Churchill’s Three Majestic Circles Doctrine and the Foreign Policy of the United Kingdom (1951 – 1955)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 14 – 29, 19.08.2024

İbrahim Çağrı Erkul

Öz

Winston Churchill Muhafazakâr Parti’nin muhalefette olduğu 1948’de yaptığı ve ‘üç halka/daire’ olarak anılan konuşmasında, Birleşik Krallık dış politikası için önemli bulduğu üç daireden bahsetmiştir. Bunlar sırasıyla; Commonwealth/Britanya İmparatorluğu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) de dahil İngilizce konuşulan dünya ve birleşik bir Avrupa’dan oluşmaktaydı. Doktrine göre Birleşik Krallık, her üç dairenin kesişim yerinde bulunduğu için benzersiz bir konuma sahipti. Birleşik Krallık, bu benzersiz konumunu kullanarak, hiçbir daireye ait olmayacak ve küresel aktörlüğünü bu daireler arasında kurduğu dengenin yanında daireler arasındaki bağlantıları sağlayarak inşa edecekti. Churchill’in ortaya koyduğu bu doktrin, kendisinden sonra görev yapan çok sayıda Birleşik Krallık Başbakanı tarafından da takip edilmiştir. Makale, Birleşik Krallık dış politikasında baskın bir yere sahip olan bu doktrinin en başından itibaren sorunlu olduğu iddiasındadır. Churchill’in detaylandırılmamış bir konuşmasının karar vericiler arasında bu kadar sahiplenilmesinde, doktrinin varlığının Birleşik Krallık’ın İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra dış politikasında yeni bir yol bulamadığı yönündeki eleştirileri engellemesi önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu sebeple liderler yeni bir küresel rol aramak yerine, Churchill’in ortaya koyduğu doktrine bağlı kalmaya devam etmişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Churchill, Üç Daire Doktrini, Birleşik Krallık, Dış Politika

Etik Beyan

Churchill's Three Majestic Circles Doctrine and the Foreign Policy of the United Kingdom (1951 – 1955) başlıklı makalenin hazırlanması ve yayınlanması süreçlerinde araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uyulmuştur. Çalışma için etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

