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Alman Hukukundaki Düzenlemeler Işığında Türk Hukukunda Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğuna Yeni Bir Bakış Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 504 – 530, 23.07.2024
Özkan Özyakışır
https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1471814
Öz Yapı malikinin sorumluluğu, Türk hukukunda kurtuluş kanıtı dahi getirilemeyen bir kusursuz sorumluluk hâli olarak düzenlenmişken; Alman hukukunda kusur sorumluluğu olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ancak Alman hukukunda, mağdur tarafın (zarar görenin) kusuru ve illiyet bağını ispatlamasının zorluğundan yola çıkılarak yapı malikinin sorumluluğuna ilişkin hükümde (BGB m. 836) ispat yükü özel olarak düzenlenmiştir. Buna göre, Alman hukukunda yapı maliki, kusurlu olmadığını, yapının güvenliğini sağlamak için gösterdiği çabayı, günlük hayattaki olağan ve gerekli özeni gösterdiğini ispatlamakla yükümlüdür. Bahsi geçen hususların yapı maliki tarafından ispatlanması durumunda, BGB m. 836 kapsamında sorumluluk söz konusu olmaz. Alman hukukunda yapı malikinin sorumluluğu, “yıkılma” ve/veya “kopma” olaylarıyla sınırlı olarak düzenlenmiştir. BGB m. 836’nın uygulama alanı, somut olarak yıkılma ve/veya kopma olaylarına özgüdür. Türk hukukunda ise, yıkılma ve/veya kopma özel olarak aranmamakta; bina veya diğer yapı eserinin yapılışındaki bozukluk veya bakımındaki eksikliğin genel olarak vereceği zararlardan bahsedilmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, yapı malikinin sorumluluğuna ilişkin Türk hukukundaki düzenlemeleri (TBK m. 69-70) ve Alman hukukundaki düzenlemeleri (BGB m. 836-838) incelemek suretiyle, Türk hukukuna dair bazı değerlendirmeler ve önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğu, Bina veya Diğer Yapı, Kusursuz Sorumluluk, Kusur Sorumluluğu, İspat Yükü, Zarar
Kaynakça Abik, Yıldız. “Kaynak Hakkına İlişkin Türk Medeni Kanunundaki Hükümler Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme”, Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3/1, (2010), 79-91. Acar, Bülent. “Yargıtay’ın, “Ek Kusurun Giderimle İlgili Olarak Birlikte Kusuru Etkilemesi” İşlevini Tanımazlığı Görüşünün Eleştirisi”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, S.: 3, (1991), 341-346. Akartepe, Alpaslan. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu'nun Haksız Fiilden Doğan Borç İlişkileri Alanında Getirdiği Yenilikler ve Değişiklikler”, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, XVI/1-2, (2012), 159-190. Akçaal, Mehmet. Eşya Hukuku, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2022. Akıncı, Şahin. Borçlar Hukuku Bilgisi Genel Hükümler, Konya: Sayram Yayınları, 12. Baskı, Haziran 2021. Ayan, Mehmet. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 12. Baskı, Eylül 2020. Aydoğdu, Murat – Nart, Serdar. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 1. Baskı, Şubat 2022. Başoğlu, Başak. “Sözleşme Dışı Kusursuz Sorumluluk Hukuku ve Özellikle Tehlike Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6/2, (2015), 29-59. Birk, Günther H. J. “Ersatzpflicht für Dachlawinenschäden”, NJW 1983, 2911-2917. Bolat Türkdoğan, Elif. Türk Hukukunda Bir Kusursuz Sorumluluk Türü Olarak Objektif Özen Ödevine Dayalı Sorumluluk, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, Mayıs 2021. Bucaktepe, Adil. “Depremden Dolayı İdarenin Sorumluluğu”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 17-18/26-27-28-29, (2012-2013), 93-122. Eren, Fikret. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 26. Baskı, 2021. (Eren, Genel). Eren, Fikret. Sorumluluk Hukuku Açısından Uygun İlliyet Bağı Teorisi, Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası, 1975. (Eren, Sorumluluk). Furrer, Andreas – Müller-Chen, Markus – Çetiner, Bilgehan. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul: On İki Levha, 1. Baskı, Eylül 2021. Gümüş, Mustafa Alper. Borçlar Hukukunun Genel Hükümleri, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2021. Herrmann, Elke. “Cautio damni infecti, Besitzbegriff und Verantwortung für Sachgefahren”, in: Eckert, Jörn, Der praktische Nutzen der Rechtsgeschichte. Hans Hattenhauer zum 8. September 2001, Heidelberg: 2003, 203-214. Huguenin, Claire. Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner und Besonderer Teil, Zürich-Base-Genf: Schulthess, 2012. Kaneti, Selim. “İsviçre Federal Mahkemesinin Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Kararları”, Adalet Dergisi, S.: 9-10, Y.: 59, (Eylül-Ekim 1968), 575-590. Karan, Yeliz. “Haksız Fiil Sorumluluğu ile Sözleşmeden Doğan Sorumluluğun Karşılaştırılması”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, Nisan 2013, 723-748. Katzenmeier, Christian. Nomos Kommentar, BGB Schuldrecht, Band 2 §§ 241- 853, Ed. Barbara Dauner-Lieb/Werner Langen, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 4. Auflage, 2021. Kern, Christoph. Jauernig, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Rom-1- VO, Rom-II-VO, Rom-III-VO, EG-UnthVO/HUntProt und EuErbVO, München: C. H Beck, 19. Auflage, 2023. Kılıçoğlu, Ahmet M. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 26. Bası, Eylül 2022. Kurt, Ekrem. “Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğu”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14/4, (2008), 171-192. Oğuz, Habip. “Sorumluluk Hukukunda Kusur”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, S.: 28, Y.: 7, (Ekim 2016), 273-286. Oğuzman, M. Kemal – Öz, M. Turgut. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Cilt-2, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 16. Bası, Mart 2021. Oğuzman, M. Kemal – Seliçi, Özer – Oktay-Özdemir, Saibe. Eşya Hukuku, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, 24. Bası, Kasım 2022. Öcal Apaydın, Bahar. “Elektrik Enerjisi Nakil Hatlarının Yol Açtığı Zarardan Sorumluluk”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 27/2, (2019), 307-344. Öztaş, İlker. “Bina ve Diğer Yapıların Yapılışlarındaki Bozukluklardan veya Bakımındaki Eksikliklerden Dolayı Paydaşların Sorumluluğu”, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, XI/1-2, (2007), 351-365. Petershagen, Jörg. beck-online. Grosskommentar, München: C. H. Beck, 19. Auflage, 2023. (Petershagen, Grosskommentar). Petershagen, Jörg. Die Gebäudehaftung – § 836 BGB im System der Verkehrssicherungspflichten, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2000. (Petershagen, Die Gebäudehaftung). Schmid, Michael J. “Die Haftung für den Einsturz oder die Ablösung von Gebäudeteilen”, VersR 2012, 1098-1100. Schwenzer, Ingeborg. Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Bern: Stämpfli Verlag, 7. Auflage, 2016. Sirmen, A. Lâle. Eşya Hukuku, Ankara: Legem Yayınevi, 11. Baskı, 2023. Spindler, Gerald. Beck’sche Online KommentareBeckOK, München: C.H. Beck, 68. Edition, 2023. Staudinger, Ansgar – Heinze, Stefan. “Der Grabstein – Stein des Anstoßes”, Jura 2003, 581-587. Staudinger, Ansgar. Nomos Handkommentar, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Ed. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reiner Schulze, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 12. Auflage, 2024. Şahin, Turan. “Türk-İsviçre Borçlar Kanunu ve İsviçre Borçlar Kanunu (2020) Tasarısında Kusursuz Sorumluluk Hallerinin Görünümü”, Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 13/145, (Eylül 2018), 125-129. Tandoğan, Halûk. Kusura Dayanmayan Sözleşme Dışı Sorumluluk Hukuku, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, Birinci Baskı, 1981. Tekinay, Selahâttin Sulhi – Akman, Sermet – Burcuoğlu, Halûk – Altop, Atillâ. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, 7. Bası, 1993. Wagner, Gerhard. Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, München: Verlag C.H. Beck, Band 7, 2024. Yavuz, Cevdet. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısı'na Göre "Kusursuz Sorumluluk" Halleri ve İlkeleri”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14/4, (2008), 29-61. Yıldırım, Abdulkerim. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Monopol Yayınları, 12. Baskı, Haziran 2021. 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A New Perspective on the Liability of the Building Owner in Turkish Law in the Light of the Regulations in German Law Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 504 – 530, 23.07.2024
