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Zorlu Yaşam Olaylarını Anlamlandırmada Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar ve Din Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 181 – 207, 30.06.2024
Muharrem Aka
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07
Öz Zorlu yaşam olayları insanı bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal olarak etkileyen travmatik olaylardır. Bu tür yaşantıları tecrübe etmiş bireylerin psikolojik tepkilerini anlamın yollarından biri bu insanların dünya ile ilgili temel varsayımlarını ve bu olayların varsayımları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Travmatik yaşantılara sahip mağdurlar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar, insanların genellikle sorgulanmayan varsayımlara sahip olduğu ve bunlara göre düşünce ve davranışlarını şekillendirdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Travmatik olaylar, bireylerin sahip olduğu bu varsayımların sarsılmasına neden olduğu gibi bu inançların doğasını ortaya çıkaracak özelliklere sahiptir. ‘Parçalanmış Varsayımlar Modeli’ insanların temel inançlarını açıklamaya yönelik kuramsal bir çerçeve sunmaya çalışmıştır. Bu modele göre insanlar ‘dünyanın iyiliği’, ‘dünyanın anlamlılığı’ ve ‘kendilik değeri’ olarak temelde üç ana varsayıma sahiptirler. Bu üç temel varsayımın dayandığı inançlar, bir bütün olarak ele alındığında bireyin dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlarıyla ilgili kavramsal modelde toplamda sekiz ilke görülmektedir. Bunlar; dünyanın iyiliği, insanların iyiliği, adalet, kontrol edebilirlik, rastlantısallık, kendilik değeri, kendilik kontrolü ve şanstır. İnsanların bu inançları, yaşamlarındaki ekstrem olayları tahmin etmede onlara yardımcı olacak ve karar almalarına destek olacak bilişsel çerçeve işlevine sahiptirler. Zorlu yaşam olayları, bireyleri örseleyici, stresli ve sıkıntı verici duygusal durumlardır. Bu deneyimlerin hem psikolojik hem de fiziksel sağlık üzerinde güçlü etkileri vardır; en yaygın sonuçları ise travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyondur. Burada en belirgin ruhsal durumu anlamsızlıktır. Çünkü bireyler; kendilerini, anlamsız bir dünyada başlarına gelenlerden dolayı çaresiz ve yalnız hissetmektedirler. Dünya artık eskisi gibi anlamlı olmamakta ve bundan sonra yaşanacaklar ile ilgili kontrolün kendilerinde olmadığını düşünmektedirler. Bireylerin, yaşadığı acıları iyileştirmesi ve bu zor durumdan kurtulabilmesi, kendi iç dünyasını yeniden inşâ etmesi ile mümkündür. Eski varsayımlar, hayatın art niyetli ve anlamsız olduğu sonucunu doğurmuş olduğu için yaşama kaygı ve endişe hâkim olmuştur. Travma ile zorlu bir dönem geçiren bireyler, kendisini yanıltan, ölümlü ve savunmasız olduğu gerçeğini ile karşı karşıya kalmasına ve hayatın anlamsız olduğu sonucunu doğurmasına neden olan eski varsayımlarını değiştirmesiyle önceki yaşantılarına dönmesi kolaylaşacaktır. Yeni varsayımlar travmatik durumlarla başa çıkmanın temel yollarından biridir. Yeni varsayımlar oluşturmada dinin anlamlandırmaları, bireyler için önemli bir kaynaktır. Din, zorlu yaşam olaylarında en çok bilişsel boyutta işlev görerek yeni anlamlandırma ve bakış açısı getirmektedir. Din, çoğu zaman insan için gerçekliğin algılandığı birer şema işlevine sahip olabilmektedir. Din, insanların yaşadıkları acı ve ıstırapların amaçsız ve anlamsız olmadığını; ilahi bir plan çerçevesinde gerçekleştiğini ifade etmektedir. Yaşananları inkâr etmek ve onlardan kaçmak yerine, dinin sunduğu anlam çerçevesinde yaşanan acılar, manevi gelişim için bir fırsatı olarak görülebilir. Çalışmanın amacı zorlu yaşam olaylarının bireyler tarafından nasıl anlamlandırıldığını inceleyerek dinin, anlamlandırmada rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Din ve manevi değerler bireylerin acılı durumlarla başaçıkmasında yeni varsayımlar sunabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak zorlu yaşam olaylarının insanlar üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmıştır. İkinci olarak dünyaya ilişkin temel varsayımlar Parçalanmış Varsayımlar Modeli çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Son olarak zorlu yaşam olaylarında dini perspektiften geliştirilen dünyaya ilişkin varsayımlar ve bu varsayımların psikolojik iyileşmeye katkıları ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yöntemin kullanıldığı araştırmada mevcut literatür gözden geçirilerek dünya varsayımlarının şekillenmesinde din ve maneviyatın rolü ile ilgili olarak teorik bir çerçeve oluşturulmak istenmiştir. Çalışmanın travmatik yaşantılara sahip bireylerin varsayımlarının anlaşılmasında ve yeni varsayımlar geliştirerek iyileşme sürecine katkıda bulunmasında etkili olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Psikoloji, Travma, Dünya Varsayımları, Din