• Addison, P. (1980). The political beliefs of Winston Churchill. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 30, 23–47.
• Addison, P. (2001). The three careers of Winston Churchill. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 183–199.
• Aqui, L. (2017). Macmillan, Nkrumah and the 1961 application for European Economic Community membership. The International History Review, 39(4), 575–591.
• Armaoğlu, F. (2017). 20. yüzyıl siyasi tarihi. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• Baker, D. (2002). Elite discourse and popular opinion on European Union. British exceptionalism revisited. Politique Européenne, 6, 18–35.
• Ball, S. (1998). The Conservative Party since 1945. Manchester University Press.
• Bartlett, C. J. (1989). British foreign policy in the twentieth century. Macmillan Education. Black, J. (2015). Kısa İngiltere tarihi. Ekin Duru (Transl.), İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
• Bratberg, Ø. (2011). Ideas, tradition and norm entrepreneurs: retracing guiding principles of foreign policy in Blair and Chirac’s speeches on Iraq. Review of International Studies, 37(1), 327– 348.
• Brinkley, D. (1990). Dean Acheson and the “special relationship”: the west point speech of December 1962. The Historical Journal, 33(3), 599–608.
• Broad, M. & Daddow, O. (2010). Half-remembered quotations from mostly forgotten speeches: the limits of labour’s European policy discourse. BJPIR, 12, 205–222.
• Canbolat, İ. S. (2023). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye ıluslarüstü bir sistemle ortaklık. Bursa: Ekin.
• Cannadine, D. (2001). Churchill and the British Monarchy. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 249–272.
• Carlton, D. (2001). Churchill and the two “evil empires.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 331–351.
• Catherwood, C. (2022). Churchill, Eisenhower, and the making of the modern world, Lyons Press.
• Charmley, J. (2001). Churchill and the American alliance. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 353–371.
• Churchill, W. S. (2013). Never give in! Winston Churchill’s speeches. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Churchill, W. (1959). Memoirs of the Second World War. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company.
• Churchill, W. (1946). Speech delivered at the University of Zurich, 19 September 1946. https:// rm.coe.int/16806981f3 Curtin, P. D. (1959). The British Empire and Commonwealth in recent historiography. The American Historical Review, 65(1), 72–91.
• Daily Mirror, (1953, November 4). Churchill hope of red policy change. 33-33.
• Deighton, A. (2019). Brave new world? brave old world?. Contemporary European History, 28(1), 31–34.
• Deighton, A. (1995). Britain and the three interlocking circles. In A. Varsori (Eds) Europe 1945– 1990s The End of an Era?, St. Martin’s Press, 155-169.
• Dobson, A., & Marsh, S. (2014). Anglo-American relations: end of a special relationship?. The International History Review, 36(4), 673–697.
• Doty, R. L. (1996). Immigration and national identity: constructing the nation. Review of International Studies, 22(3), 235–255.
• Duranti, M. (2017). The conservative human rights revolution European identity, transnational politics, and the origins of the European Convention. Oxford University Press.
• Erkul, İ. Ç. (2021). Birleşik Krallık dış politikası 1979-2020. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Ferguson, N. (2015). İmparatorluk Britanya’nın modern dünyayı biçimlendirişi. Nurettin Elhüseyni (Transl.), İstanbul: YKY Yayınları.
• Garnett, M., Mabon, S., Smith, R. (2018). British foreign policy since 1945. New York: Routledge. Gaskarth, J. (2013). British foreign policy. Polity Press.
• Gilbert, M. (2005). Churchill and America. Free Press.
• Hall, H. D. (1953). The British Commonwealth of Nations. The American Political Science Review, 47(4), 997–1015.
• Hallowell, J. (2003). From Commonwealth to European integration. In Jonathan Hallowell (Eds), Britain Since 1945, Blackwell Publishing. 59-108.
• Heath, E. (1969). Realism in British Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs, 48(1), 39–50.
