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Performans Değerlendirmeli Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri (PDOS) Modelinin Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği: Kamu Tedarik Sistemine Entegrasyonu Üzerine Derinlikli Görüşme Araştırması Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 349 – 369, 29.07.2024
Abdullah Arif Kumral
https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427799
Öz Son yıllarda kamu alımları ve dış kaynak kullanımında, uzun süreli sözleşmelere yönelimin belirginleştiği görülmektedir. Uzun süreli sözleşme modelleri olarak Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinde “çerçeve sözleşmeler,” ABD’de ise “opsiyon sözleşmeleri” uygulanmaktadır. Türkiye’de her iki modelin etkin olarak uygulanamaması nedeniyle, kamu tedarik faaliyetlerinde belirgin ölçülerde tasarruf sağlama imkânları kısıtlanmaktadır. Derinlikli-görüşme yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen araştırmada, çok yıllı sözleşme yapma aracı olarak Performans Değerlendirmeli Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri (PDOS) modelinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Derinlikli- görüşme gerçekleştirilen 20 uzman personelin %95’i PDOS modelinin uygulanabilir ve maliyet-etkin bir tedarik yaklaşımı olabileceğini belirtmiştir. Çerçeve Anlaşmalar ve Çok Yıllı Sözleşmeler ile ilgili olarak; çerçeve anlaşmaların ve çok yıllı sözleşmelerin pratikte uygulanmamasının nedenleri, uygulanması durumunda ortaya çıkan avantajlar ve dezavantajlar ile uygulanma gerekliliği olmak üzere dört tema elde edilmiştir. Önerilen PDOS Modeli ile ilgili olarak; PDOS Modelinin uygulanabilme durumu, avantajları, sakıncaları, risk ve tedarik birim fiyatlarına etkisi, sözleşmelerin 3 yıl olması durumunda ortaya çıkan sorunlar ile sözleşme süresinin uzunluğu temaları olmak üzere 7 tema elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, önerilen PDOS modelinin Türkiye kamu tedarik sisteminde uzun süreli sözleşme yapma ihtiyacına yönelik, etkili ve verimli bir sözleşme yöntemi olabileceği yönünde çalışmada elde edilen bulgular dikkate alındığında, PDOS modelinin kamu tedarik sistemine bir sözleşme yöntemi ve yönetişim yaklaşımı olarak entegre edilmesinin ülke ekonomisi, kamu idareleri ve özel sektör firmaları açısından yararlı olabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri, Çok Yıllı Kontratlar, Çerçeve Sözleşmeler, Performansa Dayalı Tedarik, Kamu Alımları
Kaynakça Akyazı, A. (2013). AB Komisyonu’nun ‘AB’de Kamu Alımları Uygulamasının Gözden Geçirilmesi’ Belgesi Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Sayı 46, Mayıs, s. 93-122. Albano, G. L., & Nicholas, C. (2016). The Economic Analysis Of Framework Agreements. In The Essentials of Framework Agreements.The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements, Cambridge University Press. Altunışık, R., Coşkun R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri-SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık, Genişletilmiş 6. Baskı, Sakarya. Baş, T., & Akturan, U. (2008). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, Ankara. Bosio, E., Djankov, S., Glaeser, E., & Shleifer, A. (2022). Public Procurement In Law and Practice. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1091-1117. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200738 Champton, P. B. (2010). Federal Acquisition: Key Issues and Guidance, Management Concepts, Vienna, VA. Çelik, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Kamu Alımları Süreci ve Karşılaşılan Sorunların Metin Madenciliği İle Analizi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa. Engelbeck, M. R. (2002). Acquisition Management, Management Concepts, Virginia. Federal Acquisition Regulation (Federal Tedarik Kanunu). (http://www.acquisition.gov/10.09.2014). Feldman, S. W., & Keyes, N. W. (2011). Government Contracts in a Nutshell, West Nutshell Series, Thompson Reuters, St.Paul, MN. Fulghum, D. A. (1996). C-17 Contract Options Could Trigger 7.9 % Savings,, Report Information from Proquest, Penton Media, New York. Garrett, G. A., & Rendon, R. G. (2007). US Military Program Management: Lessons Learned And Best Practices. Giosa, P. A. (2020). Preventing Collusive Tendering In Public Markets – The Case Of Framework Agreements, European Competition Journal, DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2020.1732681. Kamu İhale Kanunu. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4734&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 erişim tarihi 14.05.2024. Kamu İhale Sözleşmeleri Kanunu. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4735&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 erişim tarihi 14.05.2024. Kamu Mali Yönetim ve Kontrol Kanunu. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ erişim tarihi, 26.08.2015. Katz, A. W. (2004). The Option Element in Contracting. Virginia Law Review Vol. 90, (8), pp. 2187-2244. https://doi.org/10.2307/1515643. Knight, L., Harland, C., Telgen, J., & Caldwell, N. (2007). Public Procurement: International Cases and Commentary, Routledge. Krippendorff, K. H. (2003). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Second Edition. Sage Publications, ABD. Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporu 2013 ve 2014 Yılları, (http://www.kik.gov.tr/ihale_istatistikleri-45-1.html./01.10.2014). Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporu 2015 Yılı, (http://www.kik.gov.tr/ihale_istatistikleri-45-1.html./25.08.2015). Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporları 2015-2019, https://www.ihale.gov.tr/kamu_alimlari_izleme_raporlari-45-1.html, erişim tarihi 09.12.2023. Kumral, A. A. (2015). Sürdürülebilir Tedarik İçin Performans Değerlendirmeli Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri Model Önerisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. K.H.O. Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara. Millward, L. (2004). Focused Interview, (http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/28.11.2014). Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. M., Giunipero, L. C., & Patterson, J. L. (2011). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, South Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Nash, R. C., Schooner, S. L., & O’Brien, K. R. (2013). The Government Contracts Reference Book: A Comprehensive Guide to the Language of Procurement, Fourth Edition, Wolters Kluwer, ABD. Nibley, S. B., & Armstrong, S. A. (2013). The Government’s Exercise of Options, Thompson Reuters Brifing Papers, No.13-8, July. OECD Report, (2013).Public Governance Reviews Implementing the OECD Principles for Integrity in Public Procurement., OECD Publishing, ABD. OECD Report, (2014). Manual for Framework Agreements. https://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/manual-framework-agreements.pdf. OECD Report, (2015). OECD Recommendation of The Council On Publıc Procurement. https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/OECD-Recommendation-on-Public-Procurement.pdf. OECD Report, (2016). “Supporting competition and savings through framework agreements: Multiple Award Schedule contracts", in The Korean Public Procurement Service: Innovating for Effectiveness, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264249431-6-en. OECD Report, (2019). Productivity in Public Procurement A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement. https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/publications/productivity-public-procurement.pdf O’Rourke, R., & Schwartz, M. (2015). Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress, http://www.crs.gov (26.08.2015). Prentice, R. (2010). Performance-Based Acquisition:Acquiring the Right Outcomes, Contract Management, Vol. 50, No. 7, July, s. 77-81. Rendon, R. G., & Snider, K. F. (2008). Management of Defence Acquisition Projects, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia. Sheppard, V. (2020). Research Methods for The Social Sciences An Introduction, BC Campus Press. Stewart, C. J., & Cash, W. B. (1985). Interviewing Principles and Practices. 4. Baskı. Dubuque, IO: Wm. C. Brown. Pub.’dan aktaran Yıldırım, Ali – Şimşek, Hasan (2008), Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 7. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. Straub, A. (2009). Cost Savings from Performance‐based Maintenance Contracting,, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, s. 205-217. Tineo, L. (2007). Procurement Issues in Performance-Based Contracts, Journal of Public Procurement, Vol. 7, No. 1, s. 62-83. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 7. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. ABD Federal Tedarik Veri Tabanı. (http://www.usaspending.gov/federal procurement data system./erişim tarihi, 15.10.2014). A.B.D Federal Harcama Veri Tabanı. https://www.usaspending.gov/download_center/custom_award_data. erişim tarihi, 10.12.2023, https://www.usaspending.gov/search/?hash=de9dba15781c8ba30bc0c3204d3341a1 erişim tarihi 11.12.2023 Avrupa Birliği İhale Bülteni Elektronik Veri Tabanı. https://ted.europa.eu/en/simap/contracts-awarded-by-eu-institutions?p_p_id=gr_open_ted2_can_report_GrOpenTed2CanReportPortlet_INSTANCE_rsjg&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view, erişim tarihi 24.04.2024 Avrupa Birliği İhale Bülteni Elektronik Veri Tabanı. https://ted.europa.eu/en/simap/contracts-awarded-by-eu-institutions?p_p_id=gr_open_ted2_can_report_GrOpenTed2CanReportPortlet_INSTANCE_rsjg&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view, erişim tarihi 26.04.2024
Applicability of the Option Contracts with Performance Assessment (OCPA) Model in Turkiye: A Focused Interview Research on Integrating The Proposed Model to The Public Procurement System Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 349 – 369, 29.07.2024
Abdullah Arif Kumral
