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Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Değişim Analizi: Girdi-Çıktı Modellerinden Ampirik Bulgular Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 387 – 399, 29.07.2024
Utku Akseki , Arya Akdeniz , Barış Gök
https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427852
Öz An essential tool for economic policymakers is structural change analysis, which describes interactions among sectors or, in other words, changes in their interdependencies. The input-output models are frequently used as an analytical tool for quantitatively describing these structural changes. In this context, analysis of structural change typically identifies changes in key sectors of economies across two time periods. In addition, differences in inter-sectoral interdependencies can be identified by computing the multiplier product matrix for the two periods. In this study, potential structural changes in the Turkish economy were investigated based on input-output tables for 1995 and 2018. Linkage effects were calculated by aggregating input-output data from the OECD database into 20 sectors to identify the key sectors for the respective years. In both years, the key sectors were manufacturing and electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply. It has been concluded that real estate, was once a key economic sector in 1995, but lost its key position in 2018. In contrast agriculture, forestry, fishing, and transportation and storage became the key sectors recently. Examination of potential structural changes using the multiplier product matrix indicated significant increases in economic weight in the Turkish economy for agriculture, forestry, and fishing, electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply, wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sectors. Conversely, the interdependencies of real estate, education, arts, entertainment and recreation sectors decreased significantly.
Anahtar Kelimeler Input-Output Analysis, Structural Change, Turkish Economy
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Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi için Değerlendirilmesi: Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1010260 Göktolga, Z. G., & Akgül, Y. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Yapısal Analizi: 1998 ve 2002 Yılları Girdi-Çıktı Analizi Örneği. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 2(2), 110-128. Guo, D., & Hewings, G. J. (2001). Comparative Analysis of China’s Economic Structures Between 1987 and 1997: An Input-Output Prospective. Discussion Papers REAL. Guo, J., & Planting, M. A. (2000). Using Input-Output Analysis to Measure US Economic Structural Change Over a 24 Year Period. US. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), WP2000-01. Haddad, E. A., Hewings, G., & Leon, F. (2007). Building-Up Influence: Post-War Industrialization in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 27, 281-300. Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Huang, Y., Haseeb, M., Khan, J., & Hossain, M. E. (2023). Structural Changes and Economic Landscape of the Indian Economy: 2000‐2019. Review of Development Economics, 27(1), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12948 İlhan, A., & Akdeniz, C. (2020). Orta Gelir Tuzağının Türkiye Geneli ve Düzey Alt Bölgeleri İçin Tespiti, Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 253-278. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.612414 Kızıltan, A. & Ersungur, Ş. M. (2005) Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sektörlerin İstihdama Etkisindeki Değişim-Girdi-Çıktı Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama-. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 31-47. Magtibay‐Ramos, N., Esther Estrada, G., & Felipe, J. (2011). Exploring the Philippine Economic Landscape and Structural Change Using the Input‐Output Framework. International Journal of Development Issues, 10(1), 34-59. Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis Foundations and Extensions. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626982 Munjal, P. (2007). Structural Changes in Indian Economy: An Input-Output Analysis. Indian Economic Review, 77-95. Nazara, S., Guo, D., Hewings, G. J., & Dridi, C. (2003). PyIO. A Python Module for Input-Output. The Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL). OECD (2021). OECD Input-Output Database, Input-Output Tables (IOTs) 2021 ed. Erişim Linki: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IOTS_2021 Özdil, T. (1993). Türkiye Ekonomisindeki Yapısal Değişime Girdi-Çıktı Analiziyle Bir Yaklaşım. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 109-128. Pehlivanoğlu, F., & İnce, M. R. (2020). Girdi-Çıktı Analizi Yaklaşımıyla Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sektörlerarası Bağınlaşmanın Uzun Dönemli Analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.08 Sonis, M., Hewings, G. J., Okuyama, Y., & Guo, J. (1996a). Japanese Regional Economic Structure Interpreted Through the Multiplier Product Matrix. Studies in Regional Science, 26(2), 1-20. Sonis, M., Hewings, G. J., & Guo, J. (1996b). Sources of Structural Change in Input-Output Systems: A Field of Influence Approach. Economic Systems Research, 8(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535319600000002 Sonis, M., Guo, J., & Hewings, G. J. (1997). Comparative Analysis of China’s Metropolitan Economies: An Input-Output Perspective. In Regional Science in Developing Countries (pp. 147-162). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25459-0_11 Sonis, M., & Hewings, G. J. (1999). Economic Landscapes: Multiplier Product Matrix Analysis for Multiregional Input-Output Systems. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 59-74. Sonis, M., Hewings, J. D., & Guo, J. (2000). A New Image of Classical Key Sector Analysis: Minimum Information Decomposition of the Leontief Inverse. Economic Systems Research, 12(3), 401-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535310050120952 Syrquin, M. (1976). Sources of Industrial Growth and Change: An Alternative Measure. In European Meeting of the Econometric Society, Helsinki, Finland. Syrquin, M. (1988). Patterns of structural change. Handbook of Development Economics, 1, 203-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01010-1 Taymaz, E., & Voyvoda, E. (2022). From Domestic to Global Crisis: Turkey During the 2001-2009 Period, E. Özçelik ve Y. Özdemir (der.), Political Economy of Development in Turkey: 1838 – Present, Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7318-4_9 Taymaz, E., & Voyvoda, E. (2023). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Dış Ticaret, Cari Denge ve Yapısal Dönüşüm. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 50 (Aralık), 2023, 29-54. https://doi.org/10.60165/metusd.v50i1.1288 Tunç, İ. (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Değişim: Bir Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. ODTÜ/ERC Working Paper in Economics, 4(07). Uysal, S. (2017). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Neo-Liberal Dönem Öncesindeki ve Sonrasındaki Sektörel Bağlantı Yapısının Girdi-Çıktı Yöntemiyle Analizi (1973–2012). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.335709 Yeldan, E. (2001). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul. Yenisu, E. (2021). Ekonomiyi Harekete Geçiren Kilit Sektörler Nelerdir? Türkiye Üzerine Bir Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 36(4), 771-788. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.721302 Yılancı, V. (2008). Türkiye Ekonomisi İçin Kilit Sektörün Belirlenmesi-Girdi Çıktı Analizi Yaklaşımı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58(2), 75-86.
Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Değişim Analizi: Girdi-Çıktı Modellerinden Ampirik Bulgular Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 387 – 399, 29.07.2024
Utku Akseki , Arya Akdeniz , Barış Gök
https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427852
Öz Sektörlerin birbirleriyle olan etkileşimleri, diğer bir ifadeyle bağınlaşma ilişkisindeki değişimleri ortaya koyan yapısal değişim analizi; ekonomi politika yapıcıları açısından önem taşımaktadır. Söz konusu yapısal değişimi nicel olarak ortaya konulmasında, girdi-çıktı modelleri sıkça kullanılan bir analiz aracıdır. Bu kapsamda yapısal değişim analizi, genel olarak iki farklı dönem için ilgili ekonomilerin kilit sektörlerindeki değişimleri incelemektedir. Buna ek olarak iki farklı dönem için çarpan üretim matrisinin (multiplier product matrix) hesaplanmasıyla, sektörler arası bağınlaşma ilişkilerindeki farklılıklar tespit edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisindeki olası yapısal değişimlerin analiz edilmesi amacıyla; 1995 ve 2018 yıllarına ilişkin girdi-çıktı tabloları kullanılmıştır. OECD veri tabanından elde edilen girdi-çıktı tablolarında toplulaştırma işlemine gidilerek, 20 sektöre indirgenen tablolar aracılığıyla bağlantı etkileri hesaplanarak ilgili yıllara ilişkin kilit sektörler tanımlanmıştır. Buna göre her iki dönem için imalat ile elektrik, gaz, buhar ve havalandırma sistemi üretim ve dağıtımı sektörleri kilit sektör niteliğindedir. 