Özkan Özyakışır
https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1471814
Öz While the liability of the building owner is regulated as a state of strict liability in Turkish law, which cannot even be proved; it is accepted as fault liability in German law. However, in German law, the burden of proof is specifically regulated in the provision on the building owner’s liability (Art. 836 BGB), based on the difficulty of the aggrieved party (the injured party) to prove the fault and the causal link. Accordingly, in German law, the owner of the building is obliged to prove that he is not at fault, that he has endeavored to ensure the safety of the building, and that he has exercised ordinary and necessary care in daily life. If the matters above are proved by the building owner, liability under Art. 836 BGB does not arise. Under German law, the liability of the owner of the building is limited to cases of “collapse” and/or “rupture”. The scope of application of Art. 836 BGB is specific to concrete cases of collapse and/or rupture. Turkish law, on the other hand, does not specifically require collapse and/or rupture; it refers to the damages caused by the defect in the construction or lack of maintenance of the building or other work of construction in general. Our study aims to make some evaluations and suggestions regarding Turkish law by analyzing the regulations in Turkish law (TBK Art. 69-70) and German law (BGB Art. 836-838) regarding the building owner’s liability.
Anahtar Kelimeler Responsibility of the Building Owner, Building or Other Structure, Strict Liability, Fault Liability, Burden of Proof, Damage
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Başoğlu, Başak. “Sözleşme Dışı Kusursuz Sorumluluk Hukuku ve Özellikle Tehlike Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Değerlendirmeler”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 6/2, (2015), 29-59. Birk, Günther H. J. “Ersatzpflicht für Dachlawinenschäden”, NJW 1983, 2911-2917. Bolat Türkdoğan, Elif. Türk Hukukunda Bir Kusursuz Sorumluluk Türü Olarak Objektif Özen Ödevine Dayalı Sorumluluk, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, Mayıs 2021. Bucaktepe, Adil. “Depremden Dolayı İdarenin Sorumluluğu”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 17-18/26-27-28-29, (2012-2013), 93-122. Eren, Fikret. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 26. Baskı, 2021. (Eren, Genel). Eren, Fikret. Sorumluluk Hukuku Açısından Uygun İlliyet Bağı Teorisi, Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası, 1975. (Eren, Sorumluluk). Furrer, Andreas – Müller-Chen, Markus – Çetiner, Bilgehan. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul: On İki Levha, 1. Baskı, Eylül 2021. Gümüş, Mustafa Alper. Borçlar Hukukunun Genel Hükümleri, Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2021. Herrmann, Elke. “Cautio damni infecti, Besitzbegriff und Verantwortung für Sachgefahren”, in: Eckert, Jörn, Der praktische Nutzen der Rechtsgeschichte. Hans Hattenhauer zum 8. September 2001, Heidelberg: 2003, 203-214. Huguenin, Claire. Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner und Besonderer Teil, Zürich-Base-Genf: Schulthess, 2012. Kaneti, Selim. “İsviçre Federal Mahkemesinin Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğuna İlişkin Kararları”, Adalet Dergisi, S.: 9-10, Y.: 59, (Eylül-Ekim 1968), 575-590. Karan, Yeliz. “Haksız Fiil Sorumluluğu ile Sözleşmeden Doğan Sorumluluğun Karşılaştırılması”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, Nisan 2013, 723-748. Katzenmeier, Christian. Nomos Kommentar, BGB Schuldrecht, Band 2 §§ 241- 853, Ed. Barbara Dauner-Lieb/Werner Langen, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 4. Auflage, 2021. Kern, Christoph. Jauernig, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Rom-1- VO, Rom-II-VO, Rom-III-VO, EG-UnthVO/HUntProt und EuErbVO, München: C. H Beck, 19. Auflage, 2023. Kılıçoğlu, Ahmet M. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 26. Bası, Eylül 2022. Kurt, Ekrem. “Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğu”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14/4, (2008), 171-192. Oğuz, Habip. “Sorumluluk Hukukunda Kusur”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, S.: 28, Y.: 7, (Ekim 2016), 273-286. Oğuzman, M. Kemal – Öz, M. Turgut. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Cilt-2, İstanbul: Vedat Kitapçılık, 16. Bası, Mart 2021. Oğuzman, M. Kemal – Seliçi, Özer – Oktay-Özdemir, Saibe. Eşya Hukuku, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, 24. Bası, Kasım 2022. Öcal Apaydın, Bahar. “Elektrik Enerjisi Nakil Hatlarının Yol Açtığı Zarardan Sorumluluk”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 27/2, (2019), 307-344. Öztaş, İlker. “Bina ve Diğer Yapıların Yapılışlarındaki Bozukluklardan veya Bakımındaki Eksikliklerden Dolayı Paydaşların Sorumluluğu”, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, XI/1-2, (2007), 351-365. Petershagen, Jörg. beck-online. Grosskommentar, München: C. H. Beck, 19. Auflage, 2023. (Petershagen, Grosskommentar). Petershagen, Jörg. Die Gebäudehaftung – § 836 BGB im System der Verkehrssicherungspflichten, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2000. (Petershagen, Die Gebäudehaftung). Schmid, Michael J. “Die Haftung für den Einsturz oder die Ablösung von Gebäudeteilen”, VersR 2012, 1098-1100. Schwenzer, Ingeborg. Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht Allgemeiner Teil, Bern: Stämpfli Verlag, 7. Auflage, 2016. Sirmen, A. Lâle. Eşya Hukuku, Ankara: Legem Yayınevi, 11. Baskı, 2023. Spindler, Gerald. Beck’sche Online KommentareBeckOK, München: C.H. Beck, 68. Edition, 2023. Staudinger, Ansgar – Heinze, Stefan. “Der Grabstein – Stein des Anstoßes”, Jura 2003, 581-587. Staudinger, Ansgar. Nomos Handkommentar, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Ed. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Reiner Schulze, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 12. Auflage, 2024. Şahin, Turan. “Türk-İsviçre Borçlar Kanunu ve İsviçre Borçlar Kanunu (2020) Tasarısında Kusursuz Sorumluluk Hallerinin Görünümü”, Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 13/145, (Eylül 2018), 125-129. Tandoğan, Halûk. Kusura Dayanmayan Sözleşme Dışı Sorumluluk Hukuku, Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, Birinci Baskı, 1981. Tekinay, Selahâttin Sulhi – Akman, Sermet – Burcuoğlu, Halûk – Altop, Atillâ. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, 7. Bası, 1993. Wagner, Gerhard. Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, München: Verlag C.H. Beck, Band 7, 2024. Yavuz, Cevdet. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısı'na Göre "Kusursuz Sorumluluk" Halleri ve İlkeleri”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14/4, (2008), 29-61. Yıldırım, Abdulkerim. Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara: Monopol Yayınları, 12. Baskı, Haziran 2021. Yılmaz, Süleyman. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısında Sebep Sorumluluklarına İlişkin Yeni Hükümler”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 59/3, (2010), 551-578. (Yılmaz, Yeni Hükümler). Yılmaz, Yasemin. “Sözleşmeden Doğan Sorumluluk ile Haksız Fiil Sorumluluğunun Karşılaştırılması”, (Ed. Tufan Öğüz, Emrehan İnal, Başak Baysal, Şükran Şıpka, Hasan Erman), Prof. Dr. Necla Giritlioğlu’na Armağan, İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, Mart 2020, 613-648. Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Hukuk Teorisi, İçtihat ve Hukuki Yorum, Hukuk (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Özkan Özyakışır SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-1401-9891 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Nisan 2024 Kabul Tarihi 9 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Özyakışır, Özkan. “Alman Hukukundaki Düzenlemeler Işığında Türk Hukukunda Yapı Malikinin Sorumluluğuna Yeni Bir Bakış”. Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (Temmuz 2024), 504-530. https://doi.org/10.56701/shd.1471814.
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