• Hennessy, P. (2001). Churchill and the premiership. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 295–306.
• Hutton, G. (1951, October 24). Britain votes tomorrow. The Argus. 2-2.
• Kalgoorlie Miner (1951, December 24). No one else will keep the British lion as a pet. 7-7. Karaca, R. K. (2021). Güney Asya’da üstünlük mücadelesi. In Barış Özdal, R. Kutay Karaca (Eds), Diplomasi Tarihi II, Bursa: Dora Yayınları. 298-324.
• Kennedy, P. (1990). Büyük güçlerin yükselişi ve çöküşleri, 1500’den 2000’e ekonomik değişme ve askeri çatışmalar. Birtane Karanakçı (Transl.), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Kitzinger, U. (1961). Britain and the common market: the state of the debate. The World Today, 17(6), 233–254.
• La Feber, W. (1975). Roosevelt, Churchill, and Indochina: 1942-45. The American Historical Review, 80(5), 1277–1295.
• Marshall, P. J. (1979). The decline of British colonial power. India International Centre Quarterly, 6(1), 28–38.
• Mauter, W. R. (1998). Churchill and the unification of Europe. The Historian, 61(1), 67–84. McCormick, J. (2018). Contemporary Britain. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• McNamara, R. (2005). Britain, Nasser and the balance of power in the Middle East, 1952–1967: From the Egyptian Revolution to the Six Day War. Frans Cass.
• Mendes-France, P. (1964). The European community-I. India Quarterly, 20(1), 3–16.
• Queensland Times, (1952, January 19). Mr. Churchill sees atomic weapon as peace preserver. 3-3. Rimanelli, M. (2009). The A to Z of NATO and other international security organizations. The Scarecrow Press.
• Rose, R. (2020). How referendums challenge European democracy: Brexit and beyond. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rüger, J. (2018). Writing Europe into the history of the British Empire. In J. H. Arnold, M. Hilton, J. Rüger (Eds), History after Hobsbawm: Writing the Past for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 35-49.
• Ryan, H. B. (1979). A new look at Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech. The Historical Journal, 22(4), 895–920.
• Sanders, D. (1989). Losing an empire, finding a role an introduction to British foreign policy since 1945. Macmillan Education.
• Skidelsky, L. (1992). Britain and the new European order. SAIS Review,12(1), 101–124.
• Stansky, P. & Wainwright, P. (2002). Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. In R. Eccleshall, G. Walker (Eds), Biographical dictionary of British prime ministers. Routledge, 295-305.
• The Canberra Times (1954, May 24). Eden And Churchill survey British policy on Indo-China. 1-1.
• The Courier-Mail (1952, September 24). Churchill’s ANZUS worry Australia ‘misunderstands’ Britain’s attitude. 4-4. The Daily Telegraph (1953, June 18). Churchill on ANZUS. 5-5.
• The National Advocate (1948 October 30). Empire unity Churchill’s criticism. 2-2.
• The Sydney Morning Herald (1948 October 30). “Empire” plea criticism by Churchill. 3-3. The Sydney Morning Herald (1951, October 5). Churchill’s plans to develop empire. 3-3.
• The Sydney Morning Herald (1954, July 10). No “shame” in U.S. aid. 3-3.
• The West Australian (1954, April 28). Churchill on Indo-China: “no undertaking”. 9-9.
• The West Australian, (1948, October 14). Empire and Europe. 3-3.
• Tribune (1952, January 9). Americans are aiming to conquer British Empire. 11-11.
• United States. Department of State (1982). Foreign relations of the United States 1952-1954. Vol:13. Part:1. U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Walton, C. C. (1959). The hague “congress of Europe”: a case study of public opinion. The Western Political Quarterly, 12(3), 738–752.
• Waltz, K. N. (1993). The emerging structure of international politics. International Security, 18(2), 44–79.
• Ward, J. K. (1968). Winston Churchill and the “iron curtain” speech. The History Teacher, 1(2), 5–63.
• Watson, G. (1990). A common European home. The Hudson Review, 43(3), 358–365.
• Young, J. W. (2001). Churchill and East-West detente. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 373–392.

