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Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923) Skip to content Yıl 2023, Sayı: 8, 97 – 131, 31.12.2023
Deniz Aytan
https://doi.org/10.61348/htde.1375239
Öz Türk denizaltıcılık tarihi; torpido atabilen ilk denizaltının deniz harp tarihindeki yerini almasından hemen sonra, Nordenfelt sınıfı Abdülhamid isimli denizaltımızın Haliç’te denize indirildiği 6 Eylül 1886 tarihinde başlamıştır. Denizaltının yeni bir harp vasıtası olarak deniz harbi sahnesinde belirdiği yıllarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin kendisini ispatlamamış ancak gelecek vaat eden bu platforma yönelmesi büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin sahip olduğu Nordenfelt denizaltıları, ilkel teknolojileri ve taktik kapasite zafiyetleri nedeniyle harekât alanında etkinlikle kullanılamamakla birlikte donanmadaki varlıkları dahi başta Rusya ve Yunanistan’a karşı olmak üzere caydırıcılık yaratmış, İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazlarının güvenliğinin sağlandığı algısını oluşturmuştur. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti, Birinci Dünya Savaşı da dâhil olmak üzere yapılan her donanma inşa planına denizaltı inşası veya satın alınması konusunu dâhil etmiş, bu yöndeki kararlılığını istikrarlı bir şekilde sürdürmüştür. Bu makalede, Osmanlı döneminde denizaltı gücü oluşturulmasına yönelik yapılan girişimler, bu girişimlerin başarısız olma nedenleri ve Nordenfelt denizaltısının donanmaya katılış süreci, dönemin deniz harp taktikleri ve teknolojik gelişmeleri ışığında neden-sonuç ilişkisi çerçevesinde analiz edilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Denizaltı, Torpido, Nordenfelt, Abdülhamid Denizaltısı, Abdülmecid Denizaltısı.
Kaynakça BOA, Y.PRK.ASK., 45/113, H-10.07.1305 [23.03.1888] BOA, İ.HUS., 12/40, H-17.08.1322 [27.10.1904] Ahmed Muhtar Paşa, Bahriyede Zafer Rehberi, yay. haz. Ali Fuat Örenç, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2018 ALKAN, Mustafa, “Hüseyin Rauf Orbay’ın Hayatı (1880-1964)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 59 (2004), c. 20, s. 597-642 ARTUÇ, Nevzat, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Osmanlı Denizaltı Gücünü Artırma ve Denizaltı Subay -Er Yetiştirme Çabaları”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, Sayı 2 (Aralık 2008), c. 23, s. 57-74 ATABEY, Figen, Çanakkale Muharebelerinin Deniz Cephesi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2014 BAL, Nurcan, Marmara’da Denizaltı Avı, Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, İstanbul 2006 BARDAKÇI, Murat, Mahmut Şevket Paşa’nın Sadaret Günlüğü, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 2014 BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, Ege Sorunları, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul 2006 BAYKAL, Reşat, Tersanelerimiz ve Denizcilik Kuruluşlarımız, İTÜ Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 2017 BROOKS, John, “Dreadnought: Blunder, or Stroke of Genius?”, War in History, Sayı 14 (Nisan 2007), c. 2, s. 157-178 BÜYÜKTUĞRUL, Afif, “Osmanlı (Türk)-Yunan Deniz Silahlanma Yarışı”, Belleten, Sayı 156 (Ekim 1975), c. 39, s. 725-774 CANUEL, Hugues, “From A Prestige Fleet to The Jeune Ecole: French Naval Policy and Strategy Under The Second Empire and The Early Third Republic (1852-1914)”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 71 (2018), c. 1, s. 93-118 Cemal Paşa, Hatıralar, düz. Behçet Cemal, Çağdaş Yayınları, İstanbul 1977 “Controlled Torpedoes”, Scientific American, Sayı 66 (1892), c. 20, s. 309 ÇOKER, Fahri, Bahriyemizin Yakın Tarihinden Kesitler, Dz.K.K.lığı Karargâh Basımevi, Ankara 1994 Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Türk Deniz Tarihinin “İlkleri & Enleri”, Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı Yayınevi, Ankara 2002 Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Gemici Dili, Der. Lütfi Gürçay, Deniz Basımevi, İstanbul 1968 DOMVILLE-FIFE, Charles, Denizaltı Gemileri ve Deniz Kuvveti, çev. Dz.Bnb. Tahir ve Dz. Bnb. Halil, Deniz Matbaası, İstanbul 1933 ERTÜRK, Yaşar, Türk-Yunan Mücadelesi, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2008 GRANT, Jonathan, “The Sword of The Sultan: Ottoman Arms Imports”, The Journal of Military History, Sayı 66 (Ocak 2002), c. 1, s. 9-36 GÜRDENİZ, Cem, Mavi Uygarlık, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, İstanbul 2015 HILL, J.R., Anti Submarine Warfare, Naval Institute Press, Maryland 1989 Hobart Pasha, “Progress in Naval Armament”, The North American Review, Sayı 139 (Kasım 1884), c. 336, s. 431-442 HORTON Edward, The Illustrated History of The Submarine, Library of Congress, Great Britain 1974 JONES, Robert W., “The Garret-Nordenfelt Submarines”, Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, Sayı 5 (1968), c. 1, s. 26-38 KUNTSAL, Ender, Bucknam Paşa, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2017 LAMBERT, Nicholas A., “Admiral John Fisher and the Concept of Flotilla Defence, 1904-1909”, The Journal of Military History, Sayı 59 (Ekim 1995), c. 4, s. 639-660 LAUTENSCHLAGER, Karl, “The Submarine in Naval Warfare, 1901-2002”, International Security, Sayı 11 (1986-1987), c. 3, s. 94-140 MASSIE, Robert K., Dretnot, çev. Mehmet Harmancı, Sabah Kitapları, İstanbul 1995 MERCAN, Evren, Modern Harp Gemileri 1850’den Günümüze, Kronik Yayınları, İstanbul 2022 MERCAN, Evren, 93 Harbi’nde Deniz Harekâtı, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2020 MERCAN, Evren, II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Deniz Stratejisi, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2018 MERCAN, Evren, “Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nde İlk Denizaltılar: Abdülhamid ve Abdülmecid”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Sayı 15 (Haziran 2012), c. 8, s. 163-184 METEL, Raşit, Türk Denizaltıcılık Tarihi, Deniz Basımevi, İstanbul 1960 MODELSKI, George ve William R. THOMSON, Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993, Macmillian Press, Londra 1988 O’CONNOR, Raymond G., “Naval Strategy in The 20th Century”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 21 (1969), c. 6, s. 4-12 PANZAC, Daniel, Osmanlı Donanması (1572-1923), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2020 PRESTON, Antony, Submarine Warfare, Brown Books, Londra 1998 ROKSUND, Arne, The Jeune Ecole, Brill NV, Leiden-Boston 2007 ROONEY, Chris B., “The International Significance of British Naval Missions to The Ottoman Empire, 1908-1914”, Middle Eastern Studies, Sayı 34 (Ocak 1998), c. 1, s. 1-29 SANDLER, Stanley, Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impacts, ABC-CLIO Inc, California 2004 SHAW, Stanford J., Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, c. 1, çev. Beyza Sumer Aydaş, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2021 SPELLER, Ian, Understanding Naval Warfare, Taylor & Francis Group, Londra 2019 STOCKTON, C. H., “The Use of Submarine Mines and Torpedoes in Time of War”, The American Journal of International Law, Sayı 2 (Nisan 1908), c. 2, s. 276-284 “Submarine Torpedo Boats”, Scientific American, Sayı 54 (1886), c. 11, s. 166 TARAKÇI, Nejat, Sömürgecilikten 21. Yüzyıla Deniz Gücü Mücadelesi, Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü, İstanbul 2005 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Boat”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Sayı 6 (30 Ekim 1885), c. 143, s. 394-395 “The New Nordenfelt Submarine Boat”, Scientific American, Sayı 57 (1887), c. 5, s. 73 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Torpedo Boat”, Scientific American, Sayı 58 (1888), c. 3, s. 36 