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Cengi̇z, Erhan – Sağır, Zeynep. “Dini Tutum, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Depresyon İlişkisi: Suriyeli Ergen Bireyler Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma”. Journal of Ilahiyat Researches 1/60 (2023), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.23380 Collins, Rebecca L. vd. “A Better World or a Shattered Vision? Changes in Life Perspectives Following Victimization”. Social Cognition 8/3 (Eylül 1990), 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.3.263 DePrince, Anne P. – Freyd, Jennifer J. “The Harm of Trauma: Pathological Fear, Shattered Assumptions, or Betrayal?”. Loss of the Assumptive World. ed. Jeffrey Kauffman. New York & London: Brunner-Routledge, 2002. Dınvar, Parvaneh Ebrahımı. Travma Sonrasr Stres, Dünyaya İli̇şki̇n Varsayımlar Ve Tanrı Algısı Arasındaki̇ İli̇şki̇. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2011. Doğan, Mebrure. Acıdan Erdeme Yolculuk – Travma Sonrası Gelişim Psikolojisi ve Din. İstanbul: Çamlıca Yayınları, 2. Baskı., 2020. Ehlers, Anke – Clark, David M. “A Cognitive Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Behaviour research and therapy 38/4 (2000), 319-345. Emmons, Robert A. vd. “Assessing Spirituality Through Personal Goals: Implications for Research on Religion and Subjective Well-Being”. Social Indicators Research 45/1 (1998), 391-422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006926720976 Epstein, Seymour. “Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory: An Integrative Theory of Personality”. Handbook of Psychology. Personality and Social Psychology. ed. Irving B Weiner. New Jorsey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118133880.hop205005 Exline, Julie Juola. “Stumbling Blocks on the Religious Road: Fractured Relationships, Nagging Vices, and the Inner Struggle to Believe”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 182-189. Ezerbolat, Melike – Özpolat, Ayşe Gül Yılmaz. “Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Travmaya Iyi Yanından Bakmak”. Kriz Dergisi 24/1 (2016), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000353 Fiske, Susan T. – Pavelchak, Mark A. “Category-Based Versus Piecemeal-Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema-Triggered Affect”. Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior. ed. R.M. Sorrentino – E. T. Higgins. 167-203. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1986. Foa, E. B. “Psychological Processes Related to Recovery from a Trauma and an Effective Treatment for Ptsd”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821 (1997), 410-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48295.x Furnham, Adrian – Brown, Laurence B. “Theodicy: A neglected aspect of the psychology of religion”. The International journal for the Psychology of Religion 2/1 (1992), 37-45. Geertz, Clifford. “Religion as a Cultural System”. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana Press, 1993. 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Assumptions about the World and Religion in Making Sense of Difficult Life Events Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 181 – 207, 30.06.2024
Muharrem Aka
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07
Öz Challenging life events are traumatic events that affect people cognitively, emotionally and behaviorally. One way to understand the psychological reactions of individuals who have experienced such events is to examine their basic assumptions about the world and the effects of these events on their assumptions. Research on victims of traumatic experiences has found that people often have unquestioned assumptions and shape their thoughts and behaviors accordingly. Traumatic events not only cause these assumptions to be shaken, but also have the ability to reveal the nature of these beliefs. The ‘Fragmented Assumptions Model’ has tried to provide a theoretical framework to explain people’s core beliefs. According to this model, people have three main assumptions: ‘goodness of the world’, ‘meaningfulness of the world’ and ‘self-worth’. When the beliefs on which these three basic assumptions are based are considered as a whole, a total of eight principles are seen in the conceptual model of the individual’s assumptions about the world. These are the goodness of the world, the goodness of people, justice, controllability, randomness, self-worth, self-control and chance. These beliefs function as a cognitive framework to help people anticipate extreme events in their lives and support their decision-making. Challenging life events are emotional situations that are overwhelming, stressful and distressing for individuals. These experiences have powerful effects on both psychological and physical health, with the most common consequences being post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. The