Growth and Immune Responses, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Antioxidative Enzymes of Broilers Fed with Supplementation of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf meals

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 2, 92 – 99, 31.12.2023

Andrew Falowo

https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1418212

Öz

Kaynakça

• Bacou E, Walk C, Rider S, Litta G, Perez-Calvo E (2021). Dietary oxidative distress: A review of nutritional challenges as models for poultry, swine and fish. Antioxidants, 10(4):525.
• Ponnampalam EN, Kiani A, Santhiravel S, Holman BWB, Lauridsen C, Dunshea FR (2022). The Importance of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Meat and Milk Production, and Their Preservative Aspects in Farm Animals: Antioxidant Action, Animal Health, and Product Quality—Invited Review. Animals. 12(23):3279.
• Surai PF, Fisinin VI (2016). Vitagenes in poultry production: Part 3. Vitagene concept development. World's Poultry Science Journal. 72:751.
• Falowo AB, Fayemi PO, Muchenje V (2014). Natural antioxidants against lipid–protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products: A review. Food Research International 64: 171–181
• Mousa MA, Osman AS, Hady HA (2017). Performance, immunology and biochemical parameters of Moringa oleifera and/or Cichorium intybus addition to broiler chicken ration. Journal of veterinary medicine and animal health, 9(10):255-263.
• Gharechopogh AM, Fakhraei J, Hosseini SA, Yarahmadi HM, Lotfollahian H (2021). Performance, immune responses, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens fed with plant growth compound. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(1):62-70.
• Adu OA, Gbore FA, Oloruntola OD, Falowo AB, Olarotimi OJ (2020). The effects of Myristica fragrans seed meal and Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal dietary supplementation on growth performance and oxidative status of broiler chicken. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1):1-10.
• Oloruntola OD, Agbede JO, Ayodele SO, Oloruntola DA (2018). Neem, pawpaw, and bamboo leaf meal dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on performance and health status. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2723
• Ayodele SO, Oloruntola OD, Ayeyeye SA, Jimoh OA, Falowo AB, Omoniyi IS (2021). Supplementation value of Mucuna seed powder on performance, antioxidant enzymes, meat cholesterol and peroxidation, and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 24(1):11-22.
• Falowo AB (2022). Beneficial effect of phytobiotic and synbiotic feed additives on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chicken. Annals of Animal and Biological Research, 2(1):61-70
• Reis JH, Gebert RR, Barreta M, Baldissera MD, Dos Santos ID, Wagner R, Campigotto G, Jaguezeski AM, Gris A, de Lima JL, Mendes RE (2018).
• Effects of phytogenic feed additive based on thymol, carvacrol and cinnamic aldehyde on body weight, blood parameters and environmental bacteria in broilers chickens. Microbial pathogenesis, 125:168-176
• Falowo AB (2022). Potential of medicinal plants as Hypocholesterolemic agents in chicken meat production. Science Letter,10(1):24-31 Kasali FM, Tusiimire J, Kadima JN, Agaba AG (2021). Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: extensive overview. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7:1-36.
• Kumar S, Pandey AK (2013). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. Science World Journal, 2013 |Article ID 162750 Diroff T (2008). Epazote and Holistic Health in Mexico, Senior Thesis Projects, University of Tennessee. Available at: http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_interstp5/9 Maldonado-Garcia M, Angulo C, Vazquez-Martinez J, Sanchez V, Lopez MG, Reyes-Becerril M (2019). Antioxidant and immunostimulant potentials of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). Aquaculture,513:734414.
• Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C, Sanchez V, Vázquez-Martínez J, López MG (2019). Antioxidant, intestinal immune status and anti-inflammatory potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.in fish: In vitro and in vivo studies. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 1, 86:420-428
• Can N M, Thao DTP (2020). Wound Healing Activity of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Leaf Hydroethanolic Extract. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020: 1-10
• Falowo AB, Oloruntola OD, Akinmoladun OF (2023). Assessment of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants and Crassocephalum crepidioides Leaf Meal as Potential Feed Additives. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 11(2): 274-279, 2023
• Adeyemi KD, Sola-Ojo FE, Ajayi DO, Banni F, Isamot HO, Lawal MO (2021). Influence of dietary supplementation of Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf on growth, immune status, caecal microbiota, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Health Production, 53(1):125.
• NRC (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (19th rev. ed.), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1994)
• Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Adeyeye SA, Oloruntola DA, Osowe CO, Fasuhami OS (2022). Broiler Chickens' Growth, Haematological Indices, Guts Microbiota, Carcass and Meat Analysis in Response to Dietary Supplementation with Anacardium occidentale Leaf Powder and A Mix of Prebiotic, Probiotic and Acidifier. Journal of Poultry Research, 19(2):52-59.