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Boat at Constantinople”, Scientific American, Sayı 56 (1887), c. 25, s. 390 TUNA, Ozan, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Bahriye Nazırı Cemal Paşa’nın Beyrut Limanı’nı Denizaltı Üssü Hâline Getirme Planı”, OTAM, Sayı 52 (Güz 2022), s. 217-233 TUNA, Ozan, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda U-21 Denizaltısının Çanakkale Boğazı ve Beyrut Limanı’ndaki Faaliyetleri”, Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 74 (2021/2), s. 191-211 “Torpedoes”, Scientific American, Sayı 36 (02.06.1877), c. 22, s. 337 “Turkish Submarine Boat of The Nordenfelt Type”, Scientific American, Sayı 84 (04.05.1901), c. 18, s. 280 UHLING JR., Frank, “The Submarine, 1776-1918”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 57 (2004), c. 2, s. 146-158 Vehbi, Sûrnâme: Sultan Ahmed’in Düğün Kitabı, haz. Mertol Tulum, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2008 ZHUKOV, Konstantin ve Aleksandr Vitol, “The Origins of The Ottoman Submarine Fleet”, Oriente Moderno, Sayı 81 (2001), c. 1, s. 221-232 www.navypedia.org/ships/greece/gr_ss_nordenfelt_i.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 04.10.2023) https://sozluk.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2023)
Turkish Submarine History in the Last Period of The Ottoman Empire (1886-1923) Yıl 2023, Sayı: 8, 97 – 131, 31.12.2023
Deniz Aytan
https://doi.org/10.61348/htde.1375239
Öz Turkish Submarine History begins on September 6, 1886, when our first submarine, a Nordenfelt Class boat named Abdülhamid was launched in the Golden Horn, which could also fire torpedos. It was crucial that the Ottoman Empire had chosen a submarine as a war ship. Nordenfelt submarines could not be used effectively in the operational area due to their primitive technology. However, even their presence in the navy created deterrence, especially for Russia and Greece, and created the perception that the İstanbul and Çanakkale Straits were secured. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire included the construction or purchase of submarines in every naval construction plan, including the First World War, and maintained its determination in this direction. In this article, the attempts to establish a submarine force in the Ottoman period, the reasons for the failure of these attempts, and the addition of the Nordenfelt submarine to the navy will be analyzed in the light of the naval warfare tactics and technological developments of the period in a cause-and-effect relationship.
Anahtar Kelimeler abdulmecid submarine, Submarine, Torpedo, Nordenfelt, Abdulhamid Submarine
Kaynakça BOA, Y.PRK.ASK., 45/113, H-10.07.1305 [23.03.1888] BOA, İ.HUS., 12/40, H-17.08.1322 [27.10.1904] Ahmed Muhtar Paşa, Bahriyede Zafer Rehberi, yay. haz. Ali Fuat Örenç, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2018 ALKAN, Mustafa, “Hüseyin Rauf Orbay’ın Hayatı (1880-1964)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 59 (2004), c. 20, s. 597-642 ARTUÇ, Nevzat, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Osmanlı Denizaltı Gücünü Artırma ve Denizaltı Subay -Er Yetiştirme Çabaları”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, Sayı 2 (Aralık 2008), c. 23, s. 57-74 ATABEY, Figen, Çanakkale Muharebelerinin Deniz Cephesi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2014 BAL, Nurcan, Marmara’da Denizaltı Avı, Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, İstanbul 2006 BARDAKÇI, Murat, Mahmut Şevket Paşa’nın Sadaret Günlüğü, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul 2014 BAŞEREN, Sertaç Hami, Ege Sorunları, Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul 2006 BAYKAL, Reşat, Tersanelerimiz ve Denizcilik Kuruluşlarımız, İTÜ Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 2017 BROOKS, John, “Dreadnought: Blunder, or Stroke of Genius?”, War in History, Sayı 14 (Nisan 2007), c. 2, s. 157-178 BÜYÜKTUĞRUL, Afif, “Osmanlı (Türk)-Yunan Deniz Silahlanma Yarışı”, Belleten, Sayı 156 (Ekim 1975), c. 39, s. 725-774 CANUEL, Hugues, “From A Prestige Fleet to The Jeune Ecole: French Naval Policy and Strategy Under The Second Empire and The Early Third Republic (1852-1914)”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 71 (2018), c. 1, s. 93-118 Cemal Paşa, Hatıralar, düz. Behçet Cemal, Çağdaş Yayınları, İstanbul 1977 “Controlled Torpedoes”, Scientific American, Sayı 66 (1892), c. 20, s. 309 ÇOKER, Fahri, Bahriyemizin Yakın Tarihinden Kesitler, Dz.K.K.lığı Karargâh Basımevi, Ankara 1994 Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Türk Deniz Tarihinin “İlkleri & Enleri”, Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı Yayınevi, Ankara 2002 Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Gemici Dili, Der. Lütfi Gürçay, Deniz Basımevi, İstanbul 1968 DOMVILLE-FIFE, Charles, Denizaltı Gemileri ve Deniz Kuvveti, çev. Dz.Bnb. Tahir ve Dz. Bnb. Halil, Deniz Matbaası, İstanbul 1933 ERTÜRK, Yaşar, Türk-Yunan Mücadelesi, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul 2008 GRANT, Jonathan, “The Sword of The Sultan: Ottoman Arms Imports”, The Journal of Military History, Sayı 66 (Ocak 2002), c. 1, s. 9-36 GÜRDENİZ, Cem, Mavi Uygarlık, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, İstanbul 2015 HILL, J.R., Anti Submarine Warfare, Naval Institute Press, Maryland 1989 Hobart Pasha, “Progress in Naval Armament”, The North American Review, Sayı 139 (Kasım 1884), c. 336, s. 431-442 HORTON Edward, The Illustrated History of The Submarine, Library of Congress, Great Britain 1974 JONES, Robert W., “The Garret-Nordenfelt Submarines”, Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, Sayı 5 (1968), c. 1, s. 26-38 KUNTSAL, Ender, Bucknam Paşa, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2017 LAMBERT, Nicholas A., “Admiral John Fisher and the Concept of Flotilla Defence, 1904-1909”, The Journal of Military History, Sayı 59 (Ekim 1995), c. 4, s. 639-660 LAUTENSCHLAGER, Karl, “The Submarine in Naval Warfare, 1901-2002”, International Security, Sayı 11 (1986-1987), c. 3, s. 94-140 MASSIE, Robert K., Dretnot, çev. Mehmet Harmancı, Sabah Kitapları, İstanbul 1995 MERCAN, Evren, Modern Harp Gemileri 1850’den Günümüze, Kronik Yayınları, İstanbul 2022 MERCAN, Evren, 93 Harbi’nde Deniz Harekâtı, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2020 MERCAN, Evren, II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Deniz Stratejisi, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2018 MERCAN, Evren, “Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nde İlk Denizaltılar: Abdülhamid ve Abdülmecid”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Sayı 15 (Haziran 2012), c. 8, s. 163-184 METEL, Raşit, Türk Denizaltıcılık Tarihi, Deniz Basımevi, İstanbul 1960 MODELSKI, George ve William R. THOMSON, Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993, Macmillian Press, Londra 1988 O’CONNOR, Raymond G., “Naval Strategy in The 20th Century”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 21 (1969), c. 6, s. 4-12 PANZAC, Daniel, Osmanlı Donanması (1572-1923), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul 2020 PRESTON, Antony, Submarine Warfare, Brown Books, Londra 1998 ROKSUND, Arne, The Jeune Ecole, Brill NV, Leiden-Boston 2007 ROONEY, Chris B., “The International Significance of British Naval Missions to The Ottoman Empire, 1908-1914”, Middle Eastern Studies, Sayı 34 (Ocak 1998), c. 1, s. 1-29 SANDLER, Stanley, Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impacts, ABC-CLIO Inc, California 2004 SHAW, Stanford J., Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, c. 1, çev. Beyza Sumer