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Evaluation of the Condition of Antakya (Antioch) Urban Site after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 444 – 467, 30.07.2024
Filiz Karakuş Ekrem Bahadır Çalışkan Esra Koyuncu
https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1443102
Öz Throughout history, many cultural heritage buildings worldwide have been severely damaged by earthquakes and even faced the risk of destruction. On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.7, centered in Pazarcık and 7.6 in Elbistan, occurred in Kahramanmaraş Province. This study examines the registered buildings in the Antakya urban conservation area after these earthquakes. Within the scope of the study, 250 registered buildings in the area were examined, and their post-earthquake conditions were determined. The city of Antakya is a unique city that has been home to many civilizations due to its location in the historical process it has undergone; it has been kneaded with various religious, ethnic, and cultural richness of these civilizations and reflects the cultural diversity and layeredness created by history. For this reason, it is thought that it is very important to determine the post-earthquake conditions of these buildings, which have an important place in the city’s identity.
Anahtar Kelimeler Antakya (Antioch), Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, urban site, historical building, damage degree.
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Seismic failure behavior of masonry domes under strong ground motions, Engineering Failure Analysis, 142: 106749, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106749. Boduroğlu, H., Ozdemir, P., Binbir, E. & Ilki, A. (2013). Seismic damage assessment methodology devel- oped for Turkish compulsory insurance system. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference of the international institute for infrastructure renewal and reconstruction. Brisbane, Australia. Çakir, Uçkan, F., E., Shen, J., Şeker, S. & Akbaş, B. (2016). Seismic performance evaluation of slender masonry towers: a case study, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 25 (4): 193–212, https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1235. Çelebi, Y. & Günaltay, Ş. (1982). Bir grup eski Antakya evi. Türk Etnografya Dergisi, (67), 159-201. Dal, İ. & Kaymaz, I. (2021). Antakya Gazipaşa Caddesi örneğinin kentsel tarihi peyzaj açısından değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 23(2): 433-445. Demir, A. (1996). Çağlar İçinde Antakya, İstanbul: Akbank Yayınları. Doğangün, A., Sezen, H., Tuluk, Ö., İ., Livaoğlu, R. & Acar, R. (2007). Traditional Turkish masonry monumental structures and their earthquake response, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1 (3): 251–271, https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050701436980. Doğangün, A., Acar, R., Sezen, H. & Livaoglu, R. (2008). Investigation of dynamic response of masonry minaret structures, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6 (3): 505–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9066-5. Downey, G. (1961). A History of Antiochia in Syria. Prienceton University Press: Prienceton. Ercan, E., Arısoy, B., Hökelekli, E. & Nuhoğlu, A. (2017). Estimation of seismic damage propagation in a Historical Masonry Minaret, Sigma Journal of Engineering & Natural Sciences, 35(4): 647-666. FEMA 306 (1998). Evaluation of earthquake damaged concrete and masonry wall buildings: basic procedures manual. ATC, Redwood City, CA, USA. Fırat Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Uygulama Gazetesi, (2022). Hatay Meclis Binası, Access Address (14.02.2024): https://gazete.firat.edu.tr/sinemadan-meclis-binasina-hatay-meclis-kultur-sanat-merkezi.html Fikriyat, (2023). Habibi Neccar Camii, Access Address (15.02.2024): https://www.fikriyat.com/galeri/tarih/depremde-yikilan-14-asirlik-habib-i-neccar-camii Finkel, C. F. & Ambraseys, N. N. (1997). The Marmara Sea Earthquake of July 10 1894 and Its Effects on Historic Buildings, Anatolia Moderna, 7: 49-58, https://www.persee.fr/doc/anatm_1297-8094_1997_num_7_1_948. Goretti, A., & Di Pasquale, G. (2002). An overview of post-earthquake damage assessment in Italy. In Eeri invitational workshop. An action plan to develop earthquake damage and loss data protocols, California. Göçer, C. (2024). Antakya high school: A unique example of how a traditional building system performs in an earthquake. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9 (Special Issue), 293-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1334645. Grillanda, N., Chiozzi, A., Milani, G. & Tralli, A. (2019). Collapse behaviour of masonry domes under seismic loads: An adaptive NURBS kinematic limit analysis approach, Engineering Structures, 200, 109517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109517. Grünthal, G. (1998). European macroseismic scale 1998 (EMS-98). European Seismological Commission (ESC), Luxembourg. Guidoboni, E., & Ferrari, G. (2000). The effects of earthquakes in historical cities: the peculiarity of the Italian case, Annali di Geofisica, 43: 667-686. Güzelmansur A., Salıcı A. & Altunkasa, M. F. (2007). Kentleşme ve Kentsel Yaşam Niteliği Arasındaki Etkileşimlerin Dış Mekânlar Açısından İrdelenmesi: Antakya Örneği. 