most prominent mental state here is meaninglessness. This is because individuals feel helpless and alone because of what has happened to them in a meaningless world. They feel that the world is no longer as meaningful as it used to be and that they are not in control of what happens next. It is possible for individuals to heal their suffering and get out of this difficult situation by reconstructing their inner world. Old assumptions have led to the conclusion that life is malevolent and meaningless, resulting in anxiety and worry. Individuals who go through a difficult period with trauma will find it easier to return to their previous lives by changing their old assumptions that misled them, made them face the fact that they are mortal and vulnerable, and led them to conclude that life is meaningless. New assumptions are one of the main ways of coping with traumatic situations. Religious interpretations are an important source for individuals in creating new assumptions. Religion functions mostly in the cognitive dimension in challenging life events, bringing new meaning and perspective. Religion can often function as a schema through which reality is perceived. Religion states that the pain and suffering experienced by people are not aimless and meaningless; they are realized within the framework of a divine plan. Instead of denying and avoiding the experiences, the pain experienced within the framework of the meaning offered by religion can be seen as an opportunity for spiritual development. The aim of the study is to examine how individuals make sense of difficult life events and to reveal the role of religion in making sense. Religion and spiritual values may offer new assumptions for individuals to cope with painful situations. In this context, firstly, the effects of difficult life events on people are discussed. Secondly, basic assumptions about the world are examined within the framework of the Fragmented Assumptions Model. Finally, the assumptions about the world developed from a religious perspective in difficult life events and their contribution to psychological recovery are discussed. In the study, in which phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used, it was aimed to create a theoretical framework about the role of religion and spirituality in shaping world assumptions by reviewing the existing literature. It is thought that the study will be effective in understanding the assumptions of individuals with traumatic experiences and contributing to the healing process by developing new assumptions.
Anahtar Kelimeler Psychology, Trauma, World Assumptions, Religion
Kaynakça Ayten, Ali – Cesur, Nur. “Hemodi̇yali̇z Hastalarında Travma Sonrası Manevi̇ Geli̇şi̇m Üzeri̇ne Ni̇tel Bi̇r Çalişma”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 22/1 (2022), 155-186. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1030537 Bahadır, Abdülkerim. İnsanın Anlam Arayışı ve Din. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2002. Bowlby, John. Attachment and Loss: Attachment. London: Pimlico, 2008. Briere, John vd. “Accumulated Childhood Trauma and Symptom Complexity”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 21/2 (2008), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20317 Bruggen, Vincent van vd. “Structural Validity of the World Assumption Scale”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 31/6 (2018), 816-825. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22348 Cadell, Susan vd. “Factors Contributing to Posttraumatic Growth: A Proposed Structural Equation Model”. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 73/3 (2003), 279-287. Cengi̇z, Erhan – Sağır, Zeynep. “Dini Tutum, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Depresyon İlişkisi: Suriyeli Ergen Bireyler Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma”. Journal of Ilahiyat Researches 1/60 (2023), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.5152/ilted.2023.23380 Collins, Rebecca L. vd. “A Better World or a Shattered Vision? Changes in Life Perspectives Following Victimization”. Social Cognition 8/3 (Eylül 1990), 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.3.263 DePrince, Anne P. – Freyd, Jennifer J. “The Harm of Trauma: Pathological Fear, Shattered Assumptions, or Betrayal?”. Loss of the Assumptive World. ed. Jeffrey Kauffman. New York & London: Brunner-Routledge, 2002. Dınvar, Parvaneh Ebrahımı. Travma Sonrasr Stres, Dünyaya İli̇şki̇n Varsayımlar Ve Tanrı Algısı Arasındaki̇ İli̇şki̇. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2011. Doğan, Mebrure. Acıdan Erdeme Yolculuk – Travma Sonrası Gelişim Psikolojisi ve Din. İstanbul: Çamlıca Yayınları, 2. Baskı., 2020. Ehlers, Anke – Clark, David M. “A Cognitive Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. Behaviour research and therapy 38/4 (2000), 319-345. Emmons, Robert A. vd. “Assessing Spirituality Through Personal Goals: Implications for Research on Religion and Subjective Well-Being”. Social Indicators Research 45/1 (1998), 391-422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006926720976 Epstein, Seymour. “Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory: An Integrative Theory of Personality”. Handbook of Psychology. Personality and Social Psychology. ed. Irving B Weiner. New Jorsey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118133880.hop205005 Exline, Julie Juola. “Stumbling Blocks on the Religious Road: Fractured Relationships, Nagging Vices, and the Inner Struggle to Believe”. Psychological Inquiry 13/3 (2002), 182-189. Ezerbolat, Melike – Özpolat, Ayşe Gül Yılmaz. “Travma Sonrası Büyüme: Travmaya Iyi Yanından Bakmak”. Kriz Dergisi 24/1 (2016), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000353 Fiske, Susan T. – Pavelchak, Mark A. “Category-Based Versus Piecemeal-Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema-Triggered Affect”. Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior. ed. R.M. Sorrentino – E. T. Higgins. 167-203. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1986. Foa, E. B. “Psychological Processes Related to Recovery from a Trauma and an Effective Treatment for Ptsd”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821 (1997), 410-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48295.x Furnham, Adrian – Brown, Laurence B. “Theodicy: A neglected aspect of the psychology of religion”. The International journal for the Psychology of Religion 2/1 (1992), 37-45. Geertz, Clifford. “Religion as a Cultural System”. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana Press, 1993. Grills-Taquechel, Amie E. vd. “Social Support, World Assumptions, and Exposure as Predictors of Anxiety and Quality of Life Following a Mass Trauma”. Journal of anxiety disorders 25/4 (2011), 498-506. Hood, Ralph W. vd. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New York: The Guilford Press, 2009. Horowitz, Mardi J. “Stress-Response Syndromes: A Review of Posttraumatic and Adjustment Disorders”. Psychiatric Services 37/3 (1986), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.37.3.241 Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. “Assumptive Worlds and the Stress of Traumatic Events: Applications of the Schema Construct”. Social Cognition 7/2 (Haziran 1989), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113 Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. “Posttraumatic Growth: Three Explanatory Models”. Psychological Inquiry 15/1 (2004), 30-34. Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York: Free Press, Completely Updated ed., 2002. 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Kilpatrick, Dean G. vd. “National Estimates of Exposure to Traumatic Events and Ptsd Prevalence Using Dsm-Iv and Dsm-5 Criteria”. Journal of Traumatic Stress 26/5 (2013), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848 Klass, Dennis. “The Inner Representation of the Dead Child and the Worldviews of Bereaved Parents”. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 26/4 (1993), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.2190/GEYM-BQWN-9N98-23Y5 Koenig, Harold G. Handbook of Religion and Mental Health. California: Academic Press, 1st Basım, 1998. Küçükcan, Talip – Köse, Ali. Doğal Afetler ve Din (Marmara Depremi Üzerine Psiko-Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları – İSAM Yayınları, 2000. Lerner, Melvin J. The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1980. Lerner, Melvin J. – Miller, Dale T. “Just World Research and the Attribution Process: Looking Back and Ahead”. Psychological Bulletin 85/5 (1978), 1030-1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030 Lilly, Michelle M. “The Contributions of Interpersonal Trauma Exposure and World Assumptions to Predicting Dissociation in Undergraduates”. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD) 12/4 (2011), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.573761 Magwaza, A. S. “Assumptive World of Traumatized South African Adults”. The Journal of Social Psychology 139/5 (Ekim 1999), 622-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598422 Matthews, Laura T. – Marwit, Samuel J. “Meaning Reconstruction in the Context of Religious Coping: Rebuilding the Shattered Assumptive World”. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying 53/1 (2006), 87-104. McIntosh, Daniel N. “Religion-as-Schema, with Implications for the Relation Between Religion and Coping”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 5/1 (1995), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0501_1 Meichenbaum, Donald. Manual De Inoculacion De Estres. Barcelona: Pergamon Press Inc., 1987. Morsünbül, Ümit – Çok, Figen. “Bağlanma ve İlişkili Değişkenler”. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 3/3 (2011), 553-570. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20110324 Pargament, Kenneth vd. “The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, and Practice”. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian – Crystal L. Park. New York: The Guildford Press, 2005. Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York London: The Guilford Press, Revised ed. edition., 2001. Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York London: The Guilford Press, Revised ed. edition., 2001. Park, Crystal L. vd. “Assessment and Prediction of Stress-Related Growth”. Journal of personality 64/1 (1996), 71-105. Park, Crystal L. “Religion as a Meaning-Making Framework in Coping with Life Stress”. Journal of Social Issues 61/4 (2005), 707-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x Parkes, C. Murray. “Determinants of Outcome Following Bereavement”. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying 6/4 (1975), 303-323. https://doi.org/10.2190/PR0R-GLPD-5FPB-422L Rizeq, Jala – McCann, Doug. “The Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Sequelae of Trauma Exposure: An Integrative Approach to Examining Trauma’s Effect.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 15/2 (2023), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001152 Rubonis, A. V. – Bickman, L. “Psychological Impairment in the Wake of Disaster: The Disaster-Psychopathology Relationship”. Psychological Bulletin 109/3 (1991), 384-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.384 Sadeh, Naomi – Baskin-Sommers, Arielle. “Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (Risq): A Validation Study”. Assessment 24/8 (2017), 1080-1094. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116640356 Sandler, Joseph. “Fantasy, Defense, and the Representational World”. Infant Mental Health Journal 15/1 (1994), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199421)15:1<26::AID-IMHJ2280150104>3.0.CO;2-I Sartre, Jean-Paul. Nausea. Philadelphia: New Directions, 1969. Schuler, Eric R. – Boals, Adriel. “Shattering world assumptions: A prospective view of the impact of adverse events on world assumptions.” Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy 8/3 (2016), 259. Schwartzberg, Steven S. – Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. “Grief and the Search for Meaning: Exploring the Assumptive Worlds of Bereaved College Students”. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 10/3 (1991), 270-288. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1991.10.3.270 Silberman, Israela. “Religion as a Meaning System: Implications for the New Millennium”. Journal of Social Issues 61/4 (2005), 641-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00425.x Şahin, Adem. “Din Psikolojisinde Bilişsel Yaklaşım: Mcintosh’un ‘Bilişsel Bir Şema Olarak Din ’ Teorisi Örneği”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 23/23 (01 Aralık 2007), 35-50. Şentürk, Habil – Yakut, Selahattin. “Hayatın Anlamı ve Di̇n”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 33 (01 Aralık 2014), 45-60. Tedeschi, Richard G. – Calhoun, Lawrence G. “Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence”. Psychological Inquiry 15/1 (Ocak 2004), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 Tosyalıoğlu, Mustafa Burak – Albayrak, Ahmet. “Maneviyat ve Ruh Sağlığı: Maneviyat ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi 8 (2023), 9-50. https://doi.org/10.56432/tmdrd.1369342 Ulu, Mustafa – Osmanoğlu, Cemil. “İlahiyat Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Hayatın Anlamı ve Yeni Çağ İnançları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 60 (2023), 82-96. Watts, William – Free, L. A. State of the Nation, III. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1978. Wortman, Camille B. – Silver, Roxane Cohen. “The Myths of Coping with Loss Revisited”. Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care. 405-429. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1037/10436-017 Yılmaz, Banu. “Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması: Ön Çalışma”. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 11/21 (2008), 41-51. Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Din Psikolojisi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Muharrem Aka KİLİS 7 ARALIK ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-3195-8946 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 16 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Aka, Muharrem. “Zorlu Yaşam Olaylarını Anlamlandırmada Dünyaya İlişkin Varsayımlar Ve Din”. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/1 (Haziran 2024), 181-207. https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.ilaf.2024.10.1.07.
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