Churchill's Three Majestic Circles Doctrine and the Foreign Policy of the United Kingdom (1951 – 1955)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 14 – 29, 19.08.2024

İbrahim Çağrı Erkul

Öz

In 1948, when the Conservative Party was in opposition, Winston Churchill made a speech known as the ‘three circles.’ He mentioned three circles that he found essential for the foreign policy of the United Kingdom (UK). These circles comprise the Commonwealth/British Empire, the English-speaking world, including the United States of America (USA), and a united Europe. Using its unique position, the UK would not belong to any circle and would build its global actorness by establishing the balance between these circles and their connections. Churchill’s doctrine was followed by many British Prime Ministers who served after him. This article argues that Churchill’s doctrine, which has a dominant place in the UK’s foreign policy, has been problematic from the beginning. An unelaborated speech by Churchill was so embraced among leaders of the UK because the doctrine prevented criticism that the UK had failed to find a new path in its foreign policy after the Second World War. For this reason, leaders continued to adhere to the doctrine put forward by Churchill rather than seeking a new global role.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Churchill, Three Circles Doctrine, United Kingdom, Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

• Addison, P. (1980). The political beliefs of Winston Churchill. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 30, 23–47.
• Addison, P. (2001). The three careers of Winston Churchill. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 183–199.
• Aqui, L. (2017). Macmillan, Nkrumah and the 1961 application for European Economic Community membership. The International History Review, 39(4), 575–591.
• Armaoğlu, F. (2017). 20. yüzyıl siyasi tarihi. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• Baker, D. (2002). Elite discourse and popular opinion on European Union. British exceptionalism revisited. Politique Européenne, 6, 18–35.
• Ball, S. (1998). The Conservative Party since 1945. Manchester University Press.
• Bartlett, C. J. (1989). British foreign policy in the twentieth century. Macmillan Education. Black, J. (2015). Kısa İngiltere tarihi. Ekin Duru (Transl.), İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
• Bratberg, Ø. (2011). Ideas, tradition and norm entrepreneurs: retracing guiding principles of foreign policy in Blair and Chirac’s speeches on Iraq. Review of International Studies, 37(1), 327– 348.
• Brinkley, D. (1990). Dean Acheson and the “special relationship”: the west point speech of December 1962. The Historical Journal, 33(3), 599–608.
• Broad, M. & Daddow, O. (2010). Half-remembered quotations from mostly forgotten speeches: the limits of labour’s European policy discourse. BJPIR, 12, 205–222.
• Canbolat, İ. S. (2023). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye ıluslarüstü bir sistemle ortaklık. Bursa: Ekin.
• Cannadine, D. (2001). Churchill and the British Monarchy. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 249–272.
• Carlton, D. (2001). Churchill and the two “evil empires.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 331–351.
• Catherwood, C. (2022). Churchill, Eisenhower, and the making of the modern world, Lyons Press.
• Charmley, J. (2001). Churchill and the American alliance. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 353–371.
• Churchill, W. S. (2013). Never give in! Winston Churchill’s speeches. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Churchill, W. (1959). Memoirs of the Second World War. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company.
• Churchill, W. (1946). Speech delivered at the University of Zurich, 19 September 1946. https:// rm.coe.int/16806981f3 Curtin, P. D. (1959). The British Empire and Commonwealth in recent historiography. The American Historical Review, 65(1), 72–91.
• Daily Mirror, (1953, November 4). Churchill hope of red policy change. 33-33.
• Deighton, A. (2019). Brave new world? brave old world?. Contemporary European History, 28(1), 31–34.
• Deighton, A. (1995). Britain and the three interlocking circles. In A. Varsori (Eds) Europe 1945– 1990s The End of an Era?, St. Martin’s Press, 155-169.
• Dobson, A., & Marsh, S. (2014). Anglo-American relations: end of a special relationship?. The International History Review, 36(4), 673–697.
• Doty, R. L. (1996). Immigration and national identity: constructing the nation. Review of International Studies, 22(3), 235–255.
• Duranti, M. (2017). The conservative human rights revolution European identity, transnational politics, and the origins of the European Convention. Oxford University Press.
• Erkul, İ. Ç. (2021). Birleşik Krallık dış politikası 1979-2020. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