38. ICANAS Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi, 10-15 Eylül 2007, ss. 511-524, Ankara. Güzer, B. (2007). Antakya Ve Boston Kentleri Örneğinde Kentsel Açık Alan Tipolojilerinin Dönüşümünün İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Hatay Valiliği (2011). Hatay Kültür Envanteri, Antakya, cilt 1, Hatay. ICOMOS Türkiye Milli Komitesi. (2023). Kültür Varlıkları ve Deprem: Görüş, Değerlendirme ve Öneriler. Access Address (01.12.23): http://www.icomos.org.tr/?Sayfa=Duyuru&sira=111&dil=tr (Last accessed: 01.12.2023). Ilki, A., Demir, C., Comert, M., & Kusunoki, K. (2013). Evaluation of seismic damage assessment methodologies based on field observations, test results and analytical studies. In 2013 International Van earthquake symposium.(keynote lecture). Japan and Building Disaster Prevention Association (JBDPA), (2015). Disaster Management in Japan, Access Address (15.02.24): https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/hakusho/pdf/WP2015_DM_Full_Version.pdf. Kocaman, İ. (2023). The effect of Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on historical masonry mosquakes and minarets, Engineering Failure Analysis, 149: 1-14. Kocaoğlu, B. (2016). Antakya Tarihi Kent Dokusunun Kentsel Tasarım Açısından İrdelenmesi ve Bir Örnek Çalışma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın. Kültür Portali, (2014). Antakya Ortadoks Kilisesi, Access Address 14.02.24: https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/hatay/gezilecekyer/ortodoks-kilisesi. Maas, M. (2000). People and identity in Roman Antioch. C. Kondoleon (Ed.), Antioch: the lost ancient city (s.13- 21). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Ömeroğlu, C. (2006). Antakya Kentinin Özgünlüğü ve Günümüz Koruma Sorunlarının Antakya Kentsel Sit Alanında İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Özalp, D. (2008). Tarihi Kent İmajının Korunmasında Kentsel Tasarım: Antakya Örneği. Uzmanlık Tezi, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Pavlovic, M., Reccia, E. & Cecchi, A. (2016). A procedure to investigate the collapse behavior of masonry domes: Some meaningful cases, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 10 (1): 67–83. Rifaioğlu, M., N. (2014). The Historic Urban Core of Antakya Under the Influence of the French Mandate and Turkish Republican Urban Conservation and Development Activities. Megaron, 9(4), 271-288. Sargın, S. & Dinç, Y. (2017). Kültür Mirasının Korunmasına Yönelik Mekânsal Bir Değerlendirme: Eski (Geleneksel) Antakya Evlerinin Fonksiyonel Değişimi. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic. 12-13:477-506. Sezgin, M. & Karagöz, B., S. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depreminin Konaklama İşletmelerine Etkisi ve Fay Tehdidi in Deprem ve turizm, (ed. Çağatay Ünüsan et al.). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi. Solares, J. M. M. & Arroyo, A. L. (2004). The great historical 1755 earthquake. Effects and damage in Spain, Journal of Seismology, 8: 275-294. Soyluk, A. & Köse, Z. (2024). Disaster risk reduction plans in historical areas and the Kahramanmaras Earthquake of 6 February 2023: The case of Kurtulus Avenue. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9 (Special Issue), 64-83.DOI: https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1318866 T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. Access Address (03.12.2023): https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras- ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf. TMMOB Chamber of Geological Engineers, (2012). Türkiye Resilient Fault Map, Access Address (17.03.24): https://eski.jmo.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=5774&tipi=2&sube=0. Temiz, F. (2002). XIX. Yüzyıl ve Sonrasında Antakya’nın Kentsel Mekân Oluşumunda Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler ve Kurtuluş Caddesi, Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Van, 7-84 (2002). Varnacı Uzun, F. & Somuncu, M. (2023). Antakya kentsel kültürel mirası hakkında değerlendirme, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1): 9-23.
Antakya Kentsel Sit Alanının Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrasındaki Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 444 – 467, 30.07.2024
Filiz Karakuş Ekrem Bahadır Çalışkan Esra Koyuncu
https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1443102
Öz Tarih boyunca, dünyanın dört bir yanında bulunan kültürel miras niteliğindeki pek çok yapı, depremlerde ciddi bir şekilde hasar almış, hatta yıkım riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş İli, Pazarcık merkezli 7.7 ve Elbistan merkezli 7.6 büyüklüğünde iki deprem meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışma söz konusu depremler neticesinde, Antakya kentsel sit alanı içerisinde yer alan tescilli yapıların incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında alanda yer alan iki yüz elli adet tescilli yapı incelenmiş ve deprem sonrası durumları tespit edilmiştir. Antakya kenti, geçirdiği tarihsel süreç içerisinde bulunduğu konum itibariyle birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış, bu medeniyetlerin çeşitli dini, etnik, kültürel zenginlikleriyle yoğrulmuş, tarihin oluşturduğu kültürel çeşitliliği ve katmanlılığı yansıtan özgün bir kenttir. Bu sebeple kentte bulunan ve kentin kimliğinde önemli bir yeri olan bu yapıların deprem sonrası durumlarının tespitinin oldukça önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Antakya, Kahramanmaraş depremleri, kentsel sit, tarihi yapı, hasar derecesi.
