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Selçuklu Anadolu’sunda Kölelik Skip to content Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 338 – 349, 30.12.2019
Nazli Altunsoy
Öz
Ortaçağ dünyasının önemli kavramlarından biri de köleliktir. Ancak kölelik kavramı, Doğu ve Batı dünyasında oldukça farklı anlamlar ifade etmekte ve uygulamalar göstermektedir. Geçmişi çok erken dönemlere uzanan kölelik, İslamiyet ile birlikte hukuksal bir çerçeve ve önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmekle beraber varlığını korumuştur. Ekonomik, siyasî, sosyal vb. çok yönlü boyutları olan kölelik, Ortaçağ İslam devletleri için de vazgeçilmez bir unsurdu. Bu devletlerden biri olan Türkiye Selçuklularının uygulamaları ise dönem için oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Bu makalede, Türkiye Selçuklu toplumunda köleliğin ne ifade ettiği, köle yapma veya özgürleştirme uygulamalarının nasıl olduğu, kölelerin toplumda nasıl karşılandığı, dış görünüşleri ve çalıştırıldıkları işlerin nasıl olduğu ve kölelikten gelip Selçuklu toplum ve saray hayatında önemli yer edinen devlet adamları incelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Türkiye Selçukluları, İslam Hukuku, Kölelik, Gayrimüslimle
Kaynakça Ahmed Eflâkî. (2011), Ariflerin Menkıbeleri, çvr. Tahsin Yazıcı, İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınları.Akdağ, Mustafa. (2010), Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İctimaî Tarihi, İstanbul, YKY Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Anna Kommena. (1996), Alexiad Anadolu’da ve Balkan Yarımadası’nda İmparator Alexias Kommenos Dönemi’nin Tarihi Malazgirt’in Sonrası, çvr. Bilge Umar, İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi.Anonim Haçlı Tarihi, (2013), hz. Doç. Dr. Ergin AYAN, İstanbul, Selenge Yayınları.Anonim Selçuknâme, (2014), trc. H. İbrahim ve Fahrettin Coşkuner, Ankara, Atıf Yayınları.Anzerlioğlu, Yonca. (2016), Karamanlı Ortodoks Türkler, Ankar: Phoenix Yayınevi. (3. Baskı)Ayan, Ergin. (2009/1), “Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Köle Emîrler (I) Mübârîzeddîn Çavlı” Karadeniz, S. 3, ss. 125-139.Ayan, Ergin. (2009/2) “Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Köle Emîrler (III) Emîneddîn Mikael”, Karadeniz, S. 9, ss. 9-18.Aydın, M. Akif. ve Hamidullah, (2002), Muhammed. “Köle”, DİA, C. 26.Başkumandan Simbat Vekayinamesi (951-1334) (çvr. Hrant D. Anderasyan).Baybars el-Mansûrî. (2016), et-Tuhfetu’l-Mulûkiyye fi’d-Devleti’t-Turkiyye Türk Devleti Konusunda Sultânlara Armağan (1252-1312,) çvr. Hüseyin Polat, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Bozkurt, Gülnihal. (1987), “İslam Hukukunda Zimmilerin Hukuki Statüleri”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.3, S. 1-4, s. 115-155.Cahen, Claude. (2012), Osmanlılardan Önce Anadolu, çvr. Erol Üyepazarcı, İstanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. (4. Baskı)Cahen, Claude. (2013), Haçlı Seferleri Zamanında Doğu ve Batı, İstanbul, Yeditepe Yayınevi. (2. Baskı)Crucis, Ricoldus de Monte, (2018), Doğu Seyahatnamesi Bir Dominikan Keşişin Anadolu ve Ortadoğu Yolculuğu, çvr. A. D. Altunbaş, İstanbul, Kronik Kitap, 2018. (3. baskı)Demir, Mustafa. (2005), Türkiye Selçukluları ve Beylikler Devrinde Sivas Şehri, Sakarya, Sakarya Kitabevi.Ebu’l Hasan Habib el-Maverdi. (2015), El-Ahkâmu’s Sultaniye İslam’da Devlet ve Hilafet Hukuku, çvr. Ali Şafak, İstanbul, Bedir Yayınevi.Ebu’l-Ferec, Gregory (Bar Hebraeus). (1999), Ebu’l-Ferec Tarihi I-II, çvr. Ö. Rıza Doğul, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Ebü’l-Fidâ. (2017), Ebü’l-Fidâ Coğrafyası, çvr. Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul, Yeditepe Yayınları.El-Ömerî. (1991), Mesâlikü’l-Ebsâr’a göre Anadolu Beylikleri (Anadolu Beylikleri Hakkında Araştırmalar), trc. Yaşar Yücel, Ankara, TTK Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Fayda, Mustafa, “Zimmi”, DİA, C. 44, s. 428-434.Gordlevski, Vladimir, (1988), Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti (çvr. Azer YARAN), Onur Yayınları, Ankara.Gökhan, İlyas, (2012), “Türkiye Selçukluları İle Kilikya Ermenileri Arasındaki Siyasi İlişkiler”, NEÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, I, ss. 117-158.Göksu, Erkan. (2007), “Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinde Gulâm Eğitimi ve Gulâmhâneler”, Nüsha Şarkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Yıl 7, S. 24, ss. 65-84.Göksu, Erkan. (2010), Türkiye Selçuklularında Ordu, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Göksu, Erkan. (2015), “Türkiye Selçuklu Ordusundaki Frenk Ücretli Askerler ve Babaîler İsyanı’nın Bastırılmasındaki Rolleri”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 74, ss. 211-233.Grigos Senyörü Hetum Vekayinamesi,(1946), trc. Hrant D. Andreasyan, İstanbul.Hamdullâh Müstevfî-i Kazvînî.(2015), Târîh-i Güzîde (Zikr-i Pâdişâhân-i Selçukiyân), ed. Erkan Göksu, İstanbul, Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları.Hasan b. Abdülmü’min el-Hoyî. (2018), Selçuklu İnşâ Sanatı Gunyetü’l-Kâtip ve Münyetü’t-Tâlib Rüsûmu’r-Resâil ve Nücûmu’l-Fezâ’il, hz. C. Yakupoğlu-Namiq Musalı, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.İbni Bibi, El Hüseyin b. Muhammet b. Ali El Ca’feri El Rugadi. (2014), El-Evâmirü'l-Alâiyye fi'l-umûri'l-Alâiyye Selçuknâme, çvr. Mürsel Öztürk, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.İbni Tagriberdi.(2013), En-Nücûmu’z-Zâhire (Parlayan Yıldızlar), çvr. D. Ahsen Batur, İstanbul, Selenge Yayınları.Karaman, Suat, (2015), İbn Battûta’ya Göre 14. Yüzyılda Anadolu Sosyal ve Kültürel Hayat, İstanbul, Kozmos Yayınları,.Kaymaz, Nejat, (2009), Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanlarından II. Gıyâsü’d-dîn Keyhüsrev ve Devri, Ankara, TTK Yayınları. Kemâlüddîn İbnü’l-Adîm. (2014), Zübdetü’l-Haleb Min Târîh-i Haleb’de Selçuklular, trc. Ali Sevim, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.Kur’an-ı KerimMerçil, Erdoğan. (1996), “Gulâm”, DİA, C. 14.Merçil, Erdoğan. (2000), Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Meslekler, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Mevlânâ Celâleddin-i Rûmî. (2013), Fîhi Mâ Fîh, çvr. M. Ülker Anbarcıoğlu, İstanbul: Ataç Yayınları. (6. Baskı)Müneccimbaşı Ahmed b. Lütfullah. (2001), Câmiu’d-Düvel Selçuklular Tarihi II Anadolu Selçukluları ve Beylikler, yay. Ali Öngül, İzmir, Akademi Kitabevi.Niketas Khoniates. (1995), Historia (İoannes ve Manuel Komnenos Devirleri), çvr. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Peacock, A.C. S. ve Yıldız, S N. (2018), Anadolu Selçukluları Ortaçağ Ortadoğusu’nda Saray ve Toplum, çvr. A. Sait Aykut, İstanbul, YKY Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Rice, T. Talbot, (2015), Anadolu Selçuklu Tarihi (çvr. T. Kaan Taştan), Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık,.Simon De Saint Quentin. (2006), Bir Keşiş’in Anılarında Tatarlar ve Anadolu 1245-1248, Alanya, Doğu Akdeniz Kültür ve Tarih Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları.Süryani Patrik Mihail’in Vekainamesi İkinci Kısım (1042-1195), (1944), çvr. Hrant D. Andreasyan.Şükürov, Rüstem, (2016), Türk Bizans İlişkileri ve Anadolu’nun Türkleşme Süreci, hz. İvan Pavli ve Badegül Can Emir, İstanbul, Kültür Bilimleri Akademisi Yayınları.Turan, Osman, (1947/1), “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri I. Şemseddin Altun-Aba, Vakfiyyesi ve Hayatı”, Belleten, C. 11, S. 42, ss. 197-235.Turan, Osman, (1947/2) “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri II. Mübârizeddin Er-Tokuş ve Vakfiyesi”, Belleten, C. 11, S. 43, ss. 415-445.Turan, Osman, (1948), “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri III. Celâleddin Karatay, Vakıfları ve Vakfiyeleri”, Belleten, C. 12, S. 45, ss. 17-160.Turan, Osman, (1988), Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar Metin, Tercüme ve Araştırmalar, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Turgal, H. Fehmi, (1943), “Mülga Şer’iye Mahkemeleri Sicilleri Üzerinde İncelemeler”, İstanbul, İkinci Türk Tarih Kongresi Kitabı.Usame İbn Munkız. (2015), Kitâbu’-l İ’tibâr İbretler Kitabı, çvr. Y. Ziya Cömert, İstanbul, Kitabevi Yayınları. (5. Baskı)Uyumaz, Emine, (2011), Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’ne Gelen ve Giden Elçiler, İstanbul, Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı, (1988), Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal Büuük Selçukîler, Anadolu Selçukîlerî, Anadolu Beylikleri, İlhânîler, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlularla Memlûklerdeki Devlet Teşkilâtına Bir Bakış, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Vryonis, Speros, (1975), “Nomadization and İslamization in Asia Minor”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29, ss. 41-71. Yinanç, Refet, (1994), “Sivas Abideleri ve Vakıfları II”, Vakıflar Dergisi, S. 23, ss. 5-18.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 338 – 349, 30.12.2019
Nazli Altunsoy
Öz Kaynakça Ahmed Eflâkî. (2011), Ariflerin Menkıbeleri, çvr. Tahsin Yazıcı, İstanbul, Kabalcı Yayınları.Akdağ, Mustafa. (2010), Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İctimaî Tarihi, İstanbul, YKY Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Anna Kommena. (1996), Alexiad Anadolu’da ve Balkan Yarımadası’nda İmparator Alexias Kommenos Dönemi’nin Tarihi Malazgirt’in Sonrası, çvr. Bilge Umar, İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi.Anonim Haçlı Tarihi, (2013), hz. Doç. Dr. Ergin AYAN, İstanbul, Selenge Yayınları.Anonim Selçuknâme, (2014), trc. H. İbrahim ve Fahrettin Coşkuner, Ankara, Atıf Yayınları.Anzerlioğlu, Yonca. (2016), Karamanlı Ortodoks Türkler, Ankar: Phoenix Yayınevi. (3. Baskı)Ayan, Ergin. (2009/1), “Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Köle Emîrler (I) Mübârîzeddîn Çavlı” Karadeniz, S. 3, ss. 125-139.Ayan, Ergin. (2009/2) “Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Köle Emîrler (III) Emîneddîn Mikael”, Karadeniz, S. 9, ss. 9-18.Aydın, M. Akif. ve Hamidullah, (2002), Muhammed. “Köle”, DİA, C. 26.Başkumandan Simbat Vekayinamesi (951-1334) (çvr. Hrant D. Anderasyan).Baybars el-Mansûrî. (2016), et-Tuhfetu’l-Mulûkiyye fi’d-Devleti’t-Turkiyye Türk Devleti Konusunda Sultânlara Armağan (1252-1312,) çvr. Hüseyin Polat, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Bozkurt, Gülnihal. (1987), “İslam Hukukunda Zimmilerin Hukuki Statüleri”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.3, S. 1-4, s. 115-155.Cahen, Claude. (2012), Osmanlılardan Önce Anadolu, çvr. Erol Üyepazarcı, İstanbul, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. (4. Baskı)Cahen, Claude. (2013), Haçlı Seferleri Zamanında Doğu ve Batı, İstanbul, Yeditepe Yayınevi. (2. Baskı)Crucis, Ricoldus de Monte, (2018), Doğu Seyahatnamesi Bir Dominikan Keşişin Anadolu ve Ortadoğu Yolculuğu, çvr. A. D. Altunbaş, İstanbul, Kronik Kitap, 2018. (3. baskı)Demir, Mustafa. (2005), Türkiye Selçukluları ve Beylikler Devrinde Sivas Şehri, Sakarya, Sakarya Kitabevi.Ebu’l Hasan Habib el-Maverdi. (2015), El-Ahkâmu’s Sultaniye İslam’da Devlet ve Hilafet Hukuku, çvr. Ali Şafak, İstanbul, Bedir Yayınevi.Ebu’l-Ferec, Gregory (Bar Hebraeus). (1999), Ebu’l-Ferec Tarihi I-II, çvr. Ö. Rıza Doğul, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Ebü’l-Fidâ. (2017), Ebü’l-Fidâ Coğrafyası, çvr. Ramazan Şeşen, İstanbul, Yeditepe Yayınları.El-Ömerî. (1991), Mesâlikü’l-Ebsâr’a göre Anadolu Beylikleri (Anadolu Beylikleri Hakkında Araştırmalar), trc. Yaşar Yücel, Ankara, TTK Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Fayda, Mustafa, “Zimmi”, DİA, C. 44, s. 428-434.Gordlevski, Vladimir, (1988), Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti (çvr. Azer YARAN), Onur Yayınları, Ankara.Gökhan, İlyas, (2012), “Türkiye Selçukluları İle Kilikya Ermenileri Arasındaki Siyasi İlişkiler”, NEÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, I, ss. 117-158.Göksu, Erkan. (2007), “Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinde Gulâm Eğitimi ve Gulâmhâneler”, Nüsha Şarkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Yıl 7, S. 24, ss. 65-84.Göksu, Erkan. (2010), Türkiye Selçuklularında Ordu, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Göksu, Erkan. (2015), “Türkiye Selçuklu Ordusundaki Frenk Ücretli Askerler ve Babaîler İsyanı’nın Bastırılmasındaki Rolleri”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli Araştırma Dergisi, 74, ss. 211-233.Grigos Senyörü Hetum Vekayinamesi,(1946), trc. Hrant D. Andreasyan, İstanbul.Hamdullâh Müstevfî-i Kazvînî.(2015), Târîh-i Güzîde (Zikr-i Pâdişâhân-i Selçukiyân), ed. Erkan Göksu, İstanbul, Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları.Hasan b. Abdülmü’min el-Hoyî. (2018), Selçuklu İnşâ Sanatı Gunyetü’l-Kâtip ve Münyetü’t-Tâlib Rüsûmu’r-Resâil ve Nücûmu’l-Fezâ’il, hz. C. Yakupoğlu-Namiq Musalı, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.İbni Bibi, El Hüseyin b. Muhammet b. Ali El Ca’feri El Rugadi. (2014), El-Evâmirü'l-Alâiyye fi'l-umûri'l-Alâiyye Selçuknâme, çvr. Mürsel Öztürk, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.İbni Tagriberdi.