• Aebi H (1974). Catalase estimation. In: Bergmeyer HV (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Verlag Chemic, New York Academic Press, New York.
• Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG,. Hoekstra WG (1973). Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179: 588–590.
• Hadwan M, Khabt H (2018). Simple spectrophotometric method for analysis of serum catalase activity. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12(Suppl 9):13-16
• Marklund S, Marklund G (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Bicochemistry, 47: 469-474
• Ponomarenko M, Stepanenko I, Kolchanov N (2013). Heat Shock Proteins. Editor(s): Stanley Maloy, Kelly Hughes, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2013, Pages 402-405, ISBN 9780080961569, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00685-9. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840006859)
• Shehata AM, Saadeldin IM, Tukur HA, Habashy WS (2020). Modulation of Heat-Shock Proteins Mediates Chicken Cell Survival against Thermal Stress. Animals (Basel), 10(12):2407.
• Shankar K, Mehendale, HM (2014).Heat-Shock Proteins, Editor(s): Philip Wexler, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Academic Press, 2014, Pages 830-831, ISBN 9780123864550, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00320-1. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543003201)
• Wan X, Ahmad H, Zhang L, Wang Z, Wang T (2018). Dietary enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. improves meat quality, antioxidant capacity and energy status of breast muscle in heat‐stressed broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(10): 3715-3721.
• Balakrishnan KN, Ramiah SK, Zulkifli I (2023). Heat Shock Protein Response to Stress in Poultry: A Review. Animals,13 (2):317.
• Sugito S, Etriwati E, Akmal M, Rahmi E, Delima M, Muchlisin ZA, Hasan DI (2021). Immunohistochemical Expression of AQP2 and HSP70 in Broiler Kidney Tissue Treated with Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Extract under Heat Exposure. The Scientific World Journal, 18;2021.
• Zhang L, Bai K, Zhang J, Xu W, Huang Q, Wang T (2017). Dietary effects of Bacillus subtilis fmbj on the antioxidant capacity of broilers at an early age. Poultry science, 96(10):3564-73.
• Priman T, Rezar V, Vrecl M, Salobir J, Levart A (2021). Effect of Olive leaves or Marigold petal extract on oxidative stress, gut fermentative activity, and mucosa morphology in broiler chickens fed a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fats. Journal of Poultry Science 58 (2):119-130
• Liu Y, Li Y, Niu J, Liu H, Jiao N, Huang L, Jiang S, Yan L, Yang W (2022). Effects of Dietary Macleaya cordata extract containing isoquinoline alkaloids supplementation as an alternative to antibiotics in the diets on growth performance and liver health of broiler chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9:950174 Adeyeye SA, Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Falowo AB, Agbede JO (2020). Wild sunflower and goat weed leaf meals composite-mix supplementation in broiler chickens: effects on performance, health status and meat. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 23 (4): 205–212
• Dhama K, Latheef SK, Mani S, Samad HA, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Khan RU, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Alam GM, Laudadio V (2015). Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-a review. International Journal of pharmacology, 11(3):152-176.
• Mahfuz S, Piao XS (2019). Application of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as natural feed supplement in poultry diets. Animals, 9(7):431.
• Sathe A, Cusick JK (2023). Biochemistry, Immunoglobulin M. In: Stat Pearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555995/
• Liu J, Wang Y, Xiong E, Hong R, Lu Q, Ohno H, Wang JY (2019). Role of the IgM Fc receptor in immunity and tolerance. Frontiers in immunology, 10:529. |
• Zhao K, Rong G, Hao Y, Yu L, Kang H, Wang X, Wang X, Jin Z, Ren Z, Li Z (2016). IgA response and protection following nasal vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine nanoencapsulated with Ag@ SiO2 hollow nanoparticles. Scientific Reports, 6(1):1-2.
• Merino-Guzmán R, Latorre JD, Delgado R, Hernandez-Velasco X, Wolfenden AD, Teague KD, Graham LE, Mahaffey BD, Baxter MF, Hargis BM, Tellez G (2017). Comparison of total immunoglobulin A levels in different samples in Leghorn and broiler chickens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, (2):116-120.
• Osman AH, El-Far AH, Sadek KM, Abo-Ghanema II, Abdel-Latif MA (2017). Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Rhizome Powder. Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences,54(2) 19-28
• Cheng L, Zhang W, Jin Q, Zhu Y, Chen R, Tian Q, Yan N, Guo L (2021). The effects of dietary supplementation with lotus leaf extract on the immune response and intestinal microbiota composition of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 100(3):100925.
• Yao BN, Liao FY, Yang JY, Liu A, Wang J, Zhu BG, Feng G, Yang SL (2023). Effect of sea buckthorn extract on production performance, serum biochemical indexes, egg quality, and cholesterol deposition of laying ducks. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10:185.
• Gbore FA, Oloruntola OD, Adu OA, Olarotimi OJ, Falowo AB, Afolayan EO (2021). Serum and meat antioxidative status of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with garlic rhizome meal, moringa leaf meal and their composite. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53:1-10.