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Site investigation and engineering evaluation of the Düzce- Bolu earthquake of November 12 (1999) Technical Report, Turkish Earthquake Foundation. TDV/DR 95:51. Baggio, C., Bernardini, A., Colozza, R., Corazza, L., Della Bella, M., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M., Goretti, A., Martinelli, A., Orsini, G. & Papa, F. (2007). Field manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures (AeDES). European Commission—Joint Research Centre—Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, EUR, 22868. Bahadır, G. (2013). Hristiyanlığın Antakya'da şekillenmesi ve Habib-i Neccar. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10 (23), 207-214. Bakır, M. (2022). The Effects of Earthquakes in Antıoch and its Vicinity Evidence of Repair, Rebuilding and Urban Reorganızatıon Between the fourth and thirteenth centuries, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Bayraktar, A., Hökelekli, E. & Yang, T., T. (2022). Seismic failure behavior of masonry domes under strong ground motions, Engineering Failure Analysis, 142: 106749, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106749. Boduroğlu, H., Ozdemir, P., Binbir, E. & Ilki, A. (2013). Seismic damage assessment methodology devel- oped for Turkish compulsory insurance system. In: Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference of the international institute for infrastructure renewal and reconstruction. Brisbane, Australia. Çakir, Uçkan, F., E., Shen, J., Şeker, S. & Akbaş, B. (2016). Seismic performance evaluation of slender masonry towers: a case study, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 25 (4): 193–212, https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1235. Çelebi, Y. & Günaltay, Ş. (1982). Bir grup eski Antakya evi. Türk Etnografya Dergisi, (67), 159-201. Dal, İ. & Kaymaz, I. (2021). Antakya Gazipaşa Caddesi örneğinin kentsel tarihi peyzaj açısından değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 23(2): 433-445. Demir, A. (1996). Çağlar İçinde Antakya, İstanbul: Akbank Yayınları. Doğangün, A., Sezen, H., Tuluk, Ö., İ., Livaoğlu, R. & Acar, R. (2007). Traditional Turkish masonry monumental structures and their earthquake response, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1 (3): 251–271, https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050701436980. Doğangün, A., Acar, R., Sezen, H. & Livaoglu, R. (2008). Investigation of dynamic response of masonry minaret structures, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6 (3): 505–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9066-5. Downey, G. (1961). A History of Antiochia in Syria. Prienceton University Press: Prienceton. Ercan, E., Arısoy, B., Hökelekli, E. & Nuhoğlu, A. (2017). Estimation of seismic damage propagation in a Historical Masonry Minaret, Sigma Journal of Engineering & Natural Sciences, 35(4): 647-666. FEMA 306 (1998). Evaluation of earthquake damaged concrete and masonry wall buildings: basic procedures manual. ATC, Redwood City, CA, USA. Fırat Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Uygulama Gazetesi, (2022). Hatay Meclis Binası, Access Address (14.02.2024): https://gazete.firat.edu.tr/sinemadan-meclis-binasina-hatay-meclis-kultur-sanat-merkezi.html Fikriyat, (2023). Habibi Neccar Camii, Access Address (15.02.2024): https://www.fikriyat.com/galeri/tarih/depremde-yikilan-14-asirlik-habib-i-neccar-camii Finkel, C. F. & Ambraseys, N. N. (1997). The Marmara Sea Earthquake of July 10 1894 and Its Effects on Historic Buildings, Anatolia Moderna, 7: 49-58, https://www.persee.fr/doc/anatm_1297-8094_1997_num_7_1_948. Goretti, A., & Di Pasquale, G. (2002). An overview of post-earthquake damage assessment in Italy. In Eeri invitational workshop. An action plan to develop earthquake damage and loss data protocols, California. Göçer, C. (2024). Antakya high school: A unique example of how a traditional building system performs in an earthquake. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9 (Special Issue), 293-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1334645. Grillanda, N., Chiozzi, A., Milani, G. & Tralli, A. (2019). Collapse behaviour of masonry domes under seismic loads: An adaptive NURBS kinematic limit analysis approach, Engineering Structures, 200, 109517, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109517. Grünthal, G. (1998). European macroseismic scale 1998 (EMS-98). European Seismological Commission (ESC), Luxembourg. Guidoboni, E., & Ferrari, G. (2000). The effects of earthquakes in historical cities: the peculiarity of the Italian case, Annali di Geofisica, 43: 667-686. Güzelmansur A., Salıcı A. & Altunkasa, M. F. (2007). Kentleşme ve Kentsel Yaşam Niteliği Arasındaki Etkileşimlerin Dış Mekânlar Açısından İrdelenmesi: Antakya Örneği. 