Determining the Influence of Extrajudicial Justice on Perception of Police among Nigerian Citizens: A Scale Development Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 116 – 125, 27.06.2024

A. Ezgi Ulu , Chinwendu Enechi , Nuriye Sancar

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.2.02

Öz

The aim of this study is to conduct the validity and reliability study of Extrajudicial Justice Scale for Nigerian citizens. Sample of the study consisted of 600 Nigerians who were above 18 years and who volunteered to participate in the study. The scale consists of 14 items and 4 factors as “Illegal execution”, “Indictment”, “Unlawful arrest” and “Intimidation”. Total Cronbach α coefficient of the scale was found as 0.859. Accordingly, the Extrajudicial Justice Scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for Nigerian citizens. Considering that there is no scale used to assess extrajudicial justice in Nigeria, it is thought that this study will guide future research on the subject and reveal its importance for the society.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Extrajudicial, Justice, Police, Nigeria, Nigerian citizens, Scale development

Kaynakça

• Bagozzi, R. P., & Phillips, L. W. (1982). Representing & testing organizational theories: A holistic construal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3), 459-489.
• Bayer, N., & Baykal, Ü. (2018). Improving quality perception scale of health workers. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 5(2), 86–99.
• Bollen, K. A. (1986). Sample size and Bentler and Bonett's nonnormed fit index. Psychometrika, 51, 375-377. Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods & research, 17(3), 303-316.
• Brown, B., & Reed Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues & policy implications. Policing:an international journal of police strategies & management, 25(3), 543-580.
• Benedict, W.R., Brown, B. & Bower, D.J. (2000). Perceptions of the police & fear of crime in a rural setting: utility of a geographically focused survey for police services, planning, & assessment. Criminal Justice Policy Review,11(4), 275-98.
• Bissiri, P. G., Holmes, C. C., Walker, S. G. (2016). A general framework for updating belief distributions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 78 (5), 1103-1130.
• Callanan V.J. & Rosenberger J.S. (2011). Media & public perceptions of the police: Examining the impact of race & personal experience. Policing & Society, 21(2), 167-189.
• Chermak, S., McGarrell, E. F. & Weiss, A. (2001). Citizens' perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies. Justice Quarterly, 18, 365-91.
• Crutzen, R., & Peters, G. J. Y. (2017). Scale quality: alpha is an inadequate estimate & factor-analytic evidence is needed first of all. Health Psychology Review, 11(3), 242-247
• Guder L.G (2021). The African allegations towards ignorance of international criminal court: does international criminal court unfairly focusing on Africa? International Journal of Social Science & Economics, 1 (1), 37-48.
• Hair, J.F., Tatham, R.L., Anderson, R.E., & Black, W.(1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. Prentice Hall, USA.
• Igwe, I. (2020). To what extent is killing in defense of property equal to right to life in Nigeria? Beijing Law Review, 11, 1-10.
• Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little jiffy, Mark IV. Educational & psychological measurement, 34(1), 111-117.
• Klockars, Carl B. (1999). Measuring Police Integrity, Videotape presented at The Research in Progress Seminar, Final Report Submitted to the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Prog-rams, National Institute of Justice, U.S.A.
