Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. leaves

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 562 – 573, 29.08.2024

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1377543

Öz

The present study investigates the chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of essential oils extracted from Ficus elastica. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to determine their constituents representing 100% of the total peak areas. The analysis revealed the presence of 34 compounds. Among these compounds, Caryophyllene was found to be the major constituent, accounting for 50.57% of the total percentage area. Among other identified major compounds include γ-Muurolene (8.19%), camphene (5.69%), Heptacosane (2.61%), and Heneicosane (2.60%). Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of Ficus elastica essential oil was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The results indicated that F. elastica’s essential oil exhibited significant radical scavenging activity when compared to the standard antioxidant, Ascorbic acid. For the highest concentration tested (10 μL/mL), the DPPH scavenging inhibition percentage was 45.26% for F. elastica and 90.40% for Ascorbic acid. Similarly, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity at 10 μL/mL was found to be 74.90% for F. elastica and 90.12% for Ascorbic acid. Additionally, the essential oils demonstrated high radical scavenging and chelating activity. The quantitative DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assays indicate the potent antioxidant activity of F. elastica essential oil, making it a promising candidate for further biological and chemical analysis. The isolation of therapeutically active compounds from these essential oils can be pursued, considering their potential role in the management and treatment of various diseases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Essential oil, Concentration, Activity, Ficus elastica, Ascorbic acid

