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Haçlı Seferlerinde Şap ve Şap Ticareti Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 119 – 140, 15.07.2024
Nadir Karakuş
https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.1422615 Cited By: 1
Öz 1095-1291 yılları arasında Mısır ve Suriye’de ve daha sonra Osmanlı coğrafyasında süregiden Haçlı seferleri, Mısır şapını da Haçlıların malumu kılmış ve özellikle İtalyanlar, bunun ticareti ile ilgilenip Avrupa yününün boyanması için hammadde taşımaya başlamışlardır. Selahaddin-i Eyyûbî’nin Haçlılarla mücadelesinin sürüp gittiği yıllarda bile Cenevizli tacirler, Mısır şapını İskenderiye’den Avrupa’ya naklederek büyük gelirler elde etmişlerdir. XIII. yüzyıl ortalarına doğru Anadolu şap madenlerinin keşfedilmesi ile İtalyan tüccarlar yönlerini Foça, Gediz ve Şebinkarahisar gibi maden kaynakları olan yerlere çevirmişlerdir. Bu süreç de onları iktidar mücadelelerinden iç karışıklara kadar bir dizi olayın içine çekmiştir. Bu dönemde Bizans’tan Osmanlılara kadar Anadolu’da hüküm süren iktidarlara yakın olmaya çalışan İtalyanlar, kendi aralarında da şap üzerinden rekabete girişmişlerdir. Bu olaylar esnasında Osmanlılar, Bizans ve hanedan içi mücadelelerde yardımcı olarak kazançlarını artırmışlar, hatta borçlarını dahi sildirmeyi başarmışlardır. XV. asrın ortalarında Avrupa şapının bulunması ile yeni kırılmalar yaşanmıştır. Bu değerli madenin gelirleri ile papalar, Osmanlılara karşı yeni bir Haçlı seferi başlatmaya kalkışmışlar, şap gelirlerini de silah olarak kullanmışlardır. Papaların bu madeni işletmeleri için yetki verdiği İtalyan ve Napolili soylular ise Haçlı seferlerinin menfaat ve çıkar ilişkilerini devam ettirmişlerdir. Bu yeni süreç aynı zamanda Osmanlıların önemli bir gelir kaynağından gereği gibi yararlanmalarına engel olmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler İslâm Tarihi, Haçlı Seferleri, Şap, Ticaret, Tüccar, Rekabet
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ALUM AND ALUM TRADE İN THE CRUSADES Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 119 – 140, 15.07.2024
Nadir Karakuş
https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.1422615 Cited By: 1
Öz The Crusades, which continued in Egypt and Syria between 1095-1291, brought Egyptian alum against them, and they were interested in its trade and started to carry raw materials for dyeing European wool. Even in the years when Saladin’s struggles with the Crusaders continued, Genoese merchants achieved great income by transporting Egyptian alum from Alexandria to Europe. With the discovery of Anatolian alum mines towards the middle of the thirteenth century, Italian Merchants turned their attention to mines such as Focha, Gediz and Shebinkarahisar. This process has drawn them into a series of events, from power struggles to internal turmoil. In this process, the Italians, who tried to be close to the ruling powers in Anatolia from the Byzantines to the Ottomans, also entered into rivalries among themselves over alum. In this process, they increased their income by helping the Ottomans in the Byzantine and dynastic struggles, and even managed to get their debts erased. With the discovery of European alum in the middle of the fifteenth century, new fractures were experienced. With the revenues of this precious metal, the popes tried to start a new Crusade against the Ottomans, and they used the alum revenues as a weapon. Italian and Neapolitan people, to whom the Popes transferred their rights to these mining enterprises, continued the interests and interests of the Crusades. This new processal so opened the door for the Ottomans to not benefit from an important source of income properly.
