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Octavia E. Butler’ın Yakın Romanında Siyah Feminizm ve ‘Yabancı’ Unsurlar Özelinde Aktivist Bir Çevirinin Yeniden Okunması Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 36, 75 – 99, 30.07.2024
Özlem Gülen
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.1439544
Öz This research seeks to investigate the impact of activist translation in conveying the principles of black feminism to a society that lacks familiarity with black feminist activism, using the novel Kindred (Yakın in Turkish) by Octavia E. Butler as a case study. The study utilised textual and paratextual analysis to conduct a translation criticism that considered the author’s activism, the novel’s activism, and the translator’s feminist identity. One of the most remarkable characteristics that has been seen is the strong focus on ‘foreignness’ in the translator’s introduction. The discussion has focused on the activist approach used in translating the work, particularly in relation to ‘foreign’ aspects. The instances of ‘cultural otherness’ in the translation were classified based on socio-political context, discriminatory language usage, and symbolic allusions analysed using the activist translation approach. The study demonstrates that the Turkish translation of Kindred may be considered a notable example of the solidarity between an activist translator and an activist writer. In order to promote and advocate for black feminism in the target culture, the translator has been seen using activist translation strategies to bridge the cultural gap and guarantee that the target readers can understand and appreciate the ‘foreign’ elements described in the work. In this particular situation, the translator has been observed to employ several translation strategies in a balanced manner. The study concludes that the translator’s strategies enhance their visibility and activism, transforming the translated text into a noteworthy demonstration of transnational female activism and solidarity.
Anahtar Kelimeler activist translation, black feminism, foreignness, Emek Ergun, Octavia E. Butler, Yakın
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Ergun (Eds.), Feminist translation studies: Local and transnational perspectives içinde (ss. 1-11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315679624 Castro, O., Ergun, E., von Flotow, L., & Spoturno, M. (2020). Towards transnational feminist translation studies. Mutatis Mutandis, 13(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.27533/udea.mut.v13n1a01 Chatman, S. (1978). Story and discourse: Narrative structure in fiction and film. Cornell University Press. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139-167. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8 Crossley, R. (1988). Introduction. O. Butler, Kindred içinde (ss. ix-xxvii). Beacon Press. Crossley, R. (2019). Eleştirel makale. O. Butler, Yakın (E. Ergun, Çev.) içinde (ss. 333-340). İthaki Yayınları. Ece, A. (2008). Sömürgecilik-sonrası kuramların çeviri eylemine metoforik yaklaşımları. Litera, 21(1), 47-57. Ergun, E. (2019). Çevirmenin önsözü: Hem uzak, hem yakın bir hikâye. O. Butler, Yakın içinde (ss. 7-11). İthaki Yayınları. Ergun, E. (2020). Feminizmin çevirisi, çevirisinin feministi. (S. Dalaklı, Röportaj Yapan). Bianet. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://bianet.org/haber/feminizmin-cevirisi-cevirisinin-feministi-231722 adresinden alındı. Ergun, E. (2023). Virgin crossing borders: Feminist resistance and solidarity in translation. University of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044939.001.0001 Faculty connections. (t.y.). The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Şubat 2024 tarihinde https://pages.charlotte.edu/connections/people/eergun/ adresinden alındı. Genette, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation (J. E. Lewin, Çev.). Cambridge University Press. Gould, R., & Tahmasebian, K. (2020). Introduction: Translation and activism in the time of the now. R. Gould, & K. Tahmasebian (Ed.), The routledge handbook of translation and activism içinde (ss.1-9). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315149660 Hamilton, N. (2018). Translation and the anglophone black female literature in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Literatura Comparada, 20(34), 47-57. https://revista.abralic.org.br/index.php/revista/article/view/477/459 hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory from margin center. South End Press. İletişim Yayınları. (t.y.). Emek Ergün. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://iletisim.com.tr/kisi/emek-ergun/8366 adresinden alındı. Karabulut, E. (2020). Octavia Estelle Butler’ın Kindred isimli eserinin Türkçe çevirisinde çevirmen kimliği ve çeviri kararlarının yan metinler aracılığıyla incelenmesi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(20), 670-689. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.792311 National Museum of African American History & Culture. (t.y.). Remembering afrofuturist Octavia Butler. Nisan 2024 tarihinde https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/remembering-afrofuturist-octavia-butler adresinden alındı. Silva, L., & Silva-Reis, D. (2019). Translation studies & black women in the light of feminism. Revista Ártemis, XXVII (1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1807-8214.2019v27n1.46695 Simon, S. (1996). Gender in translation: Cultural identity and the politics of transmission. Routledge. Somers, M., & Gibson, G. (1994). Reclaiming the epistemological 'other': Narrative and the social constitution of identity. C. Calhoun (Ed.), Social theory and the politics of identity içinde (ss. 37-99). Blackwell. Türk Dil Kurumu. (t.y.). Türk Dil Kurumu sözlükleri. Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr adresinden alındı Taylor, U. (1998). The historical evolution of black feminist theory and praxis. Journal of Black Studies, 29(2), 234-253. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2668091 Tissot, D. (2017). Transnational feminist solidarities and the ethics of translation. O. Castro, & E. Ergun (Ed.), Feminist translation studies: Local and transnational perspectives içinde (ss. 29-41). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315679624 Tymoczko, M. (2000). Translation and political engagement: Activism, social change and the role of translation in geopolitical shifts. The Translator, 6(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2000.10799054 Tymoczko, M. (2006). Ethics, ideology, action. The Massachusetts Review, 47(3), 442-461. http://www.jstor.com/stable/25091110 Tymoczko, M. (2010). Translation, resistance, activism: An overview. M. Tymoczko (Ed.), Translation, resistance, activism içinde (ss. 1-22). University of Massachusetts Press. Ünalsın Gökhan, P. (2022). Bilimkurguda özgürlük çığlığı. Litera Edebiyat. Nisan 2024 tarihinde https://www.literaedebiyat.com/post/yakin-octavia-e-butler-inceleme adresinden alındı. Venuti, L. (2008). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge. Venuti, L. (2013). Translation changes everything: Theory and practice. Routledge. von Flotow, L. (1991). Feminist translation: Contexts, practices and theories. TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction, 4(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.7202/037094ar von Flotow, L. (2009). Contested gender in translation: Intersectionality and metramorphics. Palimpsestes, 22, 245-256. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.211 Wolf, M. (2014). The sociology of translation and its "activist turn". C. Angelelli (Ed.), The sociological turn in translation and interpreting studies içinde (ss. 7-21). John Benjamins B.V. https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.66 Yazıcı, M. (2007). Yazılı çeviri edinci. Multilingual.
Octavia E. Butler’ın Yakın Romanında Siyah Feminizm ve ‘Yabancı’ Unsurlar Özelinde Aktivist Bir Çevirinin Yeniden Okunması Yıl 2024, Sayı: 36, 75 – 99, 30.07.2024
Özlem Gülen
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.1439544
Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, Octavia E. Butler’ın Yakın (Kindred) romanı üzerinden siyah feminizmin, bilinmediği bir kültüre aktarımında aktivist çevirinin işlevini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada romanın yazarı ve içeriğinin aktivist yönünün yanı sıra çevirmeni Emek Ergun’un feminist çevirmen kimliği göz önüne alınarak metinsel ve yan metinsel olarak iki farklı düzeyde çeviri eleştirisi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çevirmenin önsözünde üzerine durduğu ‘yabancılık’ vurgusu, romanın detaylı okuması sırasında da en dikkat çekici yönlerden biri olarak görülmüş ve romanın çevirisinde benimsendiği gözlemlenen aktivist çeviri yaklaşımı, yabancı unsurlar özelinde ele alınmıştır. Bu unsurlar arasından seçilen çeviri örnekleri sosyo-politik arka plan, dildeki ayrımcı kalıplar ve sembolik referanslar kategorileri altında gruplandırılmış ve her bir kategorinin altına yerleştirilen örnekler, aktivist çeviri yaklaşımı çerçevesinde yorumlanmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda Yakın (Kindred) romanının, aktivist bir çevirmenin aktivist bir yazar ile kurduğu iş birliğinin önemli bir örneği olduğu görülmüştür. Siyah feminist aktivizmin farklı bir coğrafyada duyulması ve desteklenmesi için çevirmenin uyguladığı aktivist çeviri kararlarının, romanın ‘yabancılığının’ muhafaza edilmesine ve aynı zamanda, erek okuyucunun bu ‘yabancılığı’ anlamasına ve desteklemesine aracılık etmeyi amaçladığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede çevirmenin dengeli bir şekilde uyguladığı farklı çeviri stratejileri saptanmıştır. Çevirmenin yazdığı yan metinler ve uyguladığı metin içi çeviri kararlarının, çevirmenin görünürlüğünü ve aktivizmini güçlendirirken romanın çevirisini de ulusötesi bir feminist aktivizm ve dayanışmanın çeviri bağlamındaki önemli örneklerinden biri haline getirdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler aktivist çeviri, siyah feminizm, yabancılık., Emek Ergun, Octavia E. Butler, Yakın
Teşekkür Bu makale, İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Doktor Programında aldığım “Çeviri Eleştirisi” dersindeki ödevimin bir çıktısıdır. Bu derste, beni aktivizm alanında çalışmaya yönlendiren değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Ayşe ECE’ye tüm ilgisi ve desteği için çok teşekkür ediyorum. Bu makalenin ortaya çıkmasını kendisine borçluyum.
