Expression of IL-8 Gene in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Leucocytes Fed with Uryani plum (Prunus domestica) Extract

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 – 8, 30.06.2024

Nazlı Ceren Akman Elif Melisa Yilmaz Kaan Karaali Soner Bilen

https://doi.org/10.61262/vetjku.1481672

Öz

Aim to study: In the present study, interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene expression was determined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after treatment with uryani plum (Prunus domestica) extract.
Material and methods: Fish leucocyte was stimulated with plum extract at the rate of 0 (control), 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml. Cells were collected at 1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours of the study and IL-8 gene expression was determined in each group.
Results: The result showed an increase in IL-8 expression in all experimental groups compared to the control at the end of the study.
Conclusion: The results suggested that uryani plum (Prunus domestica) extract could activate immune responses of rainbow trout head kidney leukocytes in rainbow trout.

Anahtar Kelimeler

IL-8, İmmune response, Fish, Prunus domestica, Gene expression

Etik Beyan

This study was approved by the Kastamonu University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (KUHADYEK-14.12.2020-2020.35).

Kaynakça

  • Abarca, A., Bethke, J., Narváez, E., Flores, R., & Mercado, L. (2012). Parameters to evaluate the immunostimulant effect of Zymosan A in head kidney leucocytes (HKL) of salmonids. Latin american journal of aquatic research, 40(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/103856/vol40-issue3-fulltext-4.
  • Ali, G. A. M., Bilen, S., & Güney, K. (2022). Growth promoter, immunostimulant and antioxidant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) extract. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(1), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1063278.
  • Almabrok, A. A., Amhamed, I. D., Mohamed, G. A., Bilen, S., & Altief, T. A. S. (2018). Effect of Tilia tomentosa methanolic extract on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune response and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.421047.
  • Altunoglu, Y. C., Bilen, S., Ulu, F., & Biswas, G. (2017). Immune responses to methanolic extract of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 67, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.002.
  • Awad, E., Mitchell, W. J., & Austin, B. (2011). Effect of dietary supplements on cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of fish diseases, 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01271.x.
  • Bilen, S., Ali, G. A. M., Amhamed, I. D., & Almabrok, A. A. (2021b). Modulatory effects of laurel-leaf cistus (Cistus laurifolius) ethanolic extract on innate immune responses and disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 116, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001.
  • Bilen, S., Filogh, A. M., Ali, A. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N., & Zoral, M. A. (2020). Effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, haemotological and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture International, 28, 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00444-9.
  • Bilen, S., Ispir, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Taştan, Y., Güney, K., & Terzi, E. (2021a). Effects of Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa) extract on immune responses and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Fish Diseases, 44(6), 729-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13293.
  • Bilen, S., Kızak, V., & Bilen, A. M. (2013). Floating fish farm unit (3FU). Is it an appropriate method for Salmonid production? Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001
  • Bilen, S., Ünal, S., & Güvensoy, H. (2016). Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 454,90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.010.
  • Elbesthi, R. T. A., Özdemir, K. Y., Taştan, Y., Bilen, S., & Sönmez, A. Y. (2020). Effects of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) extract on blood parameters, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46, 1295-1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00790-z.
  • FAO (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en.
  • Fierro-Castro, C., Barrioluengo, L., López-Fierro, P., Razquin, B. E., Carracedo, B., & Villena, A. J. (2012). Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of pro-inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants. Fish & shellfish immunology, 33(2), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.019.
  • Galeotti, M. (1998). Some aspects of the application of immunostimulants and a critical review of methods for their evaluation. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 14(3‐4), 89-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb0064 1.x.