1995 yılında kilit sektörler arasında yer alan gayrimenkul faaliyetlerinin, 2018 yılında kilit sektör niteliğini yitirdiği; tarım, ormancılık ve balıkçılık ile ulaştırma ve depolama sektörlerinin ise son dönemde kilit sektör niteliği kazandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Olası yapısal değişim incelenmesi için kullanılan çarpan üretim matrisinden elde edilen bulgulara göre; Türkiye ekonomisi için tarım, ormancılık ve balıkçılık, elektrik, gaz, buhar ve havalandırma sistemi üretim ve dağıtımı ile toptan ve perakende ticaret; motorlu taşıtların ve motosikletlerin onarımı sektörlerinin ekonomideki ağırlığının arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öte yandan gayrimenkul faaliyetleri, eğitim ile kültür, sanat eğlence, dinlence ve spor sektörlerinin ise bağınlaşma ilişkileri açısından öneminin önceki döneme göre azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Girdi-Çıktı Analizi, Yapısal Değişim, Türkiye Ekonomisi
Kaynakça Akseki, U. (2004). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Eşitlikçi Makro Politikalar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir. Akseki, U., & Gök, B. (2021). Covid-19 Salgınının Türkiye Turizm Sektörü Üzerine Etkisi: Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri, 2021(2), 1-24. Alp, E. (2016). Türkiye İmalat Sanayinin Üretim Yapısının Girdi Çıktı Analizi Yardımıyla İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa. Alp, E., Kök, R., & Başkol, M. (2017). Key Sector Analysis in Turkish Economy: A Compare Between 2002-2012. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA) Paper No, 89952. Aydoğuş, O. (2010). Girdi çıktı modellerine giriş. Efil Yayınevi, Gözden Geçirilmiş 3. Baskı, Ankara. Canlı, B., & Kaya, A. A. (2012). Türk Turizm Sektörünün Ekonomik Etkilerinin Girdi Çıktı Yaklaşımıyla Ölçülmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 1-12. Çalışkan, E. T., & Aydoğuş, O. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Endüstriyel Büyümenin Kaynakları: Girdi-Çıktı Modeli İle Ampirik Bir Analiz (1985-2002). Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 11(4), 499-510. Doğan, A. (2021). D-8 Ekonomilerinde Yapısal Değişme. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 24(2), 610-621. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.995092 Eren, K. (2004). Input/Output Yöntemiyle Türkiye Ekonomisinin Bir Analizi. Yönetim Dergisi: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü, 15(47), 27-51. Ersungur, Ş. M., & Kızıltan, A. (2008). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sektörlerarası Yapısal Bağınlaşma-Girdi-Çıktı Yöntemiyle Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 17-31. Gök, B., & Akseki, U. (2018). Input-Output Structures of Construction Sector in Turkey, in: A. Orhan & S. Y. Genç & N. Terzi (Eds.), Economic and Social Issues: Global and Local Perspective (pp.115-128), Cambridge: Cambridge International Academics. Gök, B., & Akseki, U. (2022). Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi için Değerlendirilmesi: Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1010260 Göktolga, Z. G., & Akgül, Y. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Yapısal Analizi: 1998 ve 2002 Yılları Girdi-Çıktı Analizi Örneği. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 2(2), 110-128. Guo, D., & Hewings, G. J. (2001). Comparative Analysis of China’s Economic Structures Between 1987 and 1997: An Input-Output Prospective. Discussion Papers REAL. Guo, J., & Planting, M. A. (2000). Using Input-Output Analysis to Measure US Economic Structural Change Over a 24 Year Period. US. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), WP2000-01. Haddad, E. A., Hewings, G., & Leon, F. (2007). Building-Up Influence: Post-War Industrialization in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 27, 281-300. Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Huang, Y., Haseeb, M., Khan, J., & Hossain, M. E. (2023). Structural Changes and Economic Landscape of the Indian Economy: 2000‐2019. Review of Development Economics, 27(1), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12948 İlhan, A., & Akdeniz, C. (2020). Orta Gelir Tuzağının Türkiye Geneli ve Düzey Alt Bölgeleri İçin Tespiti, Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 253-278. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.612414 Kızıltan, A. & Ersungur, Ş. M. (2005) Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sektörlerin İstihdama Etkisindeki Değişim-Girdi-Çıktı Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama-. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 31-47. Magtibay‐Ramos, N., Esther Estrada, G., & Felipe, J. (2011). Exploring the Philippine Economic Landscape and Structural Change Using the Input‐Output Framework. International Journal of Development Issues, 10(1), 34-59. Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input-Output Analysis Foundations and Extensions. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511626982 Munjal, P. (2007). Structural Changes in Indian Economy: An Input-Output Analysis. Indian Economic Review, 77-95. Nazara, S., Guo, D., Hewings, G. J., & Dridi, C. (2003). PyIO. A Python Module for Input-Output. The Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL). OECD (2021). OECD Input-Output Database, Input-Output Tables (IOTs) 2021 ed. Erişim Linki: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IOTS_2021 Özdil, T. (1993). Türkiye Ekonomisindeki Yapısal Değişime Girdi-Çıktı Analiziyle Bir Yaklaşım. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 109-128. Pehlivanoğlu, F., & İnce, M. R. (2020). Girdi-Çıktı Analizi Yaklaşımıyla Türkiye Ekonomisinde Sektörlerarası Bağınlaşmanın Uzun Dönemli Analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.02.08 Sonis, M., Hewings, G. J., Okuyama, Y., & Guo, J. (1996a). Japanese Regional Economic Structure Interpreted Through the Multiplier Product Matrix. Studies in Regional Science, 26(2), 1-20. Sonis, M., Hewings, G. J., & Guo, J. (1996b). Sources of Structural Change in Input-Output Systems: A Field of Influence Approach. Economic Systems Research, 8(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535319600000002 Sonis, M., Guo, J., & Hewings, G. J. (1997). Comparative Analysis of China’s Metropolitan Economies: An Input-Output Perspective. In Regional Science in Developing Countries (pp. 147-162). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25459-0_11 Sonis, M., & Hewings, G. J. (1999). Economic Landscapes: Multiplier Product Matrix Analysis for Multiregional Input-Output Systems. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 59-74. Sonis, M., Hewings, J. D., & Guo, J. (2000). A New Image of Classical Key Sector Analysis: Minimum Information Decomposition of the Leontief Inverse. Economic Systems Research, 12(3), 401-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535310050120952 Syrquin, M. (1976). Sources of Industrial Growth and Change: An Alternative Measure. In European Meeting of the Econometric Society, Helsinki, Finland. Syrquin, M. (1988). Patterns of structural change. Handbook of Development Economics, 1, 203-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01010-1 Taymaz, E., & Voyvoda, E. (2022). From Domestic to Global Crisis: Turkey During the 2001-2009 Period, E. Özçelik ve Y. Özdemir (der.), Political Economy of Development in Turkey: 1838 – Present, Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7318-4_9 Taymaz, E., & Voyvoda, E. (2023). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Dış Ticaret, Cari Denge ve Yapısal Dönüşüm. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 50 (Aralık), 2023, 29-54. https://doi.org/10.60165/metusd.v50i1.1288 Tunç, İ. (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Değişim: Bir Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. ODTÜ/ERC Working Paper in Economics, 4(07). Uysal, S. (2017). Türkiye Ekonomisinin Neo-Liberal Dönem Öncesindeki ve Sonrasındaki Sektörel Bağlantı Yapısının Girdi-Çıktı Yöntemiyle Analizi (1973–2012). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.335709 Yeldan, E. (2001). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul. Yenisu, E. (2021). Ekonomiyi Harekete Geçiren Kilit Sektörler Nelerdir? Türkiye Üzerine Bir Girdi-Çıktı Analizi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 36(4), 771-788. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.721302 Yılancı, V. (2008). Türkiye Ekonomisi İçin Kilit Sektörün Belirlenmesi-Girdi Çıktı Analizi Yaklaşımı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58(2), 75-86. Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer) Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Utku Akseki EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-8426-1296 Türkiye
Arya Akdeniz Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0000-0002-6473-464X Türkiye
Barış Gök EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ 0000-0002-0131-9625 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 7 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3
Kaynak Göster APA Akseki, U., Akdeniz, A., & Gök, B. (2024). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Yapısal Değişim Analizi: Girdi-Çıktı Modellerinden Ampirik Bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427852
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