• Klockars, C. B., Ivkovic, S. K., &Haberfeld, M. R. (2003). The contours of police integrity. Sage publications.
• Kothari, A. (2010), The Framing of the Dafur conflict in the New York Times: 2003-2006. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 209-224.
• KutnjakIvkovic, Sanja. (2015). Studing Police Integrity, In Measuring Police Integrity Across The World: Studies From Established Democracies And Countries In Transition (Edited by S. KutrjakIvkovié& M. R. Haberfeld, pp. 1-36). Springer, New York.
• Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575.
• Llusar, J. C. B., &Zornoza, C. C. (2002). Development & validation of a perceived business quality measurement instrument. The Quality Management Journal,9, 23-38.
• MacAlister, D. (2011). The law governing racial profiling: Implications of alternative definitions of the situation. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(3), 95-103.
• Morita, Satoshi, Thali, Peter. F, Muller, Peter (2008). Consultant's forum: Determining the effective sample size of a parametric prior. Biometrics, 64(2), 595-602.
• Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal,24(3), 69-71.
• Nadal KL, Kristin C, David O. (2015). Perceptions of Police Scale (POPS): Measuring Attitudes towards Law Enforcement & Beliefs about Police Bias. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science,3(2), 1-9.
• Neuenschwander, Beat, Weber, Sebastian, Schmidli, Heinz, O’Hagan, Anthony (2020). Predictively consistent prior effective sample sizes. Biometrics, 76(2), 578-587.
• Odunaike D.A, Lalude O.M, &Odusanya T.O (2021). I will kill you and nothing will happen: Extra-Judicial Killings in Nigeria & Public Interest Litigation. Bialystok Legal Studies Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 26(6), 145-162.
• Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient alpha & related internal consistency reliability coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5(3), 343-55.
• Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 30(4), 459-467.
• Rao, S. S., Solis, L. E., & Raghunathan, T. S. (1999). A framework for international quality management research: Development & validation of a measurement instrument. Total Quality Management, 10, 1047-1075.
• Ridley, K.A. (2012). Citizens’ perceptions of police service & response to community concerns. Journal of Crime & Justice, 35(1), 114-133.
• Rodríguez, S. M. (2012). Reporting on Victims of Violence: Press Coverage of the Extrajudicial Killings in Colombia. Signo Y Pensamiento, 31(60), 186–208.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Sedgwick, P. (2013). Convenience sampling. Bmj, 347.
• Stewart, D. W. (1981). The application & misapplication of factor analysis in marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 51-62.
• Tsai, A. C., &Venkataramani, A. S. (2015). Communal bereavement & resilience in the aftermath of a terrorist event: Evidence from a natural experiment. Social science & medicine, 146, 155-163.
• Tyler, T.R. (1988). What is procedural justice? Criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. Law and Society Review, 22, 103-136.
• Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., &Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics & Finance, 20(15), 679-686.
• Wulandari, E. &Arivani, E. (2022). Extra Judicial Killing Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Pidana Islam. Jurnal Al-Hakim: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, Studi Syariah, Hukum Dan Filantropi, 4(1), 15–28.
• Yaghmaie, F. J. A. M. (2003). Content validity and its estimation. Journal of Medical Education, 3(1).