Kaynakça

  • Adebayo, A., Aboaba, M.A., Eresanya, S.I., Ajetunmobi, O.A.A., & Ogunwande, A.I. (2015). Constituent of Essential Oil from Ficus benghalensis L. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2015/18803
  • Ahmed, N.B., Mohamed, G.S., & Adel, G.A. (2017). Antioxidant Activities and Potential Impacts to Reduce Aflatoxins Utilizing Jojoba and Jatropha Oils and Extracts. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13(8), 1103-1114. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2017.1103.1114
  • Alparslan, Y. (2018). Antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity of biodegradable gelatin film forming solutions incorporated with different essential oils. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12(1), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9643-x
  • Amgad, I.M.K., Allam, A.E., Nafady, A.M., Ahmad, A.S., & Ramadan, M. (2015). Phytochemical and biological screening of the leaves of Ficus Pandurata Hance Cultivated in Egypt. J. Pharmacogn Phytochem, 4(1), 50-54.
  • Amorati, R., Mario, C.F., & Luca, V. (2013). Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 61(46), 10835-10847. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403496k
  • Arsyad, A.S., Nurrochmad, A., & Fakhrudin, N. (2023). Phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem: A review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 12(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.04
  • Basavegowda, N., & Baek, K.-H. (2021). Synergistic Antioxidant and Antibacterial Advantages of Essential Oils for Food Packaging Applications. Biomolecules, 11(9), 1 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091267
  • Battaloğlu, R., & Yağız, F. (2017). Determination of Essential Oils Components of Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) Fruit from Turkey. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(3), 459-462. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.376898
  • Biswas, B., Rogers, K., McLaughlin, F., Daniels, D., & Yadav, A. (2013). Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on Two Gram-Negative and Gram Positive Bacteria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2013, 1 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/746165
  • British Pharmacopoeia Commission. (2020). British Pharmacopoeia Volume IV. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
  • Burits, M., & Bucar, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 14(5), 323-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
  • Chika, A., Lawrence, L., Muhammad, F.Y., Kwaji, N., & Polar, T. (2022). An investigation into the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Ficus elastica and Mercurialis perennis leaves. International Journal of Modern Science and Technology, 7(1-2), 6-14.
  • Cipriano, R.R., Maia, B.H.L.N.S., & Deschamps, C. (2021). Chemical variability of essential oils of Eugenia uniflora L. genotypes and their antioxidant activity. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/0.1590/0001-3765202120181299
  • Dangarembizi, R., Erlwanger, K.H., & Chivandi, E. (2014). Effects of Ficus thonningii extracts on the gastrointestinal tract and clinical biochemistry of suckling rats. Afr. J. Tradit., Complementary Altern. Med., 11(2), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fajtcam.v11i2.10
  • Danjuma, M.N., & Darda’u, H. (2013). An Ethno-Survey of Medicinal Trees of Kabobi Village, Northern Katsina, Nigeria. Academic Research International, 4(3), 174-183.
  • Dassanayake, M.K., Chong, C.H., Khoo, T.-J., Figiel, A., Szumny, A., & Choo, C.M. (2021). Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review. Foods, 10(9), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016
  • Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Seyed, M.N., Seyed, F.N., Bahman, E., & Zahra, R. (2010). Antioxidant and Antihaemolytic Activities of the Leaves of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L) Umbelliferae. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(5), 441 449. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v9i5.61053
  • Emmanuel, E., Jennifer, M.N., Tameka, M.W., Isiaka, A.O., William, N.S., & Olusegun, E. (2016). Essential oil constituents, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of Ficus mucoso and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves. Am. J. Essent. Oil. Nat. Prod., 4(1), 01-06.
  • Fatiha, M., & Abdelkader, T. (2019). Study of antioxidant activity of pyrimidinium betaines by DPPH radical scavenging method. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 8(2), 33‒36. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2019.08.00308
  • Ginting, C.N., Lister, I.N.E., Girsang, E., Riastawati, D., Hanna, S.W.K., & Wahyu, W. (2020). Antioxidant Activities of Ficus elastica Leaves Ethanol Extract and Its Compounds. Mol Cell Biomed Sci., 4(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v4i1.86
  • Hari, N.V., Kumar, S.P., & Devi, R.D. (2011). Comparative In-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of the Latex of Ficus religinosa, Ficus elastica and Ficus bengalensis. Journal of Phytology, 3(3), 26-30.
  • Hasnain, A., Naqvi, S.A.H., Ayesha, S.I., Khalid, F., Ellahi, M., Iqbal, S., Hassan, M.Z., Abbas, A., Adamski, R., Markowska, D., Baazeem, A., Mustafa, G., Moustafa, M., Hassan, M.E. & Abdelhamid, M.M.A. (2022). Plants in vitro propagation with its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries current scenario and future approaches. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1009395.
  • Ibrahim, M., Ankwai, G.E., Gungshik, J.R. & Taave, P. (2021). comparative extraction of essential oil of Mentha piperita (Mint) by steam distillation and enfleurage. Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research, 26, 56-63. http//doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v26i2.2
  • Iqbal, Z., saeed, A., mansha, M, Saeed, K., Afzal, S., Khalil, H.I., Gulzar, Z., & Tara, Z. (2018). Essential Oil from the Aerial Roots of Ficus elastica and their Antioxidant Activity. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(1), 137 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/6195
  • Lubna, A., Khazal, M.A., Nada, K.K.H., & Israa, H.M. (2020). Essential Oils. Essential Oils – Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications. Edited by de Oliveira, M.S., et al., IntechOpen, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92216
  • Maimuna, K., Kubmarawa, D., & Aliyu, B.A. (2016). Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil of Cassia arrereh del and Ficus thoningii blume. International Research Journal of Natural Sciences, 4(1), 28-30.
  • Mamattah, K.M.M., Adomako, A.K., Mensah, C.N., & Borquaye, L.S. (2023). Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Plumeria alba (Forget-Me-Not). Biochemistry Research International, 2023(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1040478
  • Mayo Clinic. (2007, September 25). Antioxidants: Preventing Diseases, Naturally. Science Daily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070908001613.htm
  • Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 1 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020585
  • Mot, M-D., Gavrilas, S., Lupitu, A.I., Moisa, C., Chambre, D., Tit, D.M., Bogdan, M.A., Bodescu, A-M., Copolovici, L., Copolovici, D.M., & Bungau, S.G. (2022). Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients. Antioxidants, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050808
  • Musa, A.A. (2008). Antioxidant and antibacterial Activity of Commiphora Kerstingii Engl. Stem Bark Extract. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 2(2), 106-111.
  • Nanditha, B., & Prabhasankar, P. (2009). Antioxidants in Bakery Products: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 49(1), 1 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701764104
  • Odunbaku, O.A., Ilusanya, O.A., & Akasoro, K.S. (2008). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ficus exasperata on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(11), 562-564.
  • Ogunwande, I.A., Flamini, G., Adefuye, A.E., Lawal, N.O., Moradeyo, S., & Avoseh, N.O. (2011). Chemical compositions of Casuarina equisetifolia L., Eucalyptus toreliana L. and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem cultivated in Nigeria. South African Journal of Botany, 77, 645–649. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.02.001
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Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. leaves