https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427799
Öz In recent years, there has been a significant tendency towards long-term contracts in public procurement and outsourcing. Regarding long-term contract models, EU countries and the USA exercise “framework agreements” and “option contracts” respectively. Since these two models were not implemented effectively in Türkiye, possibilities for potential savings have been impaired considerably. By using the method of focused interview, this article has inquired about applicability of the Option Contracts with Performance Assessment (OCPA) model in Türkiye as an instrument of multiple-year contracting. Of the 20 interviewed experts, 95 percent acknowledged that the OCPA model would be an applicable and cost-efficient procurement procedure. Regarding Framework Agreements and Multi-Year Contracts; Four themes were obtained as the reasons why framework agreements and multi-year contracts are not applied in practice, the advantages and disadvantages that arise in case of implementation, and the necessity of implementation. Regarding the proposed OCPA Model, seven themes were obtained: the applicability of the OCPA Model, advantages, disadvantages, risk and its effect on procurement unit prices, problems arising in the case of 3-year contracts and the length of the contract period. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that the proposed OCPA model can serve as an effective and efficient contracting method to address the long-term contracting needs within the Turkish public procurement system. Furthermore, integrating the OCPA model into the public procurement system as both a contracting method and governance approach is seen as potentially beneficial for the national economy, public administrations, and private sector companies.
Anahtar Kelimeler Option Contracts, Multiple-year Contracts, Framework Agreements, Performance-Based Acquisition, Public Procurement.
Kaynakça Akyazı, A. (2013). AB Komisyonu’nun ‘AB’de Kamu Alımları Uygulamasının Gözden Geçirilmesi’ Belgesi Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Sayı 46, Mayıs, s. 93-122. Albano, G. L., & Nicholas, C. (2016). The Economic Analysis Of Framework Agreements. In The Essentials of Framework Agreements.The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements, Cambridge University Press. Altunışık, R., Coşkun R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2010). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri-SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık, Genişletilmiş 6. Baskı, Sakarya. Baş, T., & Akturan, U. (2008). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Seçkin Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, Ankara. Bosio, E., Djankov, S., Glaeser, E., & Shleifer, A. (2022). Public Procurement In Law and Practice. American Economic Review, 112(4), 1091-1117. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20200738 Champton, P. B. (2010). Federal Acquisition: Key Issues and Guidance, Management Concepts, Vienna, VA. Çelik, M. (2023). Türkiye’de Kamu Alımları Süreci ve Karşılaşılan Sorunların Metin Madenciliği İle Analizi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa. Engelbeck, M. R. (2002). Acquisition Management, Management Concepts, Virginia. Federal Acquisition Regulation (Federal Tedarik Kanunu). (http://www.acquisition.gov/10.09.2014). Feldman, S. W., & Keyes, N. W. (2011). Government Contracts in a Nutshell, West Nutshell Series, Thompson Reuters, St.Paul, MN. Fulghum, D. A. (1996). C-17 Contract Options Could Trigger 7.9 % Savings,, Report Information from Proquest, Penton Media, New York. Garrett, G. A., & Rendon, R. G. (2007). US Military Program Management: Lessons Learned And Best Practices. Giosa, P. A. (2020). Preventing Collusive Tendering In Public Markets – The Case Of Framework Agreements, European Competition Journal, DOI: 10.1080/17441056.2020.1732681. Kamu İhale Kanunu. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4734&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 erişim tarihi 14.05.2024. Kamu İhale Sözleşmeleri Kanunu. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4735&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 erişim tarihi 14.05.2024. Kamu Mali Yönetim ve Kontrol Kanunu. http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ erişim tarihi, 26.08.2015. Katz, A. W. (2004). The Option Element in Contracting. Virginia Law Review Vol. 90, (8), pp. 2187-2244. https://doi.org/10.2307/1515643. Knight, L., Harland, C., Telgen, J., & Caldwell, N. (2007). Public Procurement: International Cases and Commentary, Routledge. Krippendorff, K. H. (2003). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Second Edition. Sage Publications, ABD. Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporu 2013 ve 2014 Yılları, (http://www.kik.gov.tr/ihale_istatistikleri-45-1.html./01.10.2014). Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporu 2015 Yılı, (http://www.kik.gov.tr/ihale_istatistikleri-45-1.html./25.08.2015). Kamu Alımları İzleme Raporları 2015-2019, https://www.ihale.gov.tr/kamu_alimlari_izleme_raporlari-45-1.html, erişim tarihi 09.12.2023. Kumral, A. A. (2015). Sürdürülebilir Tedarik İçin Performans Değerlendirmeli Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri Model Önerisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. K.H.O. Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara. Millward, L. (2004). Focused Interview, (http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/28.11.2014). Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. M., Giunipero, L. C., & Patterson, J. L. (2011). Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, South Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Nash, R. C., Schooner, S. L., & O’Brien, K. R. (2013). The Government Contracts Reference Book: A Comprehensive Guide to the Language of Procurement, Fourth Edition, Wolters Kluwer, ABD. Nibley, S. B., & Armstrong, S. A. (2013). The Government’s Exercise of Options, Thompson Reuters Brifing Papers, No.13-8, July. OECD Report, (2013).Public Governance Reviews Implementing the OECD Principles for Integrity in Public Procurement., OECD Publishing, ABD. OECD Report, (2014). Manual for Framework Agreements. https://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/manual-framework-agreements.pdf. OECD Report, (2015). OECD Recommendation of The Council On Publıc Procurement. https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/OECD-Recommendation-on-Public-Procurement.pdf. OECD Report, (2016). “Supporting competition and savings through framework agreements: Multiple Award Schedule contracts", in The Korean Public Procurement Service: Innovating for Effectiveness, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264249431-6-en. OECD Report, (2019). Productivity in Public Procurement A Case Study of Finland: Measuring the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Public Procurement. https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/publications/productivity-public-procurement.pdf O’Rourke, R., & Schwartz, M. (2015). Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress, http://www.crs.gov (26.08.2015). Prentice, R. (2010). Performance-Based Acquisition:Acquiring the Right Outcomes, Contract Management, Vol. 50, No. 7, July, s. 77-81. Rendon, R. G., & Snider, K. F. (2008). Management of Defence Acquisition Projects, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, Virginia. Sheppard, V. (2020). Research Methods for The Social Sciences An Introduction, BC Campus Press. Stewart, C. J., & Cash, W. B. (1985). Interviewing Principles and Practices. 4. Baskı. Dubuque, IO: Wm. C. Brown. Pub.’dan aktaran Yıldırım, Ali – Şimşek, Hasan (2008), Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 7. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. Straub, A. (2009). Cost Savings from Performance‐based Maintenance Contracting,, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, s. 205-217. Tineo, L. (2007). Procurement Issues in Performance-Based Contracts, Journal of Public Procurement, Vol. 7, No. 1, s. 62-83. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 7. Baskı. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. ABD Federal Tedarik Veri Tabanı. (http://www.usaspending.gov/federal procurement data system./erişim tarihi, 15.10.2014). A.B.D Federal Harcama Veri Tabanı. https://www.usaspending.gov/download_center/custom_award_data. erişim tarihi, 10.12.2023, https://www.usaspending.gov/search/?hash=de9dba15781c8ba30bc0c3204d3341a1 erişim tarihi 11.12.2023 Avrupa Birliği İhale Bülteni Elektronik Veri Tabanı. https://ted.europa.eu/en/simap/contracts-awarded-by-eu-institutions?p_p_id=gr_open_ted2_can_report_GrOpenTed2CanReportPortlet_INSTANCE_rsjg&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view, erişim tarihi 24.04.2024 Avrupa Birliği İhale Bülteni Elektronik Veri Tabanı. https://ted.europa.eu/en/simap/contracts-awarded-by-eu-institutions?p_p_id=gr_open_ted2_can_report_GrOpenTed2CanReportPortlet_INSTANCE_rsjg&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view, erişim tarihi 26.04.2024 Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Kamu Yönetimi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Abdullah Arif Kumral ANKARA HACI BAYRAM VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-0084-9405 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3
Kaynak Göster APA Kumral, A. A. (2024). Performans Değerlendirmeli Opsiyon Sözleşmeleri (PDOS) Modelinin Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği: Kamu Tedarik Sistemine Entegrasyonu Üzerine Derinlikli Görüşme Araştırması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3), 349-369. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1427799
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