Nijerya Vatandaşları Arasında Yargısız Adaletin Polis Algısı Üzerindeki Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 116 – 125, 27.06.2024

A. Ezgi Ulu , Chinwendu Enechi , Nuriye Sancar

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.2.02

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Nijerya vatandaşları için Yargısız Adalet Ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizini yapmaktır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 18 yaş üstü ve çalışmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan 600 Nijeryalı oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek 14 madde ve “Yasadışı infaz”, “İddianame”, “Yasadışı tutuklama” ve “Gözdağı” olmak üzere 4 faktörden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin toplam Cronbach α katsayısı 0.859. Olarak bulunmuştur, buna göre Nijerya vatandaşları için Yargısız Adalet Ölçeği geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olarak kullanılabilir. Nijerya’da yargısız adaleti değerlendirmek için kullanılan bir ölçek olmadığı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu çalışmanın konuyla ilgili gelecekteki araştırmalara yol göstereceği ve toplum için önemini ortaya koyacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yargısız Adalet, Polis, Nijerya, Nijerya vatandaşları, Ölçekgeliştirme

Kaynakça

• Bagozzi, R. P., & Phillips, L. W. (1982). Representing & testing organizational theories: A holistic construal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3), 459-489.
• Bayer, N., & Baykal, Ü. (2018). Improving quality perception scale of health workers. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 5(2), 86–99.
• Bollen, K. A. (1986). Sample size and Bentler and Bonett's nonnormed fit index. Psychometrika, 51, 375-377. Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods & research, 17(3), 303-316.
• Brown, B., & Reed Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues & policy implications. Policing:an international journal of police strategies & management, 25(3), 543-580.
• Benedict, W.R., Brown, B. & Bower, D.J. (2000). Perceptions of the police & fear of crime in a rural setting: utility of a geographically focused survey for police services, planning, & assessment. Criminal Justice Policy Review,11(4), 275-98.
• Bissiri, P. G., Holmes, C. C., Walker, S. G. (2016). A general framework for updating belief distributions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 78 (5), 1103-1130.
• Callanan V.J. & Rosenberger J.S. (2011). Media & public perceptions of the police: Examining the impact of race & personal experience. Policing & Society, 21(2), 167-189.
• Chermak, S., McGarrell, E. F. & Weiss, A. (2001). Citizens' perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies. Justice Quarterly, 18, 365-91.
• Crutzen, R., & Peters, G. J. Y. (2017). Scale quality: alpha is an inadequate estimate & factor-analytic evidence is needed first of all. Health Psychology Review, 11(3), 242-247
• Guder L.G (2021). The African allegations towards ignorance of international criminal court: does international criminal court unfairly focusing on Africa? International Journal of Social Science & Economics, 1 (1), 37-48.
• Hair, J.F., Tatham, R.L., Anderson, R.E., & Black, W.(1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. Prentice Hall, USA.
• Igwe, I. (2020). To what extent is killing in defense of property equal to right to life in Nigeria? Beijing Law Review, 11, 1-10.
• Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little jiffy, Mark IV. Educational & psychological measurement, 34(1), 111-117.
• Klockars, Carl B. (1999). Measuring Police Integrity, Videotape presented at The Research in Progress Seminar, Final Report Submitted to the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Prog-rams, National Institute of Justice, U.S.A.
• Klockars, C. B., Ivkovic, S. K., &Haberfeld, M. R. (2003). The contours of police integrity. Sage publications.
• Kothari, A. (2010), The Framing of the Dafur conflict in the New York Times: 2003-2006. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 209-224.
• KutnjakIvkovic, Sanja. (2015). Studing Police Integrity, In Measuring Police Integrity Across The World: Studies From Established Democracies And Countries In Transition (Edited by S. KutrjakIvkovié& M. R. Haberfeld, pp. 1-36). Springer, New York.
• Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575.
• Llusar, J. C. B., &Zornoza, C. C. (2002). Development & validation of a perceived business quality measurement instrument. The Quality Management Journal,9, 23-38.
• MacAlister, D. (2011). The law governing racial profiling: Implications of alternative definitions of the situation. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(3), 95-103.
• Morita, Satoshi, Thali, Peter. F, Muller, Peter (2008). Consultant's forum: Determining the effective sample size of a parametric prior. Biometrics, 64(2), 595-602.
• Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal,24(3), 69-71.
• Nadal KL, Kristin C, David O. (2015). Perceptions of Police Scale (POPS): Measuring Attitudes towards Law Enforcement & Beliefs about Police Bias. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science,3(2), 1-9.
• Neuenschwander, Beat, Weber, Sebastian, Schmidli, Heinz, O’Hagan, Anthony (2020). Predictively consistent prior effective sample sizes. Biometrics, 76(2), 578-587.
• Odunaike D.A, Lalude O.M, &Odusanya T.O (2021). I will kill you and nothing will happen: Extra-Judicial Killings in Nigeria & Public Interest Litigation. Bialystok Legal Studies Białostockie Studia Prawnicze, 26(6), 145-162.
• Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient alpha & related internal consistency reliability coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5(3), 343-55.
• Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 30(4), 459-467.
• Rao, S. S., Solis, L. E., & Raghunathan, T. S. (1999). A framework for international quality management research: Development & validation of a measurement instrument. Total Quality Management, 10, 1047-1075.
• Ridley, K.A. (2012). Citizens’ perceptions of police service & response to community concerns. Journal of Crime & Justice, 35(1), