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XVI. YÜZYIL OSMANLI-SAFEVÎ ÇEKİŞMESİNİN DİPLOMATİK DİLİNE YANSIMASI Skip to content Yıl 2023, Sayı: 108, 507 – 528, 26.12.2023
Murat Alandağlı
https://doi.org/10.60163/hbv.108.032 Cited By: 1
Öz The 16th century can be regarded as the peak period of the Ottoman Empire’s political, financial, and military strength. During this period, the mechanisms of the empire’s institutions that facilitated its growth and development functioned in complete and certain harmony. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that some negativities also surfaced during this period. This century was marked by Austrian wars in the West and Safavid wars in the East within the borders that expanded considerably. These wars, which lasted quite a long time, were followed by treaties with heavy provisions. As a result, disruptions began to occur, particularly in the financial and military sectors. This situation also affected the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial writers (Divan-ı Hümayün) officers. In fact, in the current situation, the imperial bureaucracy has taken on two important tasks: the development of a political policy and the development of a social and cultural discourse. In political terms, they sought to gain, protect and expand their interests against the states they regarded as enemies. In the social and cultural sense, in order to get out of the existing bind, they thought of finding and developing methods of explanation with the language of discourse that would penetrate the social base. For the Western Front, such an endeavour may be considered to have yielded relatively easy results. As a result, on this front they face a completely different other, an enemy, religiously, culturally and politically. The situation in the East, however, is more complex and difficult. Here the Ottomans faced a state, the Safavids, who shared the same religion, political dominance and interests, and were not as culturally divided as in the West. Therefore, for the imperial bureaucracy and the imperial officers’ (Divan-ı Hümayun), the method and manner of explaining the war with the Safavids became very difficult due to these common shares. However, the relevant departments of the Empire were able to overcome this dilemma thanks to their accumulated knowledge, information and experience. This study presents an approach to their discourse, explanations and methods in the context of these efforts. The content of the accounts related to the intensifying Ottoman-Safavid rivalry and wars during the early, middle, and late periods of the 16.century serves as a significant example in highlighting this matter. These documents frequently use religious terms such as kızılbaş, rafizî and mulhid, also political and geographical terms such as upside canîb/cenâh (yukarı canîb / cenâh) and over the border/side (öte yaka taraf). Such usage and explanation, which dominated the document language of the Empire, stemmed from the similarities and differences in the political, religious, and sociocultural contexts that existed between the two powers. These similarities and differences can be seen as important criteria that determine the discourse language of the empire’s officials, bureaucracy, and officers’.
Anahtar Kelimeler Ottoman Empire, Safavid State, Ottoman-Safavid Conflict, Diplomatic language (Diplomatika), Official Explanation and Discourse Language
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XVI. YÜZYIL OSMANLI-SAFEVÎ ÇEKİŞMESİNİN DİPLOMATİK DİLİNE YANSIMASI Yıl 2023, Sayı: 108, 507 – 528, 26.12.2023
Murat Alandağlı
https://doi.org/10.60163/hbv.108.032 Cited By: 1
Öz XVI. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun siyasî, malî ve askerî anlamda gücünün doruk noktaya eriştiği dönem olarak görülebilir. Bu dönemde imparatorluğun gelişip, büyümesini sağlayan müessesatına ait çarklar tam ve belli bir uyum içinde işlemiştir. Fakat bu dönemde bazı olumsuzlukların da gün yüzüne çıktığını ifade etmek gerekmektedir. Bir hayli genişleyen sınırlar dahilinde Batı’daki Avusturya ve Doğu’daki Safevî savaşları bu yüzyıla damga vurmuştur. Hayli uzun süren bu savaşları, ağır hükümlülükleri olan anlaşmalar izlemiştir. Haliyle özellikle malî ve askerî anlamdaki çarklarda aksaklıklar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu git geller imparatorduk bürokrasisi ve kalem ehlini de etkilemiştir. Nitekim mevcut durumda imparatorluk bürokrasisi siyasî olarak bir politika ile sosyal ve kültürel anlamda bir söylem dili geliştirmek gibi iki önemli vazifeyi üstlenmiştir. Siyasî anlamda düşman olarak gördükleri devletlere karşı menfaatleri kazanmak, korumak ve arttırmayı hedeflemişlerdir. Sosyal ve kültürel anlamda ise var olan cendereden çıkmak için toplum tabanına nüfuz edecek söylem dili ile izah yöntemlerini bulup geliştirmeyi düşünmüşlerdir. Batı cephesi için bu mahiyette bir gayretin nispeten çok daha kolay sonuçlar verdiği düşünülebilir. Neticede bu cephede dinî, kültürel ve siyasî bakımdan tamamen farklı bir öteki, düşman ile karşı karşıyadırlar. Oysa Doğu’da durum oldukça karmaşık ve zordur. Burada inanç olarak aynı dine mensup, siyasal anlamda ortak hâkimiyet ve çıkar havzaları bulunan ve kültürel olarak da Batı’daki kadar keskin ayrımları olmayan bir devlet, Safevîler, ile karşı karşıya bulunmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla imparatorluk bürokrasisi, kalem ehli için Safevîler ile olan savaşın izahı metodu ve şekli var olan bu ortak paylar nedeniyle hayli zor bir hal almıştır. Ancak imparatorluğun ilgili birimleri sahip oldukları birikim, bilgi ve tecrübeleri sayesinde kendilerince bu çıkmazı da aşmayı başarmışlardır. Çalışma, onların bu gayretleri bağlamdaki söylem, izah ve metotlarına dair bir yaklaşım sergilemektedir. XVI. yüzyılın ilk ve son çeyreği ile ortalarında devam eden Osmanlı-Safevî çekişmesi ve savaşlarına ait bilgelerin muhtevası bu hususun ortaya konulmasında önemli bir örnek hüviyetindedir. Bu belgelerde sıklıkla kızılbaş, rafizî ve mülhid gibi dinî; yukarı canîb/cenâh ve öte yaka/taraf gibi siyasî ve coğrafî izahları havi kullanımlar yer almaktadır. İmparatorluğun belge diline hâkim olan bu tür kullanım ve izah iki güç arasında var olan siyasî, dinî ve sosyo-kültürel bağlamlardaki benzerlik ve farklılıklardan kaynaklanmıştır. Bu benzerlik ve farklılıklar imparatorluk ricali, bürokrasisi ve kalem ehlinin söylem dilini belirleyen önemli kıstaslar olarak görülebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Safevi Devleti, Osmanlı-Safevi Çekişmesi, Kızılbaş, Diplomatik, Resmi izah ve söylem dili
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Hoca Sadeddin Efendi. Tacü’t-Tevarih, Neş. İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, I-V, Eskişehir: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1992. İranlı Tarihçilerin Kaleminden Çaldıran (1514), haz. Vural Genç, Feridun Emecen’in giriş yazısıyla, İstanbul: Bengi Yayınları, 2011. Kemâl Paşa Zâde. Tevarih-i Âl-i Osman X, haz. Şerafettin Severcan, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1996. Kurt, Yılmaz, “Kozan (Sis) Sancağı’nda Kişi Adları”, Ondokuzmayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, V, (1990), 179-194. Kurt, Yılmaz. “Sivas Sancağında Kişi Adları (XVI. Yüzyıl)”, OTAM, 4, (1993), 223-290. Kurt, Yılmaz. Anadolu’da Kişi ve Yer Adları, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 2020. Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S. Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul: Kubbealtı Akademisi Yayınları, 1994. Özyurt Ulutaş, Selcen. “Mühimme Kayıtlarına Göre Bulgaristan’da Gayr-ı Sünni Hareketler (XV-XVI. Yüzyıllar)”, Adam Akademi, 8/2, (2018), 213-230. Râşid Mehmed Efendi-Çelebi-zâde İsmail Âsım Efendi, Târih-i Râşid ve Zeyli, haz. Abdülkadir Özcan, vd. C.II, İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2013. Savaş, Saim. XVI. Asırda Anadolu’da Alevilik, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2013. Şahin, İlhan – Emecen, Feridun M. Osmanlılarda Divan-Bürokrasi-Ahkâm: II. Bayezid Dönemine Ait 906/1501 Tarihli Ahkâm Defteri, İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1994. Şeref, Abdurrahman. “Öztemüroğlu Osman Paşa”, TOEM, IV/21, (1329), 1289-1303. Şirâzî Abdi Bey. Safevîler Tekmiletü’l-Ahbâr (Başlangıçtan 1571’e Kadar Safevîlerin Tarihi). Çev. Şefaattin Deniz-Hasan Asadi. İstanbul: Bilge Kültür-Sanat Yayınları, 2019. Taşğın, Ahmed. “Bir Beden iki baş: Osmanlı Safevî Sahasında Marifetten Tarikata Dönüş”, I. Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Kongresi 13-14 Ekim 2014, Bildirileri Kitabı, haz. Fatih İyiyol, İstanbul, 2014, 1324-1338 Taşğın, Ahmet-Solmaz, Bünyamin. “Tahrir Defterlerinin Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmalarına Katkısı: Irène Beldiceanu-Steinherr Örneği”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 61, 2012, 207-220. Taşğın, Ahmet. “Hatai’den Günümüze Anadolu Alevilerinde Farklılaşma”, Birinci Uluslararası Şah İsmail Hatai Sempozyumu, 9-11 Ekim 2003, Bildirileri, haz. Gülağ Öz, Ankara: Hüseyin Gazi Derneği Yol Bilim Kültür Araştırma Yayınları, 2004, 297-306. Taşğın, Ahmet. “Safevî-Osmanlı Savaşı’ndan İtibaren Dinî Söylemin Siyasal Propaganda Aracı Olarak Kullanılması: Dede Karkın Örneği”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırmaları Dergisi, 49, 2009, 209-224. Taşğın, Ahmet. “Safevî-Osmanlı Savaşının Gerçekleştiği Sahra-yı Dede Garkın”, Ortaçağ Anadolusu’nda Bir Türkmen Şeyhi Dede Garkın, Uluslararası Şanlıurfa Sempozyumu 25-27 Mayıs 2010, Bildirileri, ed. Ahmet Taşğın-M. Salih Erpolat-Sadullah Gülten, İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık, 2014, 107-129 Taşğın, Ahmet. “Şah İsmail ve Erkânı: Alevî Toplulukların Ortak Bir Program Etrafında Toparlanma Süreci”, Safevîler ve Şah İsmail, ed. Ahmet Taşğın-Ali Yaman-Namiq Musalı, İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık, 2014, 11-45. 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Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Söylem ve Bağlamsal Dilbilim, Kültür Coğrafyası, Siyasi Coğrafya, Osmanlı Sosyoekonomik Tarihi, Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Murat Alandağlı AĞRI İBRAHİM ÇEÇEN ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-5136-4910 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Aralık 2023 Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2023 Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Eylül 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 108
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Alandağlı, Murat. “XVI. YÜZYIL OSMANLI-SAFEVÎ ÇEKİŞMESİNİN DİPLOMATİK DİLİNE YANSIMASI”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 108 (Aralık 2023), 507-528. https://doi.org/10.60163/hbv.108.032.
Cited By Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1444919
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