPUB.21872 Sökefeld, M. (2003, Spring-Fall). Alevis in Germany the politics of recognition. New Perspektives on Türkiye, 28-29, 133-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600006142 Sökefeld, M. (2015). Almanya’da Aleviler; Takiyeden Alevi hareketine. Y. Çakmak – İ. Gürtaş (Ed.), Kızılbaşlık, Alevilik, Bektaşilik Tarih-Kimlik-İnanç Ritüel (397-422) içinde. İletişim Yayınları. Sökefeld, M. (2008). Einleitung: Aleviten in Deutschland – von takiye zur alevitischen Bewegung. M. Sökefeld (Ed.), Aleviten in Deutschland, İdentitätsprozesse einer Religionsgemeinschaft in der Diaspora. (7-36) içinde. transcript Verlag. Sökefeld, M. (2003). ‘Wir sind auch da!’ Aleviten in Hamburg und der Kampf um Anerkennung. A. Eder (Ed.), Wir sind auch da! über das Leben von und mit Migranten in europäischen Grossstädten. 14/243-265. Forum Zeitgeschichte. Dölling und Galitz, 1. Aufl. Spuler-Stegeman, U. (2003 Temmuz) Ist die Alevitische Gemeinde Deutschland e.V. eine Religionsgemeinschaft? Religionswissenschaftliches Gutachten. Gutachten. Marburg: Ministerium für Schule, Jugend und Kinder des Landes NordrheinWestfalen, Temmuz 2003. Ministerium für Schule, Jugend und Kinder des Landes NordrheinWestfalen. Spuler-Stegeman, U. (2002). Muslime in Deutschland Informationen und Klärungen. Herder, Orginalausgabe. Şen, F. & Aydın, H. (2002). Islam in Deutschland. Verlag C.H. Beck, Originalausgabe. Şener, C. & İlknur, M. (1995). Kırklar meclisinden günümüze Alevi örgütlenmeleri: Şeriat ve Alevilik. ANT Yayınları. Tosun, H. (2002). Alevi kimliğiyle yaşamak. Can Yayınları.. Tur, S. D. (2016). Avrupa’da ilk Alevi yapılanmasının tarihi gerçekleri ve Seyit Derviş Tur’un hatıraları. İtimat Ofset Matbaa. Wunn, I. (2007). Muslimische gruppierungen in Deutschland. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer GmbH. Yavuz, M. H. (2008). Modernleşen Müslümanlar: Nurcular, Nakşiler, Milli görüş ve AK Parti. (Ahmet Yıldız Çev.). Kitap Yayınevi. Yüreklik, G. (1992, Temmuz). Berlin’de Alevi haftası. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. Alevi Birlikleri Federasyonu 3. genel kurulunu yaptı. (Temmuz 1992). Mürşid, (7), 21. Alevi Heyeti Türkiye’deydi!. (Nisan 1992). Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (33-34), 3. Alevilik Bildirgesi. (Mayıs 1989). Hamburg Alevi Kültür Grubu. Birlik Partisi III. Büyük Kongresi, Ankara, 27-28 Kasım 1971. (1971). Gutenberg Matbaası. Kur’an-ı Kerim Meâli (2008). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. 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1961’de Başlayan Alevilerin Almanya Tarihi Yıl 2024, Sayı: 2, 1 – 18, 30.06.2024
Bülent Keleş
Öz Alevilerin toplumsal görünürlük kazanması 1950’lilerde başlayan kentleşme süreciyle gerçekleşmiştir. Yurtdışı işgücü göçüyle birlikte şehir yüzü görmemiş binlerce Türk, ekonomik refah umuduyla, Avrupa ülkelerine yönelmiştir. Avrupa’ya yönelen işgücü göçünden etkilenen kesimlerden biri de Alevilerdir. Aleviler, 1980’li yıllara kadar Aleviliklerini ifade etmekte çekimser davranmışlardır. Almanya’da, 80’li yıllarda ilk kurumsallaşma, dini kimlik ekseninde gerçekleşmiştir. 1984’te başlanan “Köln ve Çevresi Hacı Bektaş Veli Kültürünü Tanıtma Derneği” kurma girişimi, 1987’de resmileşmiş ve ardından diğer şehirlerde de “dedeler” öncülüğünde dernekler açılmıştır. Ancak 1989’daki “Alevi Kültür Haftası” sonrası kurulan “Alevi Kültür Merkezileri” politik kimlikli Alevilerce örgütlenmiştir. Makalemizde “dede merkezci” ve “kültür merkezci” olarak ayrılan Alevilerin Almanya tarihi, genel hatlarıyla incelenmiş ve Alevilerin modern dönem tarihine ışık tutacak şekilde değerlendirmeye gayret gösterilmiştir. Sosyal bilimlerin Nitel araştırma yöntemini uyguladığımız çalışmamızda, desen olarak fenomenolojik yaklaşım tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcı gözlem ve görüşme yönteminden de istifade edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Aleviler, Almanya, Göç, Uyum, Alevi Kurumsallaşması
Etik Beyan hazırladığım makalenin bizzat tarafımdan ve kendi sözcüklerimle yazılmış orijinal bir çalışma olduğunu ve bu tezde; 1- Çeşitli yazarların çalışmalarından faydalandığımda bu çalışmaların ilgili bölümlerini doğru ve net biçimde göstererek yazarlara açık biçimde atıfta bulunduğumu; 2- Yazdığım metinlerin tamamı ya da sadece bir kısmı, daha önce herhangi bir yerde yayımlanmışsa bunu da açıkça ifade ederek gösterdiğimi; 3- Başkalarına ait alıntılanan tüm verileri (tablo, grafik, şekil vb. de dahil olmak üzere) atıflarla belirttiğimi; 4- Başka yazarların kendi kelimeleriyle alıntıladığım metinlerini, tırnak içerisinde veya farklı dizerek verdiğim yine başka yazarlara ait olup fakat kendi sözcüklerimle ifade ettiğim hususları da istisnasız olarak kaynak göstererek belirttiğimi, beyan ve bu etik ilkeleri ihlal etmiş olmam halinde bütün sonuçlarına katlanacağımı kabul ederim.
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Almanya Alevi Birlikleri Federasyonu Yayınları. Kaplan, İ. (2002 Ekim). Yeni tüzük oybirliği ile kabul edildi…. Alevilerin Sesi (58), 42-43. Karaboğa Duman, Ö. (2018). Almanya’da yaşayan Alevi göçmenler (Tez No. 503517) [Yüksek Lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Kaya, A. (2006). Almanya’daki Türkler ve Türkiye’deki Almanlar – Göçün sebepleri ve uyum sorunları. Almanya’daki Türkler: İki ülkedeki beklentiler (81-94) içinde. http://www.konrad.org.tr/Migration%20tr/081-094.pdf Kaya, A. vd. (2008). Fransa-Türkleri: Cumhuriyetçi entegrasyon Modelinin Eleştirisi. Entegrasyonun ötesinde Türkye’den Fransa’ya göç ve göçmenlik halleri (35-72). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kaya, A. – Kentel, F. (2008). Belçika Türkleri Türkiye ve Avrupa arasında köprü mü engel mi? (Suna Gökçe Çev.) İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Kehl-Bodrogi, K. (2006). Von der kultur zur religion Alevitische Identitätspolitik in Deutschland. 