(2013), En-Nücûmu’z-Zâhire (Parlayan Yıldızlar), çvr. D. Ahsen Batur, İstanbul, Selenge Yayınları.Karaman, Suat, (2015), İbn Battûta’ya Göre 14. Yüzyılda Anadolu Sosyal ve Kültürel Hayat, İstanbul, Kozmos Yayınları,.Kaymaz, Nejat, (2009), Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanlarından II. Gıyâsü’d-dîn Keyhüsrev ve Devri, Ankara, TTK Yayınları. Kemâlüddîn İbnü’l-Adîm. (2014), Zübdetü’l-Haleb Min Târîh-i Haleb’de Selçuklular, trc. Ali Sevim, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.Kur’an-ı KerimMerçil, Erdoğan. (1996), “Gulâm”, DİA, C. 14.Merçil, Erdoğan. (2000), Türkiye Selçukluları’nda Meslekler, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Mevlânâ Celâleddin-i Rûmî. (2013), Fîhi Mâ Fîh, çvr. M. Ülker Anbarcıoğlu, İstanbul: Ataç Yayınları. (6. Baskı)Müneccimbaşı Ahmed b. Lütfullah. (2001), Câmiu’d-Düvel Selçuklular Tarihi II Anadolu Selçukluları ve Beylikler, yay. Ali Öngül, İzmir, Akademi Kitabevi.Niketas Khoniates. (1995), Historia (İoannes ve Manuel Komnenos Devirleri), çvr. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Peacock, A.C. S. ve Yıldız, S N. (2018), Anadolu Selçukluları Ortaçağ Ortadoğusu’nda Saray ve Toplum, çvr. A. Sait Aykut, İstanbul, YKY Yayınları. (2. Baskı)Rice, T. Talbot, (2015), Anadolu Selçuklu Tarihi (çvr. T. Kaan Taştan), Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık,.Simon De Saint Quentin. (2006), Bir Keşiş’in Anılarında Tatarlar ve Anadolu 1245-1248, Alanya, Doğu Akdeniz Kültür ve Tarih Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları.Süryani Patrik Mihail’in Vekainamesi İkinci Kısım (1042-1195), (1944), çvr. Hrant D. Andreasyan.Şükürov, Rüstem, (2016), Türk Bizans İlişkileri ve Anadolu’nun Türkleşme Süreci, hz. İvan Pavli ve Badegül Can Emir, İstanbul, Kültür Bilimleri Akademisi Yayınları.Turan, Osman, (1947/1), “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri I. Şemseddin Altun-Aba, Vakfiyyesi ve Hayatı”, Belleten, C. 11, S. 42, ss. 197-235.Turan, Osman, (1947/2) “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri II. Mübârizeddin Er-Tokuş ve Vakfiyesi”, Belleten, C. 11, S. 43, ss. 415-445.Turan, Osman, (1948), “Selçuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri III. Celâleddin Karatay, Vakıfları ve Vakfiyeleri”, Belleten, C. 12, S. 45, ss. 17-160.Turan, Osman, (1988), Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar Metin, Tercüme ve Araştırmalar, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Turgal, H. Fehmi, (1943), “Mülga Şer’iye Mahkemeleri Sicilleri Üzerinde İncelemeler”, İstanbul, İkinci Türk Tarih Kongresi Kitabı.Usame İbn Munkız. (2015), Kitâbu’-l İ’tibâr İbretler Kitabı, çvr. Y. Ziya Cömert, İstanbul, Kitabevi Yayınları. (5. Baskı)Uyumaz, Emine, (2011), Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’ne Gelen ve Giden Elçiler, İstanbul, Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.Uzunçarşılı, İ. Hakkı, (1988), Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal Büuük Selçukîler, Anadolu Selçukîlerî, Anadolu Beylikleri, İlhânîler, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlularla Memlûklerdeki Devlet Teşkilâtına Bir Bakış, Ankara, TTK Yayınları.Vryonis, Speros, (1975), “Nomadization and İslamization in Asia Minor”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29, ss. 41-71. Yinanç, Refet, (1994), “Sivas Abideleri ve Vakıfları II”, Vakıflar Dergisi, S. 23, ss. 5-18. Toplam 2 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Bölüm Makale Yazarlar Nazli Altunsoy KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ABD DOKTORA PROGRAMI Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3
Kaynak Göster APA Altunsoy, N. (2019). Selçuklu Anadolu’sunda Kölelik. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(3), 338-349.
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