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Conceiving the Medieval Ottoman Music Culture Through Legendary Narratives Skip to content Yıl 2020, Sayı: 96, 33 – 54, 17.12.2020
Cenk Güray Ezgi Tekin Arıcı
Öz Orta Çağ Osmanlı Müzik Kültürü ile ilgili çalışmaların çoğu dönemin zengin kuramsal kaynaklarına odaklanmış, ancak müzik araştırmacıları genellikle Orta Çağ Osmanlı döneminin “efsanevi anlatı” ve “menakıpnamelerinde” yer alan “müzikal sembolizme” yoğunlaşmamıştır. Ancak bu kaynaklar, “Ahi, Bayrami, Vefai ve Kalenderi” inanç sistemleri aracılığıyla “doğa-Tanrı-insanlık” algısının irfan temelli bir algıyı paylaşması açısından dönemin kuramsal kaynaklarıyla paralellik içinde olup müzik kültürüyle kolayca ilişkilendirilebilen çok güçlü bir sembolizmle Osmanlı kültürü için yapıcı bir güce sahip olan “Horasan temelli irfânı” temsil eden ana kaynak olma özelliği taşır. Bunun yanında söz konusu kaynaklar, içlerinde Orta Çağ Anadolu’sunun erken dönem zikir geleneklerini taşımalarıyla ayrı bir önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda söz konusu efsanevi anlatı ve menakıpnamelerin yanında tarihsel kayıtlar, gezi notları, edebiyat ve din kaynakları, semah ve sema gibi önemli zikir uygulamaları ile ilgili erken dönem bilgilerini yansıtabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu kaynaklar aracılığıyla Anadolu insanının Orta Çağ Dönemi’nde müzik ve dans aracılığıyla oluşturdukları evren algısı ile ilgili de kıymetli örneklere rastlamak mümkündür. Bu algının “Ahilik” ve “ Abdallık” gibi felsefi sistemler aracılığıyla Anadolu’da bugüne kadar taşınmış bir irfan geleneğini oluşturma yollarına da bu metinler aracılığıyla ulaşabilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, “sembolik müzikal detayları” ve “müzikten kaynaklı inançsal ögeleri” tespit etmek için menakıpnameler, evliyalar hakkındaki anlatılar, edebiyat kaynaklar, dini metinler ve gezgin notları da dâhil olmak üzere 15. Yüzyıla ait çeşitli kaynaklar incelenecektir
Anahtar Kelimeler Menakıpnameler, Orta Çağ Osmanlı müzik kültürü, Horasan irfanı, Ahilik, Abdallık
Kaynakça Akdoğan, Bayram. (2008). Türk Din Musikisi Tarihine Bir Bakış. AÜIFD XLVIII. 151-190. Aksoy, Bülent. (2003). Avrupalı Gezginlerin Gözüyle Osmanlılarda Musiki. İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. Alşan, M. Hakan. (2012). Horasan Erenleri. İstanbul: Kurtuba Yayınları. Ayata, Saim. (2006). “Kırşehir Yöresi Abdallarının Dini İnançları Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Danışman: Harun Güngör)”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kayseri Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri. Ayverdi, İlhan. (2005). Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Kubbealtı Neriyatı. Barkan, Ö. Lütfi. (1942). İstila Devirlerinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeler. Vakıflar Dergisi, 279-304. Barkan, Ö. Lütfi. (2008). “İstilâ Devrinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeleri”. Tasavvuf Kitabı. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları. Bozan, Metin. (2012). Şeyh Adiyy Bin Musafir-Hayatı, Menkıbevi Kişiliği ve Yezidi İnancındaki Yeri. İstanbul: Nubihar Yayınları. Cenk Güray, E. Tekin, N. Şahin. (2016). Kadim Sesler Kadim İzler. Ankara: TİKA. Cenk Güray, İ. Karadeniz. (2019). Horasan’dan Keskin’e Bir Çığlık: Muharrem Ertaş. Milli Folklor Dergisi 122, 76-93. Muallim Cevdet. (2015). “İslam-Türk Teşkilat-ı Medeniyyesinden Ahiler Müessesi”. Ahilik Araştırmaları 1913-1932 . Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 129- 150 Erünsal, İ. Erol ve A. Yaşar Ocak. (Ed.) Elvan Çelebi: Menâkıbü’l-Kudsiyye Fî Menâsıbi’l-Ünsiyye. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları,1995. Çelebi, Elvan. (2008). Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi (Vol. 2). (S. A. Yücel Dağlı, Ed.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Encyclopadaeia Iranica. (1988). Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2020 https://iranicaonline.org/ articles/baraq-baba-655-707-1257-58-1307-08-a-crypto-shamanic-anatolianturkman-dervish-close-to-two-of-the-mongol-rulers-of-ir Kılıç, Filiz, Mustafa Arslan ve Tuncay Bülbül. (2007). Otman Baba Velayetnamesi (Tenkitli Metin). Ankara: Grafiker Ofset. Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki. (2014). Menakıb-ı Hünkar Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli “Vilayetname”. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları. Güray, Cenk. (2012). Anadolu’daki İnanç ve Müzik İlişkisinin Sema-Semah Kavramları Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. ——–. (2018a). Devirsel İbadet Modelleri Olarak Semah-Sema Uygulamalarının Tarihsel Kökenleri. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 87, 23-48. ——–. (2018b). Semah Kavramını Devir Nazariyesi Üzerinden Anlamak: Aynayı Tuttum Yüzüme. In A. C. Orhan Kurtoğlu (Ed.), IV. Uluslararası Alevilik ve Bektaşilik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, (617-637). Ankara. ——–. (2020). “Edvar Geleneğindeki Makam Kültürünün İzlerini Menakıbnameler, Devriye’ler ve İlm-i Nücûm Kitaplarında Sürmek”. F. Karakaya içinde, NetaArt Birinci Türk Müziği Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. İstanbul: NetaArt. Güzel, Abdurrahman. (2019). Abdal Musa Velayetnamesi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Hagen, Gottfried. (2009). Heroes and Saints in Anatolian Turkish Literature. Oriente Moderno, 349-361. Retrieved 07 21, 2020, from http://www.jstor.com/ stable/25818223 İnalcık, Halil. (2008). Devlet-i Aliyye. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. İsmail. E. Erünsal, A. Y. (1995). Menakıbu’l-Kudsiyye fi Menasıbı’l-Ünsiyye. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kafadar, Cemal. (2019). İki Cihan Aresinde. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. Karamustafa, Ahmet. T. (2004). TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (T. İ. Merkezi, Producer) Retrieved 07 26, 2020, from https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/menakib-i-hocai-cihan ——–. (2015). Tanrının Kuraltanımaz Kulları. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Köprülü, Orhan. F. (1988). “Abdal”. İslam Ansiklopedisi, c.1, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, s. 61-62. Kreyenbroek, Philip. G. (2011). Tanrı ve Şeyh Adiyy Kusursuzdur-Yezidi Tarihinden Kutsal Şiirler ve Dinsel Anlatılar. Çev. İ. Bingöl. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları. Kulaksız, Cevat. (2012). Halk Kültüründe Abdallar ve Bozlaklar. Ankara. Minorsky, V. F. (2013). “İran’daki Ehl-i Hak veya Ali-İlahi Tarikatını Öğrenmek için Gereken Kaynaklar”. Rus Oryantalistlere Göre Ehl-i Haklar (çev. Namıq Musalı, ed, Ahmet Taşğın). İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık. Mirabile, Paul. (2015). Pilgrimage to Türkestan over the Three Seas and Central Asian Steppes-2012. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1), 5-156. Ocak, A. Yaşar. (1999). Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. ———–. (2011). Osmanlı Sufiliğine Bakışlar. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. ———– (2014). Babailer İsyanı. İstanbul: Dergah. ———– (2015). Alevî, Bektaşî İnançlarının İslâm Öncesi Temelleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. ———–. (2016a). Evliya Menâkıbnâmeleri. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. ———–. (2016b). Kalenderiler. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. Özköse, Kadir. (2003). Anadolu’nun Türkleşmesi ve İslamlaşmasında Tasavvufî Zümre ve Akımların Rolü. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 249-279. Ebü’l-Hayr-ı Rûmî. (2013). Saltık-Nâme. (D. E. Necati Demir, Ed.) İstanbul: Uluslararası Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Derneği Kültür Yayınları. Say, Yağmur. (2006). Seyyid Battal Gazi ve Külliyesi. İstanbul: Su Yayınları. ——–. (2011). Şucâeddin Veli ve Velâyetnâmesi. Ankara: Eskişehir Valiliği. Şahin, Hasim. (2017). Dervişler ve Sufi Çevreler. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi. Şapolyo, E. Behnan. (2006). Mezhepler ve Tarikatlar Tarihi. İstanbul: Elif Kitabevi. Taşğın, Ahmet. (2013). Dediği Sultan ve Menakıbı. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi. ———- (2013). Dediği Sultan ve Menakıbı. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi. Telci, Cahit. (2016). Seyyid Gazi Zaviyesi ve Yıllık Merasimleri Hakkında. Alevilik Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 61-79. Topaloğlu, Bekir. (1988). “Ahilik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c. 1, Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 540-542. Uslu, Recep. (2002). Selçuklularda Müzik ve Literatürü. Türkler Ansiklopedisi (s. 162-173). ——— (2011). Selçuklu Topraklarında Müzik. Konya: Konya Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı. (1943). Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatı’nda Kapıkulu Ocakları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Vahidî. (2015). Hâce-i Cihân ve Netice-i Can. (B. Ş. Turgut Karabey, Ed.) Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları. Yardımcı, Mehmet. (2014). Geçmişten Günümüze Ozanlık Geleneği ve Bu Süreçte İletişim Araçlarının Rolü. Erciyes Aylık Fikir ve Sanat Dergisi, 27-30.
Conceiving the Medieval Ottoman Music Culture Through Legendary Narratives Yıl 2020, Sayı: 96, 33 – 54, 17.12.2020
Cenk Güray Ezgi Tekin Arıcı
Öz Most of the studies about the Medieval Ottoman Music Culture have been concentrated on the rich theoretical sources of the period, but the music researchers usually have not paid enough attention to the “musical symbolism” that can be found in the “legendary narratives” of the Medieval Ottoman period. However these sources that have parallelism with the theoretical sources of the period in terms of sharing a wisdom based perception of “nature-God-humanity” through “Ahi, Bayrami, Vefai and Kalenderi” belief systems, act as main sources to represent the “Khorosan-based wisdom” that had a constructive power for the Ottoman culture through a very strong symbolism that can be easily related with musical culture. These resources, together with some narratives, chronicles, literature sources, religious texts and travellers’ notes also carry some important and critical knowledge about the religious practices of the 14th-15thcentury Anatolia such as sema and semah applications. These examples notify the importance of religious music and dance in the zikir practices of Medieval Anatolia and present the details how the people were perceiving the cosmos through music and dance. Moreover based on these sources, it is possible to gain an insight about the transmission of this perception of life until today, through the philosophic foundations like “Ahi” and “Abdal” cultures. In this paper, various sources of 15th Century will be examined including various legendary narratives, narratives about the saints, literature sources, religious texts and travellers’ notes to detect the “symbolic musical details” and “music originated belief details” in these writings.