Aydaş, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2021 SPELLER, Ian, Understanding Naval Warfare, Taylor & Francis Group, Londra 2019 STOCKTON, C. H., “The Use of Submarine Mines and Torpedoes in Time of War”, The American Journal of International Law, Sayı 2 (Nisan 1908), c. 2, s. 276-284 “Submarine Torpedo Boats”, Scientific American, Sayı 54 (1886), c. 11, s. 166 TARAKÇI, Nejat, Sömürgecilikten 21. Yüzyıla Deniz Gücü Mücadelesi, Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü, İstanbul 2005 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Boat”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Sayı 6 (30 Ekim 1885), c. 143, s. 394-395 “The New Nordenfelt Submarine Boat”, Scientific American, Sayı 57 (1887), c. 5, s. 73 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Torpedo Boat”, Scientific American, Sayı 58 (1888), c. 3, s. 36 “The Nordenfelt Submarine Boat at Constantinople”, Scientific American, Sayı 56 (1887), c. 25, s. 390 TUNA, Ozan, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Bahriye Nazırı Cemal Paşa’nın Beyrut Limanı’nı Denizaltı Üssü Hâline Getirme Planı”, OTAM, Sayı 52 (Güz 2022), s. 217-233 TUNA, Ozan, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda U-21 Denizaltısının Çanakkale Boğazı ve Beyrut Limanı’ndaki Faaliyetleri”, Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 74 (2021/2), s. 191-211 “Torpedoes”, Scientific American, Sayı 36 (02.06.1877), c. 22, s. 337 “Turkish Submarine Boat of The Nordenfelt Type”, Scientific American, Sayı 84 (04.05.1901), c. 18, s. 280 UHLING JR., Frank, “The Submarine, 1776-1918”, Naval War College Review, Sayı 57 (2004), c. 2, s. 146-158 Vehbi, Sûrnâme: Sultan Ahmed’in Düğün Kitabı, haz. Mertol Tulum, Kabalcı Yayınları, İstanbul 2008 ZHUKOV, Konstantin ve Aleksandr Vitol, “The Origins of The Ottoman Submarine Fleet”, Oriente Moderno, Sayı 81 (2001), c. 1, s. 221-232 www.navypedia.org/ships/greece/gr_ss_nordenfelt_i.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 04.10.2023) https://sozluk.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2023) Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yakınçağ Askeri Tarih Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Deniz Aytan MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, DENİZ HARP ENSTİTÜSÜ, GÜVENLİK STRATEJİLERİ VE DENİZ GÜCÜ (YL) (TEZSİZ) 0000-0003-4798-9138 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023 Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ekim 2023 Kabul Tarihi 6 Aralık 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 8
Kaynak Göster APA Aytan, D. (2023). Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923). Harp Tarihi Dergisi (8 ), 97-131. https://doi.org/10.61348/htde.1375239 AMA Aytan D. Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923). HTD. Aralık 2023;(8):97-131. doi:10.61348/htde.1375239 Chicago Aytan, Deniz. “Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923)”. Harp Tarihi Dergisi, sy. 8 (Aralık 2023): 97-131. https://doi.org/10.61348/htde.1375239. EndNote Aytan D (01 Aralık 2023) Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923). Harp Tarihi Dergisi 8 97–131. IEEE D. Aytan, “Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923)”, HTD , sy. 8, ss. 97–131, Aralık 2023, doi: 10.61348/htde.1375239. ISNAD Aytan, Deniz. “Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923)”. Harp Tarihi Dergisi 8 (Aralık 2023), 97-131. https://doi.org/10.61348/htde.1375239. JAMA Aytan D. Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923). HTD . 2023;:97–131. MLA Aytan, Deniz. “Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923)”. Harp Tarihi Dergisi, sy. 8, 2023, ss. 97-131, doi:10.61348/htde.1375239. Vancouver Aytan D. Osmanlı’nın Son Devrinde Türk Denizaltıcılığı (1886-1923). HTD. 2023(8):97-131.
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