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Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 – 17, 18.07.2024
Mehmet Bahri Saydam Ozan Arıcı Mert Ünür Hüseyin Arasli
https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1418838
Öz Amaç: Bu araştırma, Norveç’in destinasyon imajını şekillendiren benzersiz özellikleri aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Turistlerin Ürettiği İçerikleri (UGC) analiz ederek, UGC içindeki ana temaları belirleme odaklanmakta ve bu sayede Norveç’i bir destinasyon olarak ziyaretçilerin algılarını etkileyen faktörlerin kapsamlı bir anlayışına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Yöntem: Bu araştırma, konaklama sektöründe öne çıkan TripAdvisor değerlendirmelerine odaklanmaktadır. Norveç’teki turistik yerleri inceleyerek seyahat web sitelerini özel olarak keşfetmektedir. 10,250 kullanılabilir değerlendirmeyi içeren veri seti, Leximancer yazılımı kullanılarak işlenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçlarımız, Norveç seyahat deneyimlerinin tanımlamalarında dokuz baskın tema belirledi: “Norveç,” “yerler,” “tren,” “yürüyüş,” “kiralama,” “pahalı,” “otel,” “kuzey ışıkları,” ve “restoranlar.” Olumsuz yorumlarla birlikte kullanılan temalar “tren,” “kiralama,” ve “pahalı”dır. Bulgular aynı zamanda ziyaretçi anlatılarındaki ana temaları ve kavramları görsel bir şekilde sunarak destinasyon imajının ana özelliklerini daha iyi anlamayı sağlamaktadır. Sonuç: Çalışmamız, turistlerin ürettiği çevrimiçi içerikleri otomatik olarak tanımlamak için Leximancer yazılımını kullanmaktadır ve bu sayede seyahat edenlerin Norveç’in destinasyon imajını nasıl algıladığına dair değerli içgörüler sunmaktadır. Belirli temaların önemi vurgulanmış, araştırmacı müdahalesi en aza indirilmiş ve tatmin ve memnuniyete ilişkin öne çıkan temalar literatürü zenginleştirmiştir. İçerik analizimiz, farklı turist segmentlerinden gelen belirgin perspektifleri ortaya koymakta, olumsuz çevrimiçi içerikleri’nin fiyatlandırma, ulaşım ve kiralama gibi konularla ilişkilendirildiği, olumlu çevrimiçi içerikleri ‘nin ise Norveç deneyimleri, doğal cazibe merkezleri, oteller ve restoranlara odaklandığı göstermektedir. Tatmin derecelerinin detaylı bir incelemesini sunarak, araştırmamız algılanan “karşılığını alma” konusuna katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, makine öğrenimi algoritmalarımız, destinasyon pazarlama organizasyonları için TripAdvisor gibi platformlardaki turist görüşleriyle uyumlu bir şekilde pazarlama stratejilerini geliştirmek için pratik bir rehber sunmaktadır, böylece destinasyon imajının daha kapsamlı bir anlayışını kolaylaştırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Destination İmajı, Norveç, Çevrimiçi Yorumlar, Turist Deneyimi
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Key attributes of Muslim-friendly hotels’ service quality: voices from booking. com. Journal of Islamic Marketing. Arefieva, V., Egger, R., & Yu, J. (2021). A machine learning approach to cluster destination image on Instagram. Tourism Management, 85, 104318. Arici, H. E., Cakmakoglu Arıcı, N., & Altinay, L. (2022). The use of big data analytics to discover customers’ perceptions of and satisfaction with green hotel service quality. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-19. Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2017). Destination image repair while combatting crises: tourism marketing in Africa. Tourism Geographies, 19(5), 780-800. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of tourism research, 26(4), 868-897. Benur, A. M., & Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism management, 50, 213-224. Bharadwaj, N., Ballings, M., & Naik, P. A. (2020). Cross-media consumption: Insights from super bowl advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 50, 17-31. Bhatt, P., & Pickering, C. M. (2022). Destination image of Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Insights from a content analysis of online photographs. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 37, 100488. Bichler, B. F., & Peters, M. (2020). Soft adventure motivation: an exploratory study of hiking tourism. Tourism Review. Chen, C. F., & Myagmarsuren, O. (2010). Exploring relationships between Mongolian destination brand equity, satisfaction and destination loyalty. Tourism economics, 16(4), 981-994. Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism management, 29(4), 624-636. Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of travel research, 17(4), 18-23. Degirmencioğlu, Z., Erozan, F., & Saydam, M. B. (2023). A mixed-method approach to an English course for students majoring in gastronomy and culinary arts. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-11. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1991). The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of tourism studies, 2(2), 2-12. Falk, M., Tveteraas, S. L., & Xie, J. (2021). 20 Years of Nordic tourism economics research: a review and future research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(1), 78-90. George, R. (2003). Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism management, 24(5), 575-585. Heimtun, B., & Lovelock, B. (2017). Communicating paradox: Uncertainty and the northern lights. Tourism Management, 61, 63-69. Jalilvand, M. R., & Heidari, A. (2017). Comparing face-to-face and electronic word-of-mouth in destination image formation: The case of Iran. Information Technology & People. Kastenholz, E., & Rodrigues, A. (2007). Discussing the potential benefits of hiking tourism in Portugal. Anatolia, 18(1), 5-21. Khorsand, R., Rafiee, M., & Kayvanfar, V. (2020). Insights into TripAdvisor's online reviews: The case of Tehran's hotels. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100673. Lee, S. A., Manthiou, A., Chiang, L., & Tang, L. R. (2018). An assessment of value dimensions in hiking tourism: Pathways toward quality of life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 236-246. Lew, A., & McKercher, B. (2006). Modeling tourist movements: A local destination analysis. Annals of tourism research, 33(2), 403-423. Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., Mo, Z., & Ng, K. L. (2020). Using text mining to track changes in travel destination image: the case of Macau. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. Loi, L. T. I., So, A. S. I., Lo, I. S., & Fong, L. H. N. (2017). Does the quality of tourist shuttles influence revisit intention through destination image and satisfaction? The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 115-123. Lund, K. A. (2016). Chasing the lights: Darkness, tourism and the northern lights. In Green Ice (pp. 49-71). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Maria Raya, J., Martínez-Garcia, E., & Celma, D. (2018). Economic and social yield of investing in hiking tourism: The case of Berguedà, Spain. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 148-161. Marine-Roig, E. (2015). Identity and authenticity in destination image construction. Anatolia, 26(4), 574-587. Marine-Roig, E. (2019). Destination image analytics through traveller-generated content. Sustainability, 11(12), 3392. Marine-Roig, E., & Ferrer-Rosell, B. (2018). Measuring the gap between projected and perceived destination images of Catalonia using compositional analysis. Tourism management, 68, 236-249. Marine-Roig, E., & Huertas, A. (2020). How safety affects destination image projected through online travel reviews. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100469. Martin-Fuentes, E., Fernandez, C., Mateu, C., & Marine-Roig, E. (2018). Modelling a grading scheme for peer-to-peer accommodation: Stars for Airbnb. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 75-83. Nordbø, I., & Prebensen, N. K. (2015). Hiking as mental and physical experience. In Advances in hospitality and leisure. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Nordbø, I., Engilbertsson, H. O., & Vale, L. S. R. (2014). Market myopia in the development of hiking destinations: The case of Norwegian DMOs. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(4), 380-405. Nowacki, M., & Niezgoda, A. (2020). Identifying unique features of the image of selected cities based on reviews by TripAdvisor portal users. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 20(5), 503-519. Olorunsola, V. O., Saydam, M. B., Arasli, H., & Sulu, D. (2022). Guest service experience in eco-centric hotels: a content analysis. International Hospitality Review. Olorunsola, V. O., Saydam, M. B., Lasisi, T. T., & Ozturen, A. (2023). Exploring tourists’ experiences when visiting Petra archaeological heritage site: Voices from TripAdvisor. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 18(1), 81-96. Ozduran, A., Saydam, M. B., Eluwole, K. K., & Mertens, E. U. (2023). Work-family conflict, subjective well-being, burnout, and their effects on presenteeism. The Service Industries Journal, 1-27. Ozturen, A., Kilic, H., Olorunsola, V. O., & Osumeje, B. O. (2021). Managing natural tourism attractions based on visitor reviews: a case study of Golden Beach, Karpaz. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. Park, S., & Santos, C. A. (2017). Exploring the tourist experience: A sequential approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 16-27. Qi, S., & Chen, N. (2019). Understanding Macao’s destination image through user-generated content. Journal of China Tourism Research, 15(4), 503-519. Rajaguru, R. (2016). Role of value for money and service quality on behavioural intention: A study of full service and low cost airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 53, 114-122. Saydam, M. B., & Altun, Ö. (2023). An analysis of British Michelin-starred restaurants: guests' online reviews. British Food Journal. Saydam, M. B., Olorunsola, V. O., Avci, T., Dambo, T. H., & Beyar, K. (2022). How about the service perception during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of tourist experiences from user-generated content on TripAdvisor. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory. Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 502-510. Sorupia, E. (2005). Rethinking the role of transportation in tourism. In Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (Vol. 5, pp. 1767-1777). Melbourne, AU: Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne. Statista.(2021). “Transport industry in Norway”. https://www.statista.com/study/31710/transport-industry-in-norway-statista-dossier/. (Retrieved on 25 June, 2021). Stylidis, D., Belhassen, Y., & Shani, A. (2017). Destination image, on-site experience and behavioural intentions: path analytic validation of a marketing model on domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(15), 1653-1670. Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., & Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53, 40-60. Su, M. M., Wall, G., & Ma, Z. (2019). A multi-stakeholder examination of destination image: Nanluoguxiang heritage street, Beijing, China. Tourism Geographies, 21(1), 2-23. Sulu, D., Arasli, H., & Saydam, M. B. (2021). Air-Travelers’ Perceptions of Service Quality during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Tripadvisor Sites. Sustainability, 14(1), 435. Tseng, C., Wu, B., Morrison, A. M., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. C. (2015). Travel blogs on China as a destination image formation agent: A qualitative analysis using Leximancer. Tourism Management, 46, 347-358. Yilmaz, Y., & Yilmaz, Y. (2020). Pre‐and post‐trip antecedents of destination image for non‐visitors and visitors: A literature review. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 518-535. Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 326-336.
Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 1 – 17, 18.07.2024
Mehmet Bahri Saydam Ozan Arıcı Mert Ünür Hüseyin Arasli
https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1418838
Öz Purpose: This research aims to elucidate the unique features shaping Norway’s destination image by analyzing User-Generated Content (UGC) from tourists. The primary focus is on identifying key themes within the UGC that are associated with both satisfaction and dissatisfaction, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing visitors’ perceptions of Norway as a destination. Method: This research centers on TripAdvisor reviews, the prominent platform in hospitality. It specifically explores attractions in Norway by examining travel websites. The dataset, comprising 10,250 usable reviews, was processed and analyzed using Leximancer software. Findings: Our research results demonstrated nine dominant themes in descriptions of Norway travel experiences: “Norway,” “places,” “train,” “hiking,” “rental,” “expensive,” “hotel,” “northern lights,” and “restaurants.” The themes used with negative comments were “train,” “rental,” and “expensive.” The benefits of incorporating UGC in tourist research are highlighted by the excellent insights acquired. The findings also provide a visual depiction of the primary themes and concepts in visitors’ narratives, allowing for a better understanding of the key features of destination image. Conclusion: Our study leverages Leximancer’s software to autonomously identify key themes in tourists’ user-generated content (UGC), offering valuable insights into how travelers perceive Norway’s destination image. The prominence of specific themes is emphasized, minimizing researcher intervention and enriching the existing literature by highlighting predominant themes associated with satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Our content analysis reveals distinct perspectives from different tourist segments, with negative UGC linked to aspects such as pricing, transportation, and rentals, while positive UGC focuses on Norway’s experiences, natural attractions, hotels, and restaurants. By providing a detailed examination of satisfaction ratings, our research contributes to destination image literature, offering clarity on service features that contribute to perceived “value for money.” Moreover, our use of machine learning algorithms offers a practical roadmap for destination marketing organizations to enhance their marketing strategies by aligning them with tourist opinions on platforms like TripAdvisor, thus facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of the destination image.