Growth and Immune Responses, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Antioxidative Enzymes of Broilers Fed with Supplementation of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf meals

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 2, 92 – 99, 31.12.2023

Andrew Falowo

https://doi.org/10.46897/livestockstudies.1418212

Öz

This study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of Crassocephalum crepidioides (CCLM) and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (CALM) leaf meals on relative growth rate, oxidative stress biomarkers, immune response, serum and meat antioxidative enzymes of broilers. A total of 120 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (three replicates of 10 birds/treatment) as follows, Diet 1 (basal/control diet), Diet 2 (basal +200mg/kgVitC), Diet 3 (basal +2500mg/kgCCLM) and Diet 4 (basal +2500mg/kgCALM) for 42 days. The result revealed that supplementation of CCLM and CALM significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of heat shock protein and hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in broilers compared to the control group. Broilers fed diet containing CCLM and CALM exhibited higher (P < 0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase content compared to the control group. The level of immunoglobulins were significantly higher in birds fed diet containing CCLM, CALM and Vit C compared to control group. However, supplementation of CCLM and CALM did not influence (P > 0.05) the relative growth rate and antioxidant content of breast muscle compared to control group. It’s concluded that CCLM and CALM could be used as natural additive to alleviate oxidative damage, improve immune system and serum antioxidant content of broilers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Broiler, Immune system, Leaf meal, Supplement, Stress biomarkers