Anahtar Kelimeler History of Islam, Crusades, Alum, Trade, Merchant, Competition
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Türkiye-İtalya İlişkileri. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1990. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1984. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Tarihi. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1982. William of Tyre. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. çev. Emily Atwater Babcock-A. C. Krey. New York: Colombia Universty Press, 1943. Wittek, Paul. Menteşe Beyliği. çev. O. Şaik Gökyay. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1986. Yâkût el-Hamevî. Mu’cemü’l-Büldân. thk. Ferîd Abdülazîz el-Cündî. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1410/1990. Zehebî. Siyeru A’lâmi’n-Nübelâ. thk. Şuayb el-Arnaûd. b. y., Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 1405/1985.
تجارة الشب والشب خلال الحروب الصليبية Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 119 – 140, 15.07.2024
Nadir Karakuş
https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.1422615 Cited By: 1
Öz الحروب الصليبية التي استمرت في مصر وسوريا بين عامي 1095 و1291، ولاحقا في الجغرافيا العثمانية، جعلت الشبة المصرية معروفة لدى الصليبيين، وخاصة الإيطاليين اهتموا بتجارتها وبدأوا في نقل المواد الخام لصبغ الصوف الأوروبي. . وحتى خلال السنوات التي استمر فيها صراع صلاح الدين الأيوبي مع الصليبيين، حصل تجار جنوة على دخل كبير عن طريق نقل الشبة المصرية من الإسكندرية إلى أوروبا. الثالث عشر. مع اكتشاف مناجم الشب الأناضولية في منتصف القرن، حول التجار الإيطاليون انتباههم إلى مناجم مثل فوكا وجيديز وشيبينكاراهيسار. وقد جذبتهم هذه العملية إلى سلسلة من الأحداث، بدءًا من الصراع على السلطة وحتى الاضطرابات المدنية. خلال هذه الفترة، دخل الإيطاليون، الذين حاولوا التقرب من القوى الحاكمة في الأناضول من البيزنطيين إلى العثمانيين، في منافسات فيما بينهم على الشبة. خلال هذه الأحداث، قاموا بزيادة دخلهم من خلال مساعدة العثمانيين في الصراعات البيزنطية وداخل الأسر الحاكمة، بل وتمكنوا من إلغاء ديونهم. الخامس عشر. ومع اختراع الشبة الأوروبية في منتصف القرن، حدثت تمزقات جديدة. ومع عائدات هذا المعدن الثمين، حاول الباباوات إطلاق حملة صليبية جديدة ضد العثمانيين، واستخدموا عائدات الشبة كسلاح. وواصل النبلاء الإيطاليون والنابوليون، الذين فوضهم الباباوات تشغيل هذا المنجم، مصالح ومصالح الحروب الصليبية. كما منعت هذه العملية الجديدة العثمانيين من الاستفادة بشكل صحيح من مصدر مهم للدخل
Anahtar Kelimeler التاريخ الإسلامي, الحروب الصليبية, الشب، التجارة, التاجر, المنافسة
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Türkiye-İtalya İlişkileri. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1990. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1984. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Tarihi. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1982. William of Tyre. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. çev. Emily Atwater Babcock-A. C. Krey. New York: Colombia Universty Press, 1943. Wittek, Paul. Menteşe Beyliği. çev. O. Şaik Gökyay. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1986. Yâkût el-Hamevî. Mu’cemü’l-Büldân. thk. Ferîd Abdülazîz el-Cündî. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1410/1990. Zehebî. Siyeru A’lâmi’n-Nübelâ. thk. Şuayb el-Arnaûd. b. y., Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 1405/1985. Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti, İslam Tarihi Bölüm MAKALELER Yazarlar Nadir Karakuş HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-1508-9752 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 14 Nisan 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Karakuş, Nadir. “Haçlı Seferlerinde Şap Ve Şap Ticareti”. Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11/22 (Temmuz 2024), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.17050/kafkasilahiyat.1422615.
Cited By Kilis 7 December University Journal of Theology https://doi.org/10.46353/k7auifd.1447726
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