Anahtar Kelimeler Destination image, Norway, online reviews, tourist experience
Kaynakça Akselsen, R. E., Siljan, I., Skyttermoen, A. S., & Breiby, M. A. (2005). Kartlegging av markedsdata. Innsamling av Eksisterende Markedskunnskap om Fjellferier Sommer og Kortferier i Tyskland, Nederland, Danmark og Storbritannia. Nederland, Danmark og Storbritannia. Andersen, O., Øian, H., Aas, Ø., & Tangeland, T. (2018). Affective and cognitive dimensions of ski destination images. The case of Norway and the Lillehammer region. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 18(2), 113-131. Arasli, H., Furunes, T., Jafari, K., Saydam, M. B., & Degirmencioglu, Z. (2020a). Hearing the voices of wingless angels: A critical content analysis of nurses’ covid-19 experiences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8484. Arasli, H., Saydam, M. B., & Kilic, H. (2020b). Cruise Travelers’ Service Perceptions: A Critical Content Analysis. Sustainability, 12(17), 6702. Arasli, H., Saydam, M. B., Gunay, T., & Jafari, K. (2021). Key attributes of Muslim-friendly hotels’ service quality: voices from booking. com. Journal of Islamic Marketing. Arefieva, V., Egger, R., & Yu, J. (2021). A machine learning approach to cluster destination image on Instagram. Tourism Management, 85, 104318. Arici, H. E., Cakmakoglu Arıcı, N., & Altinay, L. (2022). The use of big data analytics to discover customers’ perceptions of and satisfaction with green hotel service quality. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-19. Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2017). Destination image repair while combatting crises: tourism marketing in Africa. Tourism Geographies, 19(5), 780-800. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of tourism research, 26(4), 868-897. Benur, A. M., & Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism management, 50, 213-224. Bharadwaj, N., Ballings, M., & Naik, P. A. (2020). Cross-media consumption: Insights from super bowl advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 50, 17-31. Bhatt, P., & Pickering, C. M. (2022). Destination image of Chitwan National Park, Nepal: Insights from a content analysis of online photographs. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 37, 100488. Bichler, B. F., & Peters, M. (2020). Soft adventure motivation: an exploratory study of hiking tourism. Tourism Review. Chen, C. F., & Myagmarsuren, O. (2010). Exploring relationships between Mongolian destination brand equity, satisfaction and destination loyalty. Tourism economics, 16(4), 981-994. Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism management, 29(4), 624-636. Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of travel research, 17(4), 18-23. Degirmencioğlu, Z., Erozan, F., & Saydam, M. B. (2023). A mixed-method approach to an English course for students majoring in gastronomy and culinary arts. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-11. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1991). The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of tourism studies, 2(2), 2-12. Falk, M., Tveteraas, S. L., & Xie, J. (2021). 20 Years of Nordic tourism economics research: a review and future research agenda. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(1), 78-90. George, R. (2003). Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism management, 24(5), 575-585. Heimtun, B., & Lovelock, B. (2017). Communicating paradox: Uncertainty and the northern lights. Tourism Management, 61, 63-69. Jalilvand, M. R., & Heidari, A. (2017). Comparing face-to-face and electronic word-of-mouth in destination image formation: The case of Iran. Information Technology & People. Kastenholz, E., & Rodrigues, A. (2007). Discussing the potential benefits of hiking tourism in Portugal. Anatolia, 18(1), 5-21. Khorsand, R., Rafiee, M., & Kayvanfar, V. (2020). Insights into TripAdvisor's online reviews: The case of Tehran's hotels. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100673. Lee, S. A., Manthiou, A., Chiang, L., & Tang, L. R. (2018). An assessment of value dimensions in hiking tourism: Pathways toward quality of life. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 236-246. Lew, A., & McKercher, B. (2006). Modeling tourist movements: A local destination analysis. Annals of tourism research, 33(2), 403-423. Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., Mo, Z., & Ng, K. L. (2020). Using text mining to track changes in travel destination image: the case of Macau. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. Loi, L. T. I., So, A. S. I., Lo, I. S., & Fong, L. H. N. (2017). Does the quality of tourist shuttles influence revisit intention through destination image and satisfaction? The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 115-123. Lund, K. A. (2016). Chasing the lights: Darkness, tourism and the northern lights. In Green Ice (pp. 49-71). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Maria Raya, J., Martínez-Garcia, E., & Celma, D. (2018). Economic and social yield of investing in hiking tourism: The case of Berguedà, Spain. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 148-161. Marine-Roig, E. (2015). Identity and authenticity in destination image construction. Anatolia, 26(4), 574-587. Marine-Roig, E. (2019). Destination image analytics through traveller-generated content. Sustainability, 11(12), 3392. Marine-Roig, E., & Ferrer-Rosell, B. (2018). Measuring the gap between projected and perceived destination images of Catalonia using compositional analysis. Tourism management, 68, 236-249. Marine-Roig, E., & Huertas, A. (2020). How safety affects destination image projected through online travel reviews. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100469. Martin-Fuentes, E., Fernandez, C., Mateu, C., & Marine-Roig, E. (2018). Modelling a grading scheme for peer-to-peer accommodation: Stars for Airbnb. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 75-83. Nordbø, I., & Prebensen, N. K. (2015). Hiking as mental and physical experience. In Advances in hospitality and leisure. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Nordbø, I., Engilbertsson, H. O., & Vale, L. S. R. (2014). Market myopia in the development of hiking destinations: The case of Norwegian DMOs. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(4), 380-405. Nowacki, M., & Niezgoda, A. (2020). Identifying unique features of the image of selected cities based on reviews by TripAdvisor portal users. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 20(5), 503-519. Olorunsola, V. O., Saydam, M. B., Arasli, H., & Sulu, D. (2022). Guest service experience in eco-centric hotels: a content analysis. International Hospitality Review. Olorunsola, V. O., Saydam, M. B., Lasisi, T. T., & Ozturen, A. (2023). Exploring tourists’ experiences when visiting Petra archaeological heritage site: Voices from TripAdvisor. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality, 18(1), 81-96. Ozduran, A., Saydam, M. B., Eluwole, K. K., & Mertens, E. U. (2023). Work-family conflict, subjective well-being, burnout, and their effects on presenteeism. The Service Industries Journal, 1-27. Ozturen, A., Kilic, H., Olorunsola, V. O., & Osumeje, B. O. (2021). Managing natural tourism attractions based on visitor reviews: a case study of Golden Beach, Karpaz. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. Park, S., & Santos, C. A. (2017). Exploring the tourist experience: A sequential approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 16-27. Qi, S., & Chen, N. (2019). Understanding Macao’s destination image through user-generated content. Journal of China Tourism Research, 15(4), 503-519. Rajaguru, R. (2016). Role of value for money and service quality on behavioural intention: A study of full service and low cost airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 53, 114-122. Saydam, M. B., & Altun, Ö. (2023). An analysis of British Michelin-starred restaurants: guests' online reviews. British Food Journal. Saydam, M. B., Olorunsola, V. O., Avci, T., Dambo, T. H., & Beyar, K. (2022). How about the service perception during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of tourist experiences from user-generated content on TripAdvisor. Tourism Critiques: Practice and Theory. Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 502-510. Sorupia, E. (2005). Rethinking the role of transportation in tourism. In Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies (Vol. 5, pp. 1767-1777). Melbourne, AU: Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne. Statista.(2021). “Transport industry in Norway”. https://www.statista.com/study/31710/transport-industry-in-norway-statista-dossier/. (Retrieved on 25 June, 2021). Stylidis, D., Belhassen, Y., & Shani, A. (2017). Destination image, on-site experience and behavioural intentions: path analytic validation of a marketing model on domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(15), 1653-1670. Stylos, N., Vassiliadis, C. A., Bellou, V., & Andronikidis, A. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53, 40-60. Su, M. M., Wall, G., & Ma, Z. (2019). A multi-stakeholder examination of destination image: Nanluoguxiang heritage street, Beijing, China. Tourism Geographies, 21(1), 2-23. Sulu, D., Arasli, H., & Saydam, M. B. (2021). Air-Travelers’ Perceptions of Service Quality during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Tripadvisor Sites. Sustainability, 14(1), 435. Tseng, C., Wu, B., Morrison, A. M., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. C. (2015). Travel blogs on China as a destination image formation agent: A qualitative analysis using Leximancer. Tourism Management, 46, 347-358. Yilmaz, Y., & Yilmaz, Y. (2020). Pre‐and post‐trip antecedents of destination image for non‐visitors and visitors: A literature review. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 518-535. Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 326-336. Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil İngilizce Konular Turist Davranışı ve Ziyaretçi Deneyimi, Turizm Pazarlaması Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Mehmet Bahri Saydam DOĞU AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-7920-4959 Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti
Ozan Arıcı Karabucak Ortaokulu 0000-0003-2220-5069 Türkiye
Mert Ünür Stavanger University 0000-0002-9242-8412 Norway
Hüseyin Arasli Stavanger University 0000-0002-8250-7299 Norway
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 5 Şubat 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 5 Şubat 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster APA Saydam, M. B., Arıcı, O., Ünür, M., Arasli, H. (2024). Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1418838 AMA Saydam MB, Arıcı O, Ünür M, Arasli H. Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. Temmuz 2024;9(1):1-17. doi:10.37847/tdtad.1418838 Chicago Saydam, Mehmet Bahri, Ozan Arıcı, Mert Ünür, ve Hüseyin Arasli. “Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1418838. EndNote Saydam MB, Arıcı O, Ünür M, Arasli H (01 Temmuz 2024) Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9 1 1–17. IEEE M. B. Saydam, O. Arıcı, M. Ünür, ve H. Arasli, “Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content”, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi , c. 9, sy. 1, ss. 1–17, 2024, doi: 10.37847/tdtad.1418838. ISNAD Saydam, Mehmet Bahri vd. “Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/1 (Temmuz 2024), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1418838. JAMA Saydam MB, Arıcı O, Ünür M, Arasli H. Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi . 2024;9:1–17. MLA Saydam, Mehmet Bahri vd. “Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 1-17, doi:10.37847/tdtad.1418838. Vancouver Saydam MB, Arıcı O, Ünür M, Arasli H. Identifying Unique Features of Norway Destination Image: Evidence from User-Generated Content. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2024;9(1):1-17.
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