  • Hooshmand, S., Kumar, A., Zhang, J. Y., Johnson, S. A., Chai, S. C., & Arjmandi, B. H. (2015). Evidence for anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of dried plum polyphenols in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Food & function, 6(5), 1719-1725. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO00173K.
  • Jimenez, N., Coll, J., Salguero, F. J., & Tafalla, C. (2006). Co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine, 24(27-28), 5615-5626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.061.
  • Kendrick, A. A., Holliday, M. J., Isern, N. G., Zhang, F., Camilloni, C., Huynh, C., Vendruscolo, M., Armstrong, G. & Eisenmesser, E. Z. (2014). The dynamics of interleukin‐8 and its interaction with human CXC receptor I peptide. Protein Science, 23(4), 464-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2430.
  • Lakwani, M. A., Kenanoğlu, O. N., Taştan, Y., & Bilen, S. (2021). Effects of black mustard (Brassica nigra) seed oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 53, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15577.
  • Midtlyng, P. J., Hendriksen, C., Balks, E., Bruckner, L., Elsken, L., Evensen, Ø., Fyrand, K., Guy, A., Halder, M., Hawkins, P., Kisen, G., Romstad, A. B., Salonius, K., Smith, P. & Sneddon, L. U. (2011). Three Rs approaches in the production and quality control of fish vaccines. Biologicals, 39(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.02.001.
  • Mulero, V., Esteban, M. A., Munoz, J., & Meseguer, J. (1998). Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune response and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 8(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1997.0119.
  • Picchietti, S., Bernini, C., Belardinelli, M. C., Ovidi, E., Taddei, A. R., Guerra, L., Abelli, L., Fausto, A. M. (2013). Immune modulatory effects of Aloe arborescens extract on the piscine SAF-1 cell line. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(5), 1335-1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.019.
  • Reverter, M., Sarter, S., Caruso, D., Avarre, J. C., Combe, M., Pepey, E., Pouyaud, L., Vega-Heredia, S., Gozlan, R. E. (2020). Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance. Nature communications, 11(1), 1870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15735-6
  • Salem, M. O. A., Taştan, Y., Bilen, S., Terzi, E., & Sönmez, A. Y. (2022). Effects of white mustard (Sinapis alba) oil on growth performance, immune response, blood parameters, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 131, 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.006.
  • Schmittgen, T. D., & Livak, K. J. (2008). Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nature protocols, 3(6), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.73.
  • Schnell, S., Kawano, A., Porte, C., Lee, L. E., & Bols, N. C. (2009). Effects of ibuprofen on the viability and proliferation of rainbow trout liver cell lines and potential problems and interactions in effects assessment. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 24(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20410.
  • Sigh, J., Lindenstrøm, T., & Buchmann, K. (2004). Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish & shellfish immunology, 17(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2003.12.005.
  • Sönmez, A. Y., Bilen, S., Taştan, Y., Serag, K. J. B., Toring, C. C., Romero, J. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N., & Terzi, E. (2021). Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 117, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.020.
  • Terzi, E., Kucukkosker, B., Bilen, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Corum, O., Özbek, M., & Parug, S. S. (2021). A novel herbal immunostimulant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 110, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.019.
  • Thanigaivel, S., Chandrasekaran, N., Mukherjee, A., & Thomas, J. (2016). Seaweeds as an alternative therapeutic source for aquatic disease management. Aquaculture, 464, 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.001.
  • Wang, G. L., Wang, M. C., Zhang, X. W., Chang, M. X., Xie, H. X., & Nie, P. (2017). Molecular cloning, biological effect, and tissue distribution of interleukin-8 protein in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuasti) upon Flavobacterium columnare infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 66, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.016.
  • Yin, G., Jeney, G., Racz, T., Xu, P., Jun, X., & Jeney, Z. (2006). Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 253(1-4), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.038.
  • Zanuzzo, F. S., Biller-Takahashi, J. D., & Urbinati, E. C. (2012). Effect of Aloe vera extract on the improvement of the respiratory activity of leukocytes of matrinxa during the transport stress. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41, 2299-2302.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012010 00023.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 – 8, 30.06.2024