Kaynakça A.B.D. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Uluslararası Bilgi Programları Bürosu. (2004). Amerika hakkında: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası açıklamalı. A.B.D. Ankara Büyükelçiliği ve Türkiye’deki Konsolosluklar. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://tr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/91/abd-anayasasi.pdf adresinden alındı. About the Author. (t.y.). Octavia E. Butler. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://www.octaviabutler.com/theauthor adresinden alındı. Alvstad, C. (2013). Voices in translation. Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Ed.), Handbook of translation studies (Vol. 4) içinde (ss. 207-210). John Benjamins B.V. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.4.voi2 Alvstad, C. (2014). Translation pact. Language and Literature, 23(3), 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947014536505 Araujo, C., & Silva-Reis, D. (2021). Translating feminism: A decolonizing subsidy. Revista Água Viva, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.26512/aguaviva.v6i3.38053 Baker, M. (2006). Translation and activism: Emerging patterns of narrative community. The Massachusetts Review, 47(3), 462-484. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25091111 Baker, M. (2007). Reframing conflict in translation. Social Semiotics, 17(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330701311454 Baker, M. (2013). Translation as an alternative space for political action. Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 12(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2012.685624 Baldo, M. (2020). Activist translation, alliances, and performativity: Translating Judith Butler’s notes toward a performative theory of assembly into Italian. R. Gould, & K. Tahmasebian (Ed.), The routledge handbook of translation and activism içinde (ss. 30-48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315149660 Bastin, G., Echeverri, Á., & Campo, Á. (2010). Translation and the emancipation of Hispanic America. M. Tymoczko (Ed.), Translation, resistance, activism içinde (ss. 42-64). University of Massachusetts Press. Bozkurt, S. (2014). “Touched” translations in Turkey: A feminist translation approach. Moment Dergi, 1(1), 104-124. https://doi.org/10.17572/moment.396579 Brownlie, S. (2010). Committed approaches and activism. Y. Gambier, & L. van Doorslaer (Ed.), Handbook of translation studies içinde (Cilt 1, ss. 45-48). John Benjamins B.V. https://doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.comm2 Bulut, A. (2008). Basından örneklerle çeviride ideoloji ideolojik çeviri. Multilingual. Butler, O. (1988). Kindred. Beacon Press. Butler, O. (2019). Yakın (E. Ergun, Çev.). İthaki Yayınları. Casey, J. (2004). History of Old Wye Mill. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61fae7e28fc47f582320c39e/t/6201751f9efd336c8c1c69df/164426268765 1/OWM+History+by+Jim+Casey.docx.pdf adresinden alındı. Castro, O., & Ergun, E. (2017). Introduction: Re-Envisioning feminist translation studies: Feminisms in translation, translations in feminism. O. Castro, & E. Ergun (Eds.), Feminist translation studies: Local and transnational perspectives içinde (ss. 1-11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315679624 Castro, O., Ergun, E., von Flotow, L., & Spoturno, M. (2020). Towards transnational feminist translation studies. Mutatis Mutandis, 13(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.27533/udea.mut.v13n1a01 Chatman, S. (1978). Story and discourse: Narrative structure in fiction and film. Cornell University Press. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139-167. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8 Crossley, R. (1988). Introduction. O. Butler, Kindred içinde (ss. ix-xxvii). Beacon Press. Crossley, R. (2019). Eleştirel makale. O. Butler, Yakın (E. Ergun, Çev.) içinde (ss. 333-340). İthaki Yayınları. Ece, A. (2008). Sömürgecilik-sonrası kuramların çeviri eylemine metoforik yaklaşımları. Litera, 21(1), 47-57. Ergun, E. (2019). Çevirmenin önsözü: Hem uzak, hem yakın bir hikâye. O. Butler, Yakın içinde (ss. 7-11). İthaki Yayınları. Ergun, E. (2020). Feminizmin çevirisi, çevirisinin feministi. (S. Dalaklı, Röportaj Yapan). Bianet. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://bianet.org/haber/feminizmin-cevirisi-cevirisinin-feministi-231722 adresinden alındı. Ergun, E. (2023). Virgin crossing borders: Feminist resistance and solidarity in translation. University of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044939.001.0001 Faculty connections. (t.y.). The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Şubat 2024 tarihinde https://pages.charlotte.edu/connections/people/eergun/ adresinden alındı. Genette, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation (J. E. Lewin, Çev.). Cambridge University Press. Gould, R., & Tahmasebian, K. (2020). Introduction: Translation and activism in the time of the now. R. Gould, & K. Tahmasebian (Ed.), The routledge handbook of translation and activism içinde (ss.1-9). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315149660 Hamilton, N. (2018). Translation and the anglophone black female literature in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Literatura Comparada, 20(34), 47-57. https://revista.abralic.org.br/index.php/revista/article/view/477/459 hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory from margin center. South End Press. İletişim Yayınları. (t.y.). Emek Ergün. Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://iletisim.com.tr/kisi/emek-ergun/8366 adresinden alındı. Karabulut, E. (2020). Octavia Estelle Butler’ın Kindred isimli eserinin Türkçe çevirisinde çevirmen kimliği ve çeviri kararlarının yan metinler aracılığıyla incelenmesi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(20), 670-689. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.792311 National Museum of African American History & Culture. (t.y.). Remembering afrofuturist Octavia Butler. Nisan 2024 tarihinde https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/remembering-afrofuturist-octavia-butler adresinden alındı. Silva, L., & Silva-Reis, D. (2019). Translation studies & black women in the light of feminism. Revista Ártemis, XXVII (1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1807-8214.2019v27n1.46695 Simon, S. (1996). Gender in translation: Cultural identity and the politics of transmission. Routledge. Somers, M., & Gibson, G. (1994). Reclaiming the epistemological 'other': Narrative and the social constitution of identity. C. Calhoun (Ed.), Social theory and the politics of identity içinde (ss. 37-99). Blackwell. Türk Dil Kurumu. (t.y.). Türk Dil Kurumu sözlükleri. Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr adresinden alındı Taylor, U. (1998). The historical evolution of black feminist theory and praxis. Journal of Black Studies, 29(2), 234-253. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2668091 Tissot, D. (2017). Transnational feminist solidarities and the ethics of translation. O. Castro, & E. Ergun (Ed.), Feminist translation studies: Local and transnational perspectives içinde (ss. 29-41). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315679624 Tymoczko, M. (2000). Translation and political engagement: Activism, social change and the role of translation in geopolitical shifts. The Translator, 6(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2000.10799054 Tymoczko, M. (2006). Ethics, ideology, action. The Massachusetts Review, 47(3), 442-461. http://www.jstor.com/stable/25091110 Tymoczko, M. (2010). Translation, resistance, activism: An overview. M. Tymoczko (Ed.), Translation, resistance, activism içinde (ss. 1-22). University of Massachusetts Press. Ünalsın Gökhan, P. (2022). Bilimkurguda özgürlük çığlığı. Litera Edebiyat. Nisan 2024 tarihinde https://www.literaedebiyat.com/post/yakin-octavia-e-butler-inceleme adresinden alındı. Venuti, L. (2008). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge. Venuti, L. (2013). Translation changes everything: Theory and practice. Routledge. von Flotow, L. (1991). Feminist translation: Contexts, practices and theories. TTR: traduction, terminologie, rédaction, 4(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.7202/037094ar von Flotow, L. (2009). Contested gender in translation: Intersectionality and metramorphics. Palimpsestes, 22, 245-256. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.211 Wolf, M. (2014). The sociology of translation and its "activist turn". C. Angelelli (Ed.), The sociological turn in translation and interpreting studies içinde (ss. 7-21). John Benjamins B.V. https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.66 Yazıcı, M. (2007). Yazılı çeviri edinci. Multilingual. Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Çeviri ve Yorum Çalışmaları Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Özlem Gülen Haliç Üniversitesi 0000-0002-5175-3462 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 36
Kaynak Göster APA Gülen, Ö. (2024). Octavia E. Butler’ın Yakın Romanında Siyah Feminizm ve ‘Yabancı’ Unsurlar Özelinde Aktivist Bir Çevirinin Yeniden Okunması. Çeviribilim Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (36 ), 75-99. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.1439544
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