Kaynakça

• Bacou E, Walk C, Rider S, Litta G, Perez-Calvo E (2021). Dietary oxidative distress: A review of nutritional challenges as models for poultry, swine and fish. Antioxidants, 10(4):525.
• Ponnampalam EN, Kiani A, Santhiravel S, Holman BWB, Lauridsen C, Dunshea FR (2022). The Importance of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Meat and Milk Production, and Their Preservative Aspects in Farm Animals: Antioxidant Action, Animal Health, and Product Quality—Invited Review. Animals. 12(23):3279.
• Surai PF, Fisinin VI (2016). Vitagenes in poultry production: Part 3. Vitagene concept development. World's Poultry Science Journal. 72:751.
• Falowo AB, Fayemi PO, Muchenje V (2014). Natural antioxidants against lipid–protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products: A review. Food Research International 64: 171–181
• Mousa MA, Osman AS, Hady HA (2017). Performance, immunology and biochemical parameters of Moringa oleifera and/or Cichorium intybus addition to broiler chicken ration. Journal of veterinary medicine and animal health, 9(10):255-263.
• Gharechopogh AM, Fakhraei J, Hosseini SA, Yarahmadi HM, Lotfollahian H (2021). Performance, immune responses, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens fed with plant growth compound. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(1):62-70.
• Adu OA, Gbore FA, Oloruntola OD, Falowo AB, Olarotimi OJ (2020). The effects of Myristica fragrans seed meal and Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal dietary supplementation on growth performance and oxidative status of broiler chicken. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1):1-10.
• Oloruntola OD, Agbede JO, Ayodele SO, Oloruntola DA (2018). Neem, pawpaw, and bamboo leaf meal dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on performance and health status. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2723
• Ayodele SO, Oloruntola OD, Ayeyeye SA, Jimoh OA, Falowo AB, Omoniyi IS (2021). Supplementation value of Mucuna seed powder on performance, antioxidant enzymes, meat cholesterol and peroxidation, and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 24(1):11-22.
• Falowo AB (2022). Beneficial effect of phytobiotic and synbiotic feed additives on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chicken. Annals of Animal and Biological Research, 2(1):61-70
• Reis JH, Gebert RR, Barreta M, Baldissera MD, Dos Santos ID, Wagner R, Campigotto G, Jaguezeski AM, Gris A, de Lima JL, Mendes RE (2018).
• Effects of phytogenic feed additive based on thymol, carvacrol and cinnamic aldehyde on body weight, blood parameters and environmental bacteria in broilers chickens. Microbial pathogenesis, 125:168-176
• Falowo AB (2022). Potential of medicinal plants as Hypocholesterolemic agents in chicken meat production. Science Letter,10(1):24-31 Kasali FM, Tusiimire J, Kadima JN, Agaba AG (2021). Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: extensive overview. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7:1-36.
• Kumar S, Pandey AK (2013). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. Science World Journal, 2013 |Article ID 162750 Diroff T (2008). Epazote and Holistic Health in Mexico, Senior Thesis Projects, University of Tennessee. Available at: http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_interstp5/9 Maldonado-Garcia M, Angulo C, Vazquez-Martinez J, Sanchez V, Lopez MG, Reyes-Becerril M (2019). Antioxidant and immunostimulant potentials of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). Aquaculture,513:734414.
• Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C, Sanchez V, Vázquez-Martínez J, López MG (2019). Antioxidant, intestinal immune status and anti-inflammatory potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.in fish: In vitro and in vivo studies. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 1, 86:420-428
• Can N M, Thao DTP (2020). Wound Healing Activity of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore. Leaf Hydroethanolic Extract. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020: 1-10
• Falowo AB, Oloruntola OD, Akinmoladun OF (2023). Assessment of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants and Crassocephalum crepidioides Leaf Meal as Potential Feed Additives. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 11(2): 274-279, 2023
• Adeyemi KD, Sola-Ojo FE, Ajayi DO, Banni F, Isamot HO, Lawal MO (2021). Influence of dietary supplementation of Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf on growth, immune status, caecal microbiota, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Health Production, 53(1):125.
• NRC (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (19th rev. ed.), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1994)
• Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Adeyeye SA, Oloruntola DA, Osowe CO, Fasuhami OS (2022). Broiler Chickens' Growth, Haematological Indices, Guts Microbiota, Carcass and Meat Analysis in Response to Dietary Supplementation with Anacardium occidentale Leaf Powder and A Mix of Prebiotic, Probiotic and Acidifier. Journal of Poultry Research, 19(2):52-59.
• Aebi H (1974). Catalase estimation. In: Bergmeyer HV (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. Verlag Chemic, New York Academic Press, New York.
• Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG,. Hoekstra WG (1973). Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179: 588–590.