38. ICANAS Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi, 10-15 Eylül 2007, ss. 511-524, Ankara. Güzer, B. (2007). Antakya Ve Boston Kentleri Örneğinde Kentsel Açık Alan Tipolojilerinin Dönüşümünün İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Hatay Valiliği (2011). Hatay Kültür Envanteri, Antakya, cilt 1, Hatay. ICOMOS Türkiye Milli Komitesi. (2023). Kültür Varlıkları ve Deprem: Görüş, Değerlendirme ve Öneriler. Access Address (01.12.23): http://www.icomos.org.tr/?Sayfa=Duyuru&sira=111&dil=tr (Last accessed: 01.12.2023). Ilki, A., Demir, C., Comert, M., & Kusunoki, K. (2013). Evaluation of seismic damage assessment methodologies based on field observations, test results and analytical studies. In 2013 International Van earthquake symposium.(keynote lecture). Japan and Building Disaster Prevention Association (JBDPA), (2015). Disaster Management in Japan, Access Address (15.02.24): https://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/hakusho/pdf/WP2015_DM_Full_Version.pdf. Kocaman, İ. (2023). The effect of Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on historical masonry mosquakes and minarets, Engineering Failure Analysis, 149: 1-14. Kocaoğlu, B. (2016). Antakya Tarihi Kent Dokusunun Kentsel Tasarım Açısından İrdelenmesi ve Bir Örnek Çalışma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın. Kültür Portali, (2014). Antakya Ortadoks Kilisesi, Access Address 14.02.24: https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/hatay/gezilecekyer/ortodoks-kilisesi. Maas, M. (2000). People and identity in Roman Antioch. C. Kondoleon (Ed.), Antioch: the lost ancient city (s.13- 21). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Ömeroğlu, C. (2006). Antakya Kentinin Özgünlüğü ve Günümüz Koruma Sorunlarının Antakya Kentsel Sit Alanında İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Özalp, D. (2008). Tarihi Kent İmajının Korunmasında Kentsel Tasarım: Antakya Örneği. Uzmanlık Tezi, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Pavlovic, M., Reccia, E. & Cecchi, A. (2016). A procedure to investigate the collapse behavior of masonry domes: Some meaningful cases, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 10 (1): 67–83. Rifaioğlu, M., N. (2014). The Historic Urban Core of Antakya Under the Influence of the French Mandate and Turkish Republican Urban Conservation and Development Activities. Megaron, 9(4), 271-288. Sargın, S. & Dinç, Y. (2017). Kültür Mirasının Korunmasına Yönelik Mekânsal Bir Değerlendirme: Eski (Geleneksel) Antakya Evlerinin Fonksiyonel Değişimi. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic. 12-13:477-506. Sezgin, M. & Karagöz, B., S. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depreminin Konaklama İşletmelerine Etkisi ve Fay Tehdidi in Deprem ve turizm, (ed. Çağatay Ünüsan et al.). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi. Solares, J. M. M. & Arroyo, A. L. (2004). The great historical 1755 earthquake. Effects and damage in Spain, Journal of Seismology, 8: 275-294. Soyluk, A. & Köse, Z. (2024). Disaster risk reduction plans in historical areas and the Kahramanmaras Earthquake of 6 February 2023: The case of Kurtulus Avenue. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9 (Special Issue), 64-83.DOI: https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1318866 T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. Access Address (03.12.2023): https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras- ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf. TMMOB Chamber of Geological Engineers, (2012). Türkiye Resilient Fault Map, Access Address (17.03.24): https://eski.jmo.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=5774&tipi=2&sube=0. Temiz, F. (2002). XIX. Yüzyıl ve Sonrasında Antakya’nın Kentsel Mekân Oluşumunda Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler ve Kurtuluş Caddesi, Doktora Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Van, 7-84 (2002). Varnacı Uzun, F. & Somuncu, M. (2023). Antakya kentsel kültürel mirası hakkında değerlendirme, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1): 9-23. Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil İngilizce Konular Mimari Miras ve Koruma Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Filiz Karakuş YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-7562-3435 Türkiye
Ekrem Bahadır Çalışkan ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-5258-2976 Türkiye
Esra Koyuncu ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0009-0007-2159-8776 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster APA Karakuş, F., Çalışkan, E. B., & Koyuncu, E. (2024). Evaluation of the Condition of Antakya (Antioch) Urban Site after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 9(1), 444-467. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1443102
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