Nazlı Ceren Akman Elif Melisa Yilmaz Kaan Karaali Soner Bilen

https://doi.org/10.61262/vetjku.1481672

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abarca, A., Bethke, J., Narváez, E., Flores, R., & Mercado, L. (2012). Parameters to evaluate the immunostimulant effect of Zymosan A in head kidney leucocytes (HKL) of salmonids. Latin american journal of aquatic research, 40(3), 545-552. https://doi.org/103856/vol40-issue3-fulltext-4.
  • Ali, G. A. M., Bilen, S., & Güney, K. (2022). Growth promoter, immunostimulant and antioxidant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) extract. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 11(1), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1063278.
  • Almabrok, A. A., Amhamed, I. D., Mohamed, G. A., Bilen, S., & Altief, T. A. S. (2018). Effect of Tilia tomentosa methanolic extract on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, immune response and haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 7(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.421047.
  • Altunoglu, Y. C., Bilen, S., Ulu, F., & Biswas, G. (2017). Immune responses to methanolic extract of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 67, 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.002.
  • Awad, E., Mitchell, W. J., & Austin, B. (2011). Effect of dietary supplements on cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of fish diseases, 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01271.x.
  • Bilen, S., Ali, G. A. M., Amhamed, I. D., & Almabrok, A. A. (2021b). Modulatory effects of laurel-leaf cistus (Cistus laurifolius) ethanolic extract on innate immune responses and disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 116, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001.
  • Bilen, S., Filogh, A. M., Ali, A. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N., & Zoral, M. A. (2020). Effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, haemotological and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture International, 28, 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00444-9.
  • Bilen, S., Ispir, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Taştan, Y., Güney, K., & Terzi, E. (2021a). Effects of Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa) extract on immune responses and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Fish Diseases, 44(6), 729-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13293.
  • Bilen, S., Kızak, V., & Bilen, A. M. (2013). Floating fish farm unit (3FU). Is it an appropriate method for Salmonid production? Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 2(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001
  • Bilen, S., Ünal, S., & Güvensoy, H. (2016). Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 454,90-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.010.
  • Elbesthi, R. T. A., Özdemir, K. Y., Taştan, Y., Bilen, S., & Sönmez, A. Y. (2020). Effects of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) extract on blood parameters, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 46, 1295-1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00790-z.
  • FAO (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en.
  • Fierro-Castro, C., Barrioluengo, L., López-Fierro, P., Razquin, B. E., Carracedo, B., & Villena, A. J. (2012). Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of pro-inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants. Fish & shellfish immunology, 33(2), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.019.
  • Galeotti, M. (1998). Some aspects of the application of immunostimulants and a critical review of methods for their evaluation. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 14(3‐4), 89-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb0064 1.x.
  • Hooshmand, S., Kumar, A., Zhang, J. Y., Johnson, S. A., Chai, S. C., & Arjmandi, B. H. (2015). Evidence for anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of dried plum polyphenols in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Food & function, 6(5), 1719-1725. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO00173K.
  • Jimenez, N., Coll, J., Salguero, F. J., & Tafalla, C. (2006). Co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine, 24(27-28), 5615-5626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.061.
  • Kendrick, A. A., Holliday, M. J., Isern, N. G., Zhang, F., Camilloni, C., Huynh, C., Vendruscolo, M., Armstrong, G. & Eisenmesser, E. Z. (2014). The dynamics of interleukin‐8 and its interaction with human CXC receptor I peptide. Protein Science, 23(4), 464-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2430.
  • Lakwani, M. A., Kenanoğlu, O. N., Taştan, Y., & Bilen, S. (2021). Effects of black mustard (Brassica nigra) seed oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 53, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15577.
  • Midtlyng, P. J., Hendriksen, C., Balks, E., Bruckner, L., Elsken, L., Evensen, Ø., Fyrand, K., Guy, A., Halder, M., Hawkins, P., Kisen, G., Romstad, A. B., Salonius, K., Smith, P. & Sneddon, L. U. (2011). Three Rs approaches in the production and quality control of fish vaccines. Biologicals, 39(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.02.001.
  • Mulero, V., Esteban, M. A., Munoz, J., & Meseguer, J. (1998). Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune response and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 8(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1997.0119.
  • Picchietti, S., Bernini, C., Belardinelli, M. C., Ovidi, E., Taddei, A. R., Guerra, L., Abelli, L., Fausto, A. M. (2013). Immune modulatory effects of Aloe arborescens extract on the piscine SAF-1 cell line. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(5), 1335-1344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.019.
  • Reverter, M., Sarter, S., Caruso, D., Avarre, J. C., Combe, M., Pepey, E., Pouyaud, L., Vega-Heredia, S., Gozlan, R. E. (2020). Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance. Nature communications, 11(1), 1870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15735-6
  • Salem, M. O. A., Taştan, Y., Bilen, S., Terzi, E., & Sönmez, A. Y. (2022). Effects of white mustard (Sinapis alba) oil on growth performance, immune response, blood parameters, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 131, 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.006.
  • Schmittgen, T. D., & Livak, K. J. (2008). Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nature protocols, 3(6), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.73.
  • Schnell, S., Kawano, A., Porte, C., Lee, L. E., & Bols, N. C. (2009). Effects of ibuprofen on the viability and proliferation of rainbow trout liver cell lines and potential problems and interactions in effects assessment. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 24(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20410.
  • Sigh, J., Lindenstrøm, T., & Buchmann, K. (2004). Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during an infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish & shellfish immunology, 17(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2003.12.005.
  • Sönmez, A. Y., Bilen, S., Taştan, Y., Serag, K. J. B., Toring, C. C., Romero, J. B., Kenanoğlu, O. N., & Terzi, E. (2021). Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 117, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.020.
  • Terzi, E., Kucukkosker, B., Bilen, S., Kenanoglu, O. N., Corum, O., Özbek, M., & Parug, S. S. (2021). A novel herbal immunostimulant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 110, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.019.
  • Thanigaivel, S., Chandrasekaran, N., Mukherjee, A., & Thomas, J. (2016). Seaweeds as an alternative therapeutic source for aquatic disease management. Aquaculture, 464, 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.001.
  • Wang, G. L., Wang, M. C., Zhang, X. W., Chang, M. X., Xie, H. X., & Nie, P. (2017). Molecular cloning, biological effect, and tissue distribution of interleukin-8 protein in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuasti) upon Flavobacterium columnare infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 66, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.016.
  • Yin, G., Jeney, G., Racz, T., Xu, P., Jun, X., & Jeney, Z. (2006). Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 253(1-4), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.038.
  • Zanuzzo, F. S., Biller-Takahashi, J. D., & Urbinati, E. C. (2012). Effect of Aloe vera extract on the improvement of the respiratory activity of leukocytes of matrinxa during the transport stress. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41, 2299-2302.https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012010 00023.

Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)
BölümResearch Articles
Yazarlar

Nazlı Ceren Akman ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0009-0009-5271-6346 Türkiye

Elif Melisa Yilmaz YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, YILDIZ VOCATIONAL SCHOOL 0009-0004-0254-5845 Türkiye

Kaan Karaali YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 0009-0007-7218-0337 Türkiye

Soner Bilen KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-9459-8178 Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi11 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi27 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APAAkman, N. C., Yilmaz, E. M., Karaali, K., Bilen, S. (2024). Expression of IL-8 Gene in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Leucocytes Fed with Uryani plum (Prunus domestica) Extract. Veterinary Journal of Kastamonu University, 3(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.61262/vetjku.1481672

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