• Ferguson, N. (2015). İmparatorluk Britanya’nın modern dünyayı biçimlendirişi. Nurettin Elhüseyni (Transl.), İstanbul: YKY Yayınları.
• Garnett, M., Mabon, S., Smith, R. (2018). British foreign policy since 1945. New York: Routledge. Gaskarth, J. (2013). British foreign policy. Polity Press.
• Gilbert, M. (2005). Churchill and America. Free Press.
• Hall, H. D. (1953). The British Commonwealth of Nations. The American Political Science Review, 47(4), 997–1015.
• Hallowell, J. (2003). From Commonwealth to European integration. In Jonathan Hallowell (Eds), Britain Since 1945, Blackwell Publishing. 59-108.
• Heath, E. (1969). Realism in British Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs, 48(1), 39–50.
• Hennessy, P. (2001). Churchill and the premiership. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 295–306.
• Hutton, G. (1951, October 24). Britain votes tomorrow. The Argus. 2-2.
• Kalgoorlie Miner (1951, December 24). No one else will keep the British lion as a pet. 7-7. Karaca, R. K. (2021). Güney Asya’da üstünlük mücadelesi. In Barış Özdal, R. Kutay Karaca (Eds), Diplomasi Tarihi II, Bursa: Dora Yayınları. 298-324.
• Kennedy, P. (1990). Büyük güçlerin yükselişi ve çöküşleri, 1500’den 2000’e ekonomik değişme ve askeri çatışmalar. Birtane Karanakçı (Transl.), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Kitzinger, U. (1961). Britain and the common market: the state of the debate. The World Today, 17(6), 233–254.
• La Feber, W. (1975). Roosevelt, Churchill, and Indochina: 1942-45. The American Historical Review, 80(5), 1277–1295.
• Marshall, P. J. (1979). The decline of British colonial power. India International Centre Quarterly, 6(1), 28–38.
• Mauter, W. R. (1998). Churchill and the unification of Europe. The Historian, 61(1), 67–84. McCormick, J. (2018). Contemporary Britain. Bloomsbury Publishing.
• McNamara, R. (2005). Britain, Nasser and the balance of power in the Middle East, 1952–1967: From the Egyptian Revolution to the Six Day War. Frans Cass.
• Mendes-France, P. (1964). The European community-I. India Quarterly, 20(1), 3–16.
• Queensland Times, (1952, January 19). Mr. Churchill sees atomic weapon as peace preserver. 3-3. Rimanelli, M. (2009). The A to Z of NATO and other international security organizations. The Scarecrow Press.
• Rose, R. (2020). How referendums challenge European democracy: Brexit and beyond. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rüger, J. (2018). Writing Europe into the history of the British Empire. In J. H. Arnold, M. Hilton, J. Rüger (Eds), History after Hobsbawm: Writing the Past for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 35-49.
• Ryan, H. B. (1979). A new look at Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech. The Historical Journal, 22(4), 895–920.
• Sanders, D. (1989). Losing an empire, finding a role an introduction to British foreign policy since 1945. Macmillan Education.
• Skidelsky, L. (1992). Britain and the new European order. SAIS Review,12(1), 101–124.
• Stansky, P. & Wainwright, P. (2002). Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. In R. Eccleshall, G. Walker (Eds), Biographical dictionary of British prime ministers. Routledge, 295-305.
• The Canberra Times (1954, May 24). Eden And Churchill survey British policy on Indo-China. 1-1.
• The Courier-Mail (1952, September 24). Churchill’s ANZUS worry Australia ‘misunderstands’ Britain’s attitude. 4-4. The Daily Telegraph (1953, June 18). Churchill on ANZUS. 5-5.
• The National Advocate (1948 October 30). Empire unity Churchill’s criticism. 2-2.
• The Sydney Morning Herald (1948 October 30). “Empire” plea criticism by Churchill. 3-3. The Sydney Morning Herald (1951, October 5). Churchill’s plans to develop empire. 3-3.
• The Sydney Morning Herald (1954, July 10). No “shame” in U.S. aid. 3-3.
• The West Australian (1954, April 28). Churchill on Indo-China: “no undertaking”. 9-9.
• The West Australian, (1948, October 14). Empire and Europe. 3-3.
• Tribune (1952, January 9). Americans are aiming to conquer British Empire. 11-11.
• United States. Department of State (1982). Foreign relations of the United States 1952-1954. Vol:13. Part:1. U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Walton, C. C. (1959). The hague “congress of Europe”: a case study of public opinion. The Western Political Quarterly, 12(3), 738–752.
• Waltz, K. N. (1993). The emerging structure of international politics. International Security, 18(2), 44–79.
• Ward, J. K. (1968). Winston Churchill and the “iron curtain” speech. The History Teacher, 1(2), 5–63.
• Watson, G. (1990). A common European home. The Hudson Review, 43(3), 358–365.
• Young, J. W. (2001). Churchill and East-West detente. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 11, 373–392.

Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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