• Hadwan M, Khabt H (2018). Simple spectrophotometric method for analysis of serum catalase activity. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12(Suppl 9):13-16
• Marklund S, Marklund G (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Bicochemistry, 47: 469-474
• Ponomarenko M, Stepanenko I, Kolchanov N (2013). Heat Shock Proteins. Editor(s): Stanley Maloy, Kelly Hughes, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), Academic Press, 2013, Pages 402-405, ISBN 9780080961569, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374984-0.00685-9. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840006859)
• Shehata AM, Saadeldin IM, Tukur HA, Habashy WS (2020). Modulation of Heat-Shock Proteins Mediates Chicken Cell Survival against Thermal Stress. Animals (Basel), 10(12):2407.
• Shankar K, Mehendale, HM (2014).Heat-Shock Proteins, Editor(s): Philip Wexler, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Academic Press, 2014, Pages 830-831, ISBN 9780123864550, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00320-1. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543003201)
• Wan X, Ahmad H, Zhang L, Wang Z, Wang T (2018). Dietary enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. improves meat quality, antioxidant capacity and energy status of breast muscle in heat‐stressed broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(10): 3715-3721.
• Balakrishnan KN, Ramiah SK, Zulkifli I (2023). Heat Shock Protein Response to Stress in Poultry: A Review. Animals,13 (2):317.
• Sugito S, Etriwati E, Akmal M, Rahmi E, Delima M, Muchlisin ZA, Hasan DI (2021). Immunohistochemical Expression of AQP2 and HSP70 in Broiler Kidney Tissue Treated with Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Extract under Heat Exposure. The Scientific World Journal, 18;2021.
• Zhang L, Bai K, Zhang J, Xu W, Huang Q, Wang T (2017). Dietary effects of Bacillus subtilis fmbj on the antioxidant capacity of broilers at an early age. Poultry science, 96(10):3564-73.
• Priman T, Rezar V, Vrecl M, Salobir J, Levart A (2021). Effect of Olive leaves or Marigold petal extract on oxidative stress, gut fermentative activity, and mucosa morphology in broiler chickens fed a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fats. Journal of Poultry Science 58 (2):119-130
• Liu Y, Li Y, Niu J, Liu H, Jiao N, Huang L, Jiang S, Yan L, Yang W (2022). Effects of Dietary Macleaya cordata extract containing isoquinoline alkaloids supplementation as an alternative to antibiotics in the diets on growth performance and liver health of broiler chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9:950174 Adeyeye SA, Oloruntola OD, Ayodele SO, Falowo AB, Agbede JO (2020). Wild sunflower and goat weed leaf meals composite-mix supplementation in broiler chickens: effects on performance, health status and meat. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 23 (4): 205–212
• Dhama K, Latheef SK, Mani S, Samad HA, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Khan RU, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Alam GM, Laudadio V (2015). Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-a review. International Journal of pharmacology, 11(3):152-176.
• Mahfuz S, Piao XS (2019). Application of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) as natural feed supplement in poultry diets. Animals, 9(7):431.
• Sathe A, Cusick JK (2023). Biochemistry, Immunoglobulin M. In: Stat Pearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555995/
• Liu J, Wang Y, Xiong E, Hong R, Lu Q, Ohno H, Wang JY (2019). Role of the IgM Fc receptor in immunity and tolerance. Frontiers in immunology, 10:529. |
• Zhao K, Rong G, Hao Y, Yu L, Kang H, Wang X, Wang X, Jin Z, Ren Z, Li Z (2016). IgA response and protection following nasal vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine nanoencapsulated with Ag@ SiO2 hollow nanoparticles. Scientific Reports, 6(1):1-2.
• Merino-Guzmán R, Latorre JD, Delgado R, Hernandez-Velasco X, Wolfenden AD, Teague KD, Graham LE, Mahaffey BD, Baxter MF, Hargis BM, Tellez G (2017). Comparison of total immunoglobulin A levels in different samples in Leghorn and broiler chickens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, (2):116-120.
• Osman AH, El-Far AH, Sadek KM, Abo-Ghanema II, Abdel-Latif MA (2017). Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Rhizome Powder. Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences,54(2) 19-28
• Cheng L, Zhang W, Jin Q, Zhu Y, Chen R, Tian Q, Yan N, Guo L (2021). The effects of dietary supplementation with lotus leaf extract on the immune response and intestinal microbiota composition of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 100(3):100925.
• Yao BN, Liao FY, Yang JY, Liu A, Wang J, Zhu BG, Feng G, Yang SL (2023). Effect of sea buckthorn extract on production performance, serum biochemical indexes, egg quality, and cholesterol deposition of laying ducks. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10:185.
• Gbore FA, Oloruntola OD, Adu OA, Olarotimi OJ, Falowo AB, Afolayan EO (2021). Serum and meat antioxidative status of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with garlic rhizome meal, moringa leaf meal and their composite. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53:1-10.

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