Anahtar Kelimeler Legendary narratives, Abdal, Ahi, Medieval Ottoman music culture, Khorasan based wisdom
Kaynakça Akdoğan, Bayram. (2008). Türk Din Musikisi Tarihine Bir Bakış. AÜIFD XLVIII. 151-190. Aksoy, Bülent. (2003). Avrupalı Gezginlerin Gözüyle Osmanlılarda Musiki. İstanbul: Pan Yayıncılık. Alşan, M. Hakan. (2012). Horasan Erenleri. İstanbul: Kurtuba Yayınları. Ayata, Saim. (2006). “Kırşehir Yöresi Abdallarının Dini İnançları Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Danışman: Harun Güngör)”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kayseri Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri. Ayverdi, İlhan. (2005). Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Kubbealtı Neriyatı. Barkan, Ö. Lütfi. (1942). İstila Devirlerinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeler. Vakıflar Dergisi, 279-304. Barkan, Ö. Lütfi. (2008). “İstilâ Devrinin Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri ve Zaviyeleri”. Tasavvuf Kitabı. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları. Bozan, Metin. (2012). Şeyh Adiyy Bin Musafir-Hayatı, Menkıbevi Kişiliği ve Yezidi İnancındaki Yeri. İstanbul: Nubihar Yayınları. Cenk Güray, E. Tekin, N. Şahin. (2016). Kadim Sesler Kadim İzler. Ankara: TİKA. Cenk Güray, İ. Karadeniz. (2019). Horasan’dan Keskin’e Bir Çığlık: Muharrem Ertaş. Milli Folklor Dergisi 122, 76-93. Muallim Cevdet. (2015). “İslam-Türk Teşkilat-ı Medeniyyesinden Ahiler Müessesi”. Ahilik Araştırmaları 1913-1932 . Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 129- 150 Erünsal, İ. Erol ve A. Yaşar Ocak. (Ed.) Elvan Çelebi: Menâkıbü’l-Kudsiyye Fî Menâsıbi’l-Ünsiyye. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları,1995. Çelebi, Elvan. (2008). Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi (Vol. 2). (S. A. Yücel Dağlı, Ed.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Encyclopadaeia Iranica. (1988). Erişim Tarihi: 08.07.2020 https://iranicaonline.org/ articles/baraq-baba-655-707-1257-58-1307-08-a-crypto-shamanic-anatolianturkman-dervish-close-to-two-of-the-mongol-rulers-of-ir Kılıç, Filiz, Mustafa Arslan ve Tuncay Bülbül. (2007). Otman Baba Velayetnamesi (Tenkitli Metin). Ankara: Grafiker Ofset. Gölpınarlı, Abdülbaki. (2014). Menakıb-ı Hünkar Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli “Vilayetname”. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları. Güray, Cenk. (2012). Anadolu’daki İnanç ve Müzik İlişkisinin Sema-Semah Kavramları Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. ——–. (2018a). Devirsel İbadet Modelleri Olarak Semah-Sema Uygulamalarının Tarihsel Kökenleri. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 87, 23-48. ——–. (2018b). Semah Kavramını Devir Nazariyesi Üzerinden Anlamak: Aynayı Tuttum Yüzüme. In A. C. Orhan Kurtoğlu (Ed.), IV. Uluslararası Alevilik ve Bektaşilik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, (617-637). Ankara. ——–. (2020). “Edvar Geleneğindeki Makam Kültürünün İzlerini Menakıbnameler, Devriye’ler ve İlm-i Nücûm Kitaplarında Sürmek”. F. Karakaya içinde, NetaArt Birinci Türk Müziği Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. İstanbul: NetaArt. Güzel, Abdurrahman. (2019). Abdal Musa Velayetnamesi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Hagen, Gottfried. (2009). Heroes and Saints in Anatolian Turkish Literature. Oriente Moderno, 349-361. Retrieved 07 21, 2020, from http://www.jstor.com/ stable/25818223 İnalcık, Halil. (2008). Devlet-i Aliyye. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları. İsmail. E. Erünsal, A. Y. (1995). Menakıbu’l-Kudsiyye fi Menasıbı’l-Ünsiyye. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kafadar, Cemal. (2019). İki Cihan Aresinde. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. Karamustafa, Ahmet. T. (2004). TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (T. İ. Merkezi, Producer) Retrieved 07 26, 2020, from https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/menakib-i-hocai-cihan ——–. (2015). Tanrının Kuraltanımaz Kulları. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Köprülü, Orhan. F. (1988). “Abdal”. İslam Ansiklopedisi, c.1, İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, s. 61-62. Kreyenbroek, Philip. G. (2011). Tanrı ve Şeyh Adiyy Kusursuzdur-Yezidi Tarihinden Kutsal Şiirler ve Dinsel Anlatılar. Çev. İ. Bingöl. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları. Kulaksız, Cevat. (2012). Halk Kültüründe Abdallar ve Bozlaklar. Ankara. Minorsky, V. F. (2013). “İran’daki Ehl-i Hak veya Ali-İlahi Tarikatını Öğrenmek için Gereken Kaynaklar”. Rus Oryantalistlere Göre Ehl-i Haklar (çev. Namıq Musalı, ed, Ahmet Taşğın). İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık. Mirabile, Paul. (2015). Pilgrimage to Türkestan over the Three Seas and Central Asian Steppes-2012. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1), 5-156. Ocak, A. Yaşar. (1999). Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. ———–. (2011). Osmanlı Sufiliğine Bakışlar. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. ———– (2014). Babailer İsyanı. İstanbul: Dergah. ———– (2015). Alevî, Bektaşî İnançlarının İslâm Öncesi Temelleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. ———–. (2016a). Evliya Menâkıbnâmeleri. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. ———–. (2016b). Kalenderiler. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. Özköse, Kadir. (2003). Anadolu’nun Türkleşmesi ve İslamlaşmasında Tasavvufî Zümre ve Akımların Rolü. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 249-279. Ebü’l-Hayr-ı Rûmî. (2013). Saltık-Nâme. (D. E. Necati Demir, Ed.) İstanbul: Uluslararası Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Derneği Kültür Yayınları. Say, Yağmur. (2006). Seyyid Battal Gazi ve Külliyesi. İstanbul: Su Yayınları. ——–. (2011). Şucâeddin Veli ve Velâyetnâmesi. Ankara: Eskişehir Valiliği. Şahin, Hasim. (2017). Dervişler ve Sufi Çevreler. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi. Şapolyo, E. Behnan. (2006). Mezhepler ve Tarikatlar Tarihi. İstanbul: Elif Kitabevi. Taşğın, Ahmet. (2013). Dediği Sultan ve Menakıbı. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi. ———- (2013). Dediği Sultan ve Menakıbı. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi. Telci, Cahit. (2016). Seyyid Gazi Zaviyesi ve Yıllık Merasimleri Hakkında. Alevilik Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 61-79. Topaloğlu, Bekir. (1988). “Ahilik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c. 1, Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 540-542. Uslu, Recep. (2002). Selçuklularda Müzik ve Literatürü. Türkler Ansiklopedisi (s. 162-173). ——— (2011). Selçuklu Topraklarında Müzik. Konya: Konya Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı. (1943). Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilatı’nda Kapıkulu Ocakları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları. Vahidî. (2015). Hâce-i Cihân ve Netice-i Can. (B. Ş. Turgut Karabey, Ed.) Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları. Yardımcı, Mehmet. (2014). Geçmişten Günümüze Ozanlık Geleneği ve Bu Süreçte İletişim Araçlarının Rolü. Erciyes Aylık Fikir ve Sanat Dergisi, 27-30. Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil İngilizce Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Cenk Güray Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı, Müzik Teorileri Bölümü/Prof. Dr. Hacettepe University, Ankara State Conservatory, Department of Music Theory
Ezgi Tekin Arıcı Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Türk Musikisi Devlet Konservatuvarı, Müzikoloji Bölümü/ Instructor, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, State Conservatory for Turkish Music, Department of Musicology
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Aralık 2020 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 96
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Güray, Cenk – Arıcı, Ezgi Tekin. “Conceiving the Medieval Ottoman Music Culture Through Legendary Narratives”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 96 (Aralık 2020), 33-54.
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