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Instituts für Kirchenrecht und rheinische Kirchenrechtsgeschichte der Universität zu Köln. Öcalan, A. (1995 Mart). Kürdistan’da ulusal kurtuluşçuluk ve Alevilik. Kızılbaş, (5), 23-31. Öcalan, A. (1995 Mayıs). Kürdistan’da ulusal kurtuluşçuluk ve Alevilik – II. Kızılbaş, (6), 17-23. Özbaş, M. D. (ed.) (1999). Onların öyküsü, Hamburg Alevi Kültür Merkezi Tarihi. Hamburg Alevi Kültür Merkezi-Alevitisches Kulturzentrum Hamburg e.v. Özbek, Y. (2012). Misafir İşçi’den (gastarbeiter) Alman Türkler’e (Deutschtürken) Almanya’ya Emek Göçü’nün tarihi. Ü. Özbir Fındıkçıoğlu – E. Z. Güler (Ed.), (13-28) içinde. Almanya’ya Emek Göçü, Bir Bavul, Umut ve Hayalleriyle Çıktılar Yola. Türkiye Yazıları 10. Yazılama Yayınevi. Öztoprak, H. (2012). Kur’an’da hikmet tarihte hakikat ve Kur’an’da hikmet İncil’de hakikat. Demos Yayınları Perşembe, E. (2005). Almanya’da Türk kimliği din ve entegrasyon. Araştırma Yayınları. Savaşan, M. (1991a). Kerbelâ mahşeri günü. Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (23-24), 11,12. 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Şener, C. & İlknur, M. (1995). Kırklar meclisinden günümüze Alevi örgütlenmeleri: Şeriat ve Alevilik. ANT Yayınları. Tosun, H. (2002). Alevi kimliğiyle yaşamak. Can Yayınları.. Tur, S. D. (2016). Avrupa’da ilk Alevi yapılanmasının tarihi gerçekleri ve Seyit Derviş Tur’un hatıraları. İtimat Ofset Matbaa. Wunn, I. (2007). Muslimische gruppierungen in Deutschland. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer GmbH. Yavuz, M. H. (2008). Modernleşen Müslümanlar: Nurcular, Nakşiler, Milli görüş ve AK Parti. (Ahmet Yıldız Çev.). Kitap Yayınevi. Yüreklik, G. (1992, Temmuz). Berlin’de Alevi haftası. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. Alevi Birlikleri Federasyonu 3. genel kurulunu yaptı. (Temmuz 1992). Mürşid, (7), 21. Alevi Heyeti Türkiye’deydi!. (Nisan 1992). Gerçek İlim Dergisi, (33-34), 3. Alevilik Bildirgesi. (Mayıs 1989). Hamburg Alevi Kültür Grubu. Birlik Partisi III. Büyük Kongresi, Ankara, 27-28 Kasım 1971. (1971). Gutenberg Matbaası. Kur’an-ı Kerim Meâli (2008). Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. Gerçek İlim’in dernekler arasında ortaklaşa çıkarılması memnunluk yaratıyor!. (Eylül 1993). Gerçek İlim Dergisi, 4. Konferans. Mürşid, (14), 23. MHP-ADÜTDF Maraş katliamının hesabı sorulsun yürüyüşlerine katıl. (Aralık 1979). HBF Haberleri 1, 8. Şinasi Koç’u kalbimize gömdük. (Mayıs). Gerçek İlim Özel Sayı, 1-4. Türkiye ve Almanya’daki Alevi derneklerince hükümet yetkililerine sunulan rapor. (Mayıs 1992). Mürşid, (6), 5. Yurtsever adaylarımızla halkımızın huzurundayız. (Eylül 1979). Yurtsever Birlik, (4-5), 4-5. Yurtseverler tiyatroda başarılıydı. (Şubat 1982). Yurtsever Birlik, (1), 12-13. Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil İngilizce Konular Alevilik Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Bülent Keleş Grundschule Goldbach 0000-0002-5397-7478 Germany
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Nisan 2024 Kabul Tarihi 11 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 2
Kaynak Göster APA Keleş, B. (2024). The History of the Alevis in Germany, which Began in 1961. SÜREK Alevilik – Bektaşilik Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi (2 ), 1-18.
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