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Osmanlı-Azerbaycan sosyo-kültürel ilişkileri bağlamında Hurûfîlik ve Bektâşîlik Skip to content Yıl 2021, Sayı: 100, 211 – 234, 13.12.2021
Bilal Dedeyev
Öz 14. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Azerbaycan’da ortaya çıkan Hurufilik, aynı yüzyılın sonları ve 15. yüzyılın başlarında ise Osmanlı Devleti’nde yayılmaya başlamıştır. Bu yayılmada çok sayıda Azerbaycanlı Hurufi mutasavvıf da yer almıştır. Bu dönemde Hurufilerin Azerbaycan, Anadolu ve Türk Kültürü’nün yayıldığı başka bölgelerdeki çalışmaları Türkçenin önemini artırmıştır. Ancak Hurufilik, resmî ideolojisine aykırı olduğu için Osmanlı Devleti tarafından kabul görmemiştir. 16. yüzyıldan sonra ise Osmanlı’da bağımsız hareket olarak kendi fonksiyonunu yitiren Hurufilik esasen Bektaşiliğe karışarak bu tarikat ile bütünleşmiştir. Bektaşilik ise Azerbaycan orijinli bir tarikat olmasa da belli dönemlerde Azerbaycan’da da işlevini yapabilmiştir. Hurufilerden farklı olarak Safevîler (1501-1736) döneminde onların Azerbaycan coğrafyasında tekke ve zaviyelerinin bulunduğu kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir. Bazı fıkhi ve itikadi yakınlığı olan bu iki fırkanın, misyon olarak benzer yönü yoktur. Bektaşilik Hurufilik’ten farklı olarak daha sistemli, Osmanlı Devleti’nin kurulması ve gelişmesi aşamasında büyük role sahip olmuştur. Hurufilik düşüncesinde kâinatın üç döneminden ikincisi sayılan İmamet meselesi Ehl-i Beyt sevgisi üzerinde kurulmuş birçok orta çağ Azerbaycan tasavvufi kurumlarında olduğu gibi, Anadolu ve Balkanlarda yayılmış Bektaşiliğin de esas dayanak noktası sayılmıştır. Özellikle bu faktör Hurufiliğin zamanla Bektaşilik ile bütünleşmesinde esas rol oynamıştır. Zaten bugünkü Türkiye’deki Alevî-Bektaşilerin söz üstatları olarak kabul ettikleri yedi ulu şairin ilk dördü de (Nesimi (ö. 1417), Hatâî (ö. 1524, Fuzûlî (ö. 1566) ve aslen Hoy’lu olan Pîr Sultan Abdal (ö. 1560’tan sonra) Azerbaycanlıdır. Anadolu ve Balkanlardaki Bektaşiler Fazlullah Naimi (ö.1394) ve onun halifelerinin eserlerini 17. yüzyıldan itibaren Bektaşiliğin yayılması için istifade etmişlerdir. Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-1876) döneminde Bektaşilere karşı yaklaşımın düzelmesi, bu çevrede Hurufi eserlerinin de büyük ölçüde yayımlanmasına yol açmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Osmanlı, Azerbaycan, Hurufilik, Bektaşilik, Nesimi, Hatâî, Nebatî, Penahî.
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Hurufısm And Bektashısm In The Context Of The Ottoman-Azerbaıjan SocıoCultural Relatıons Yıl 2021, Sayı: 100, 211 – 234, 13.12.2021
Bilal Dedeyev
Öz Emerging in Azerbaijan in the last quarter of the 14th century, Ḥurūfism started to spread in the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th and early 15th century. Many Azerbaijani ṣūfīes that were believing Ḥurūfism also had been taken part in the spread of Ḥurūfism in the Ottoman Empire. In this period the practice of Ḥurūfies in Azerbaijan, Anatolia and other regions that Turkish culture was spread increased the significiance of Turkish language. However, Ḥurūfism was not accepted by the Ottoman Empire because it was against its official ideology. After the 16th century, while loosing its function as an independent movement in the Ottoman Empire, Ḥurūfism mingled with Bektashism and essentially became part of this sect. Coming to Bektashism, even though it is not originated from Azerbaijan, at certain period it was able to operate in Azerbaijan. Unlike Ḥurūfies, the historical sources indicate that Bektashism had independent dervish lodges within the geography of Azerbaijan during the period of Ṣafavids (1501- 1736). Although these two sects had some initial intellectual familiarity, in fact they do not have any similar aspect as a mission. Unlike Ḥurūfism, Bektashism was more sistematic in general and played significiant role in the establishment and development of the Ottoman State. As it was many medivial Azerbaijani ṣūfī institutions based on the love to Ahl al-bayt, the issue of Imāmat, which was considered the second of the three period of universe in the thought of Ḥurūfism, was also considered the main referance point of Bektashism that was spread in Anatolia and Balkans. Especially this factor had been played a significant role in the conversion of Ḥurūfism into a part of Bektashism in due course. In this regard, it should be mentioned that the first four poets out of the seven glorious poets of Alevi-Bektashi groups in today’s Turkey, such as, Nesimi (d. 1417), Khatai (d. 1524), Fuzuli (d. 1566) and Pir Sultan Abdal (16th century), who comes originally from Khoy, are from Azerbaijan. Beginning from the 17th century, Bektashis in Anatolia and the Balkans have used the works of Fazlullah Naimi and his caliphs for the spread of Bektashism. The imrpovement of the approach against Bektashis during the period of Sultan Abdulaziz (1861-1876) also paved the way to the publishing of the works of Ḥurūfies substantially in this circumustance.
Anahtar Kelimeler Ottoman, Azerbaijan, Ḥurūfism, Bektashism, Nesimi, Khatai, Nebati, Penahi.
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Hazırlayan: Ali Yılmaz, Mehmet Akkuş. C. I, İstanbul: Seha Neşriyat. Yıldırım, Rıza. (2010). “Bektâşi Kime Derler?: “Bektâşi” Kavramının Kapsamı ve Sınırları Üzerine Tarihsel Bir Analiz Denemesi”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 55, 23-58. Toplam 108 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Din Araştırmaları Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Bilal Dedeyev Bakü Mühendislik Üniversitesi 0000-0001-5652-7811 Azerbaijan
Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Aralık 2021 Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2021 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 100
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Dedeyev, Bilal. “Osmanlı-Azerbaycan Sosyo-Kültürel İlişkileri Bağlamında Hurûfîlik Ve Bektâşîlik”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 100 (Aralık 2021), 211-234.
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