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 562 – 573, 29.08.2024

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1377543

Öz

The present study investigates the chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of essential oils extracted from Ficus elastica. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to determine their constituents representing 100% of the total peak areas. The analysis revealed the presence of 34 compounds. Among these compounds, Caryophyllene was found to be the major constituent, accounting for 50.57% of the total percentage area. Among other identified major compounds include γ-Muurolene (8.19%), camphene (5.69%), Heptacosane (2.61%), and Heneicosane (2.60%). Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of Ficus elastica essential oil was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging methods. The results indicated that F. elastica’s essential oil exhibited significant radical scavenging activity when compared to the standard antioxidant, Ascorbic acid. For the highest concentration tested (10 μL/mL), the DPPH scavenging inhibition percentage was 45.26% for F. elastica and 90.40% for Ascorbic acid. Similarly, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity at 10 μL/mL was found to be 74.90% for F. elastica and 90.12% for Ascorbic acid. Additionally, the essential oils demonstrated high radical scavenging and chelating activity. The quantitative DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assays indicate the potent antioxidant activity of F. elastica essential oil, making it a promising candidate for further biological and chemical analysis. The isolation of therapeutically active compounds from these essential oils can be pursued, considering their potential role in the management and treatment of various diseases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Essential oil, Concentration, Activity, Ficus elastica, Ascorbic acid

Teşekkür

Dear Chief Editor, I express my heartfelt gratitude for your dedication and commitment to improving the standard of scientific research. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to showcase my work and be part of your esteemed journal.

Kaynakça

  • Adebayo, A., Aboaba, M.A., Eresanya, S.I., Ajetunmobi, O.A.A., & Ogunwande, A.I. (2015). Constituent of Essential Oil from Ficus benghalensis L. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2015/18803
  • Ahmed, N.B., Mohamed, G.S., & Adel, G.A. (2017). Antioxidant Activities and Potential Impacts to Reduce Aflatoxins Utilizing Jojoba and Jatropha Oils and Extracts. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13(8), 1103-1114. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2017.1103.1114
  • Alparslan, Y. (2018). Antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity of biodegradable gelatin film forming solutions incorporated with different essential oils. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 12(1), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9643-x
  • Amgad, I.M.K., Allam, A.E., Nafady, A.M., Ahmad, A.S., & Ramadan, M. (2015). Phytochemical and biological screening of the leaves of Ficus Pandurata Hance Cultivated in Egypt. J. Pharmacogn Phytochem, 4(1), 50-54.
  • Amorati, R., Mario, C.F., & Luca, V. (2013). Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 61(46), 10835-10847. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403496k
  • Arsyad, A.S., Nurrochmad, A., & Fakhrudin, N. (2023). Phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem: A review. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 12(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.04
  • Basavegowda, N., & Baek, K.-H. (2021). Synergistic Antioxidant and Antibacterial Advantages of Essential Oils for Food Packaging Applications. Biomolecules, 11(9), 1 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091267
  • Battaloğlu, R., & Yağız, F. (2017). Determination of Essential Oils Components of Maclura pomifera (Osage Orange) Fruit from Turkey. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(3), 459-462. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.376898
  • Biswas, B., Rogers, K., McLaughlin, F., Daniels, D., & Yadav, A. (2013). Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on Two Gram-Negative and Gram Positive Bacteria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2013, 1 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/746165
  • British Pharmacopoeia Commission. (2020). British Pharmacopoeia Volume IV. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
  • Burits, M., & Bucar, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 14(5), 323-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
  • Chika, A., Lawrence, L., Muhammad, F.Y., Kwaji, N., & Polar, T. (2022). An investigation into the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Ficus elastica and Mercurialis perennis leaves. International Journal of Modern Science and Technology, 7(1-2), 6-14.
  • Cipriano, R.R., Maia, B.H.L.N.S., & Deschamps, C. (2021). Chemical variability of essential oils of Eugenia uniflora L. genotypes and their antioxidant activity. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/0.1590/0001-3765202120181299
  • Dangarembizi, R., Erlwanger, K.H., & Chivandi, E. (2014). Effects of Ficus thonningii extracts on the gastrointestinal tract and clinical biochemistry of suckling rats. Afr. J. Tradit., Complementary Altern. Med., 11(2), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fajtcam.v11i2.10
  • Danjuma, M.N., & Darda’u, H. (2013). An Ethno-Survey of Medicinal Trees of Kabobi Village, Northern Katsina, Nigeria. Academic Research International, 4(3), 174-183.
  • Dassanayake, M.K., Chong, C.H., Khoo, T.-J., Figiel, A., Szumny, A., & Choo, C.M. (2021). Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review. Foods, 10(9), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016
  • Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Seyed, M.N., Seyed, F.N., Bahman, E., & Zahra, R. (2010). Antioxidant and Antihaemolytic Activities of the Leaves of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L) Umbelliferae. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(5), 441 449. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v9i5.61053
  • Emmanuel, E., Jennifer, M.N., Tameka, M.W., Isiaka, A.O., William, N.S., & Olusegun, E. (2016). Essential oil constituents, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of Ficus mucoso and Casuarina equisetifolia leaves. Am. J. Essent. Oil. Nat. Prod., 4(1), 01-06.
  • Fatiha, M., & Abdelkader, T. (2019). Study of antioxidant activity of pyrimidinium betaines by DPPH radical scavenging method. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 8(2), 33‒36. https://doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2019.08.00308
  • Ginting, C.N., Lister, I.N.E., Girsang, E., Riastawati, D., Hanna, S.W.K., & Wahyu, W. (2020). Antioxidant Activities of Ficus elastica Leaves Ethanol Extract and Its Compounds. Mol Cell Biomed Sci., 4(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v4i1.86
  • Hari, N.V., Kumar, S.P., & Devi, R.D. (2011). Comparative In-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of the Latex of Ficus religinosa, Ficus elastica and Ficus bengalensis. Journal of Phytology, 3(3), 26-30.
  • Hasnain, A., Naqvi, S.A.H., Ayesha, S.I., Khalid, F., Ellahi, M., Iqbal, S., Hassan, M.Z., Abbas, A., Adamski, R., Markowska, D., Baazeem, A., Mustafa, G., Moustafa, M., Hassan, M.E. & Abdelhamid, M.M.A. (2022). Plants in vitro propagation with its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries current scenario and future approaches. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1009395.
  • Ibrahim, M., Ankwai, G.E., Gungshik, J.R. & Taave, P. (2021). comparative extraction of essential oil of Mentha piperita (Mint) by steam distillation and enfleurage. Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research, 26, 56-63. http//doi.org/10.4314/njcr.v26i2.2
  • Iqbal, Z., saeed, A., mansha, M, Saeed, K., Afzal, S., Khalil, H.I., Gulzar, Z., & Tara, Z. (2018). Essential Oil from the Aerial Roots of Ficus elastica and their Antioxidant Activity. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(1), 137 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/6195
  • Lubna, A., Khazal, M.A., Nada, K.K.H., & Israa, H.M. (2020). Essential Oils. Essential Oils – Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications. Edited by de Oliveira, M.S., et al., IntechOpen, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92216
  • Maimuna, K., Kubmarawa, D., & Aliyu, B.A. (2016). Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil of Cassia arrereh del and Ficus thoningii blume. International Research Journal of Natural Sciences, 4(1), 28-30.
  • Mamattah, K.M.M., Adomako, A.K., Mensah, C.N., & Borquaye, L.S. (2023). Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Plumeria alba (Forget-Me-Not). Biochemistry Research International, 2023(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1040478
  • Mayo Clinic. (2007, September 25). Antioxidants: Preventing Diseases, Naturally. Science Daily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070908001613.htm
  • Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 1 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020585
  • Mot, M-D., Gavrilas, S., Lupitu, A.I., Moisa, C., Chambre, D., Tit, D.M., Bogdan, M.A., Bodescu, A-M., Copolovici, L., Copolovici, D.M., & Bungau, S.G. (2022). Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients. Antioxidants, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050808
  • Musa, A.A. (2008). Antioxidant and antibacterial Activity of Commiphora Kerstingii Engl. Stem Bark Extract. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 2(2), 106-111.
  • Nanditha, B., & Prabhasankar, P. (2009). Antioxidants in Bakery Products: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 49(1), 1 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701764104
  • Odunbaku, O.A., Ilusanya, O.A., & Akasoro, K.S. (2008). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ficus exasperata on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(11), 562-564.
  • Ogunwande, I.A., Flamini, G., Adefuye, A.E., Lawal, N.O., Moradeyo, S., & Avoseh, N.O. (2011). Chemical compositions of Casuarina equisetifolia L., Eucalyptus toreliana L. and Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem cultivated in Nigeria. South African Journal of Botany, 77, 645–649. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.02.001
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  • Solis, M.J.L., dela Cruz, T.E., & Unterseher, M. (2015). The diverse community of leaf inhabiting fungal endophytes from Philippine natural forests reflects phylogenetic patterns of their host plant species Ficus benjamina, Ficus elastica and Ficus religiosa. Mycoscience, 1-11.
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Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Doğal Ürünler ve Biyoaktif Bileşikler
BölümMakaleler
Yazarlar

Chika Attama Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0009-0005-2143-1904 Nigeria

Lawrence Luka Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0009-0009-2358-7805 Nigeria

Chidama, Bulama Ndakudu Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0009-0003-1997-995X Nigeria

Erken Görünüm Tarihi6 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi29 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi19 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi2 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APAAttama, C., Luka, L., & Ndakudu, C. B. (2024). Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. leaves. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 11(3), 562-573. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1377543

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