MÜSLÜMAN DÜNYADA DİNİ RADİKALİZMİN YENİ BİR EVRESİ OLARAK DAİŞ DÜŞÜNCESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 62, 39 – 60, 30.07.2024

Nurullah Çakmaktaş

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1466923

Öz

Müslüman dünyada dini radikal düşünce, ortaya çıktığı 1960’lardan 2000’li yılların başına kadar geçen süreçte kendi içinde birtakım tartışmalar, ayrışmalar ve bölünmeler yaşamış olsa da bir ana akım düşünce sistemi inşa etmeyi başarabilmiştir. Doksanlı yıllar boyunca el-Kaide tarafından temsil edilen bu ana akım dini radikal düşünceden 2000’li yılların başından itibaren keskin bir kopuş ve sapma yaşanmıştır. Öyle ki bu sapma kanaatimizce sadece örgütsel bir bölünmeyi değil, aynı zamanda güçlü bir doktrinel farklılaşmayı da ifade etmiştir. Bu makale, 2003’te Irak’ın işgal edilmesini takip eden süreçte dini radikal düşüncenin, büyük oranda el-Kaide’nin temsil ettiği ana akım dini radikalizmden bir sapma yaşayarak fikirsel boyutta da yeni bir evreye geçtiği savı üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Bu makalede, DAİŞ’e özgü olduğunu iddia ettiğimiz birtakım düşünceler ve yine DAİŞ’in karakteristiğini yansıttığını ileri sürdüğümüz birtakım eylemler örneklem olarak sunularak DAİŞ’in kendisinden önceki dini radikal düşünce ve gruplardan nasıl farklılaştığını göstermek amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ortadoğu, Dini Radikalizm, DAİŞ Düşüncesi, İdeoloji

Kaynakça

• Bamber, M. (2021). Views: Sectarianism, Authoritarianism, and the Rise of ISIS in Iraq. Rowaq Arabi, 26 (2), 35-42. https://cihrs-rowaq.org/views-sectarianism-authoritarianism-and-the-rise-of-isis-in-iraq/?lang=en
• Bergen, P. L. (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader. New York: Free Press.
• Bunzel, C. (2015). From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State, Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World Analysis Paper, no. 19. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/the-ideology-of-the-islamic-state.pdf
• Byman, D.L. (2015a, 29 April). Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different Goals, Different Targets. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/comparing-al-qaeda-and-isis-different-goals-different-targets/
• Byman, D. (2015b). Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Bin Ladin, U. (1996). İ’lânu’l-Cihâd ‘ala’l-Amrîkâni’l-Muhtellîn li-Bilâdi’l-Haremeyn: Ahricû’l-Müşrikîne min Cezîreti’l-‘Arab. https://archive.org/details/usama_doc_all
• Bin Ladin, U. (1998). Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders. Berner, B. K. (Ed.) Jihad: Bin Laden in His Own Words (Declarations, Interviews and Speeches). (ss. 66-70). New Delhi: Peacock Books, 2007.
• Çakmaktaş, N. (2021). The Ages of Jihadi Salafism: A Dual Exchange of Ideas and Contexts in Ideological Formation. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 471-491.
• Çakmaktaş, N. (2024). Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir: ‘The Jurisprudence of Blood’ and the Ideology of ISIS. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 1(25), 93-110.
• Dabiq Magazine 3. (2014). A Call to Hijrah.
• Dabiq Magazine 13. (2016). The Rafidah: From Ibn Saba’ to the Dajjal. El-Adnâni, E. ’Uzran, Emira’l-Kâide. https://archive.org/details/Colonel_General_El_Shazly
• El-Lîbî, E. (2006). Et-Teterrus fi’l-Cihâdi’l-Mu’âsır. https://archive.org/details/gharib_20160817_1906
• El-Muhacir, E. (2004). Mesa’il fi fıqhi’l-jihad. https://archive.org/details/20201027_20201027_0459/
• Er-Râfi’î, E. (Tarihsiz). Eb’âdu’t-Tehâlufi’r-Râfiziyyi’s-Salîbî fi’l-Irak ve Âsâruhû ‘ala’l-Mıntıka. 10 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/90/9012350479CBB40EB317BB0238AAF5D0_01.pdf adresinden alındı.
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2004). Risâle min Ebî Musʿab ez-Zerkavi ila’ş-seyh Usama bin Ladin. El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2005). Beyânun ve Tavzîhun lemâ Esârehu eş-Şeyh el-Makdîsî fî Likâihî me’a Kanâti’l-Cezîre. . El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2006). Silsile muhâdarât hal etâke hadîsu’r-râfida. El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zevahiri, E. (2013). Tevcîhât ‘Âmme li’l-‘Ameli’l-Cihâdî [Cihadi Eylem İçin Genel Talimatlar]. Müessesetü’s-Sihâb li’l-İntâci’l-İ’lâmî. https://ia803008.us.archive.org/16/items/tawakkalo-00/ar.pdf
• Ez-Zevahiri, E. (2014). Şehâdetun li-Hakni Dimâi’l-Mücahidîn bi’ş-Şâm [Şam'daki mücahitlerin kanını korumak için bir tanıklık]. https://archive.org/details/aboomohamed_201405/page/n5/mode/2up
• Gerges, F. A. (2005). The Far Enemy: Why Jihâd Went Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gerges, F. A. (2016). ISIS: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Hashim, A.S. (2018). The Caliphate at War: Operational Realities and Innovations of the Islamic State. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Hawley, E. (2017). ISIS Crimes Against the Shia: The Islamic State's Genocide Against Shia Muslims. Genocide Studies International, 11(2), 160-181. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689752/pdf
• Huseyn, ‘İmâd ‘Ali ‘Abdu’s-Semî’. (2003). Hıyânâtu’ş-Şî’a ve Eseruhâ fî Hezâimi’l-Ummeti’l-İslâmiyye. https://archive.org/details/khiyanat-shia
• Kazimi, N. (2006). Zarqawi’s Anti-Shi’a Legacy: Original or Borrowed. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. (4).
• Landis, J. (2015, 13 March). Meet the Badris. https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/meet-the-badris/
• Nâci, E. (2004). İdâretu’t-tevahhuş: Ehtaru merhaletin se-temurru biha’l-umme. Merkezu'd-dirâsât ve'l-buhûs el-islâmiyye. https://archive.org/details/dorarr.blogspot.com-books
• Pape, R. A., Rivas, A.A. & Chinchilla, A.C. (2021). Introducing the new CPOST dataset on suicide attacks. Journal of Peace Research, 58(4), 1-13.
• Seifert, K. R. & McCauley, C. (2014). Suicide Bombers in Iraq, 2003–2010: Disaggregating Targets Can Reveal Insurgent Motives and Priorities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(5), 803-820.
• Stern, J. & Berger, J.M., (2015). ISIS: The State of Terror. New York: Ecco.
• Ulutaş, U. (2016). The State of Savagery: ISIS in Syria. Ankara: SETA.
• Whiteside, C. (2017). A Pedigree of Terror: The Myth of the Ba'athist Influence in the Islamic State Movement. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(3), 2-18.
• Wiktorowicz, Q. & Kaltner, J. (2003). Killing in the Name of Islam: Al-Qaeda's Justification for September 11. Middle East Policy, 10(2),76-92.

ISIS’ THOUGHT AS A NEW PHASE OF RELIGIOUS RADICALISM IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 62, 39 – 60, 30.07.2024

Nurullah Çakmaktaş

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1466923

Öz

Religious radical thought in the Muslim world has managed to construct a mainstream system of thought from the 1960s to the early 2000s, although it has experienced a number of debates, divisions and splits within itself. From the early 2000s onwards, there has been a sharp break and deviation from this mainstream religious radical thought represented by al-Qaeda throughout the nineties. Indeed, in my view, this deviation not only represented an organizational division but also a strong doctrinal differentiation. This article is built on the argument that in the period following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, religious radical thought has moved into a new intellectual phase as a deviation from the mainstream religious radicalism largely represented by al-Qaeda. This article aims to demonstrate how ISIS differentiated itself from preceding religious radical thought and groups by providing examples of certain ideas claimed to be unique to ISIS and actions asserted to reflect its characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Middle East, Religious Radicalism, ISIS, Ideology

Kaynakça

• Bamber, M. (2021). Views: Sectarianism, Authoritarianism, and the Rise of ISIS in Iraq. Rowaq Arabi, 26 (2), 35-42. https://cihrs-rowaq.org/views-sectarianism-authoritarianism-and-the-rise-of-isis-in-iraq/?lang=en
• Bergen, P. L. (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader. New York: Free Press.
• Bunzel, C. (2015). From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State, Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World Analysis Paper, no. 19. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/the-ideology-of-the-islamic-state.pdf
• Byman, D.L. (2015a, 29 April). Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different Goals, Different Targets. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/comparing-al-qaeda-and-isis-different-goals-different-targets/
• Byman, D. (2015b). Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Bin Ladin, U. (1996). İ’lânu’l-Cihâd ‘ala’l-Amrîkâni’l-Muhtellîn li-Bilâdi’l-Haremeyn: Ahricû’l-Müşrikîne min Cezîreti’l-‘Arab. https://archive.org/details/usama_doc_all
• Bin Ladin, U. (1998). Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders. Berner, B. K. (Ed.) Jihad: Bin Laden in His Own Words (Declarations, Interviews and Speeches). (ss. 66-70). New Delhi: Peacock Books, 2007.
• Çakmaktaş, N. (2021). The Ages of Jihadi Salafism: A Dual Exchange of Ideas and Contexts in Ideological Formation. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 471-491.
• Çakmaktaş, N. (2024). Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir: ‘The Jurisprudence of Blood’ and the Ideology of ISIS. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 1(25), 93-110.
• Dabiq Magazine 3. (2014). A Call to Hijrah.
• Dabiq Magazine 13. (2016). The Rafidah: From Ibn Saba’ to the Dajjal. El-Adnâni, E. ’Uzran, Emira’l-Kâide. https://archive.org/details/Colonel_General_El_Shazly
• El-Lîbî, E. (2006). Et-Teterrus fi’l-Cihâdi’l-Mu’âsır. https://archive.org/details/gharib_20160817_1906
• El-Muhacir, E. (2004). Mesa’il fi fıqhi’l-jihad. https://archive.org/details/20201027_20201027_0459/
• Er-Râfi’î, E. (Tarihsiz). Eb’âdu’t-Tehâlufi’r-Râfiziyyi’s-Salîbî fi’l-Irak ve Âsâruhû ‘ala’l-Mıntıka. 10 Aralık 2023 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/90/9012350479CBB40EB317BB0238AAF5D0_01.pdf adresinden alındı.
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2004). Risâle min Ebî Musʿab ez-Zerkavi ila’ş-seyh Usama bin Ladin. El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2005). Beyânun ve Tavzîhun lemâ Esârehu eş-Şeyh el-Makdîsî fî Likâihî me’a Kanâti’l-Cezîre. . El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zerkavi, E. (2006). Silsile muhâdarât hal etâke hadîsu’r-râfida. El-Arşîfu’l-câmîʿ li-kelimât ve hitâbât emîr el-istişhâdiyyîn içinde (2006). https://archive.org/details/zarqawee_201505
• Ez-Zevahiri, E. (2013). Tevcîhât ‘Âmme li’l-‘Ameli’l-Cihâdî [Cihadi Eylem İçin Genel Talimatlar]. Müessesetü’s-Sihâb li’l-İntâci’l-İ’lâmî. https://ia803008.us.archive.org/16/items/tawakkalo-00/ar.pdf
• Ez-Zevahiri, E. (2014). Şehâdetun li-Hakni Dimâi’l-Mücahidîn bi’ş-Şâm [Şam'daki mücahitlerin kanını korumak için bir tanıklık]. https://archive.org/details/aboomohamed_201405/page/n5/mode/2up
• Gerges, F. A. (2005). The Far Enemy: Why Jihâd Went Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Gerges, F. A. (2016). ISIS: A History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Hashim, A.S. (2018). The Caliphate at War: Operational Realities and Innovations of the Islamic State. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Hawley, E. (2017). ISIS Crimes Against the Shia: The Islamic State's Genocide Against Shia Muslims. Genocide Studies International, 11(2), 160-181. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689752/pdf
• Huseyn, ‘İmâd ‘Ali ‘Abdu’s-Semî’. (2003). Hıyânâtu’ş-Şî’a ve Eseruhâ fî Hezâimi’l-Ummeti’l-İslâmiyye. https://archive.org/details/khiyanat-shia
• Kazimi, N. (2006). Zarqawi’s Anti-Shi’a Legacy: Original or Borrowed. Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. (4).
• Landis, J. (2015, 13 March). Meet the Badris. https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/meet-the-badris/
• Nâci, E. (2004). İdâretu’t-tevahhuş: Ehtaru merhaletin se-temurru biha’l-umme. Merkezu'd-dirâsât ve'l-buhûs el-islâmiyye. https://archive.org/details/dorarr.blogspot.com-books
• Pape, R. A., Rivas, A.A. & Chinchilla, A.C. (2021). Introducing the new CPOST dataset on suicide attacks. Journal of Peace Research, 58(4), 1-13.
• Seifert, K. R. & McCauley, C. (2014). Suicide Bombers in Iraq, 2003–2010: Disaggregating Targets Can Reveal Insurgent Motives and Priorities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(5), 803-820.
• Stern, J. & Berger, J.M., (2015). ISIS: The State of Terror. New York: Ecco.
• Ulutaş, U. (2016). The State of Savagery: ISIS in Syria. Ankara: SETA.
• Whiteside, C. (2017). A Pedigree of Terror: The Myth of the Ba'athist Influence in the Islamic State Movement. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(3), 2-18.
• Wiktorowicz, Q. & Kaltner, J. (2003). Killing in the Name of Islam: Al-Qaeda's Justification for September 11. Middle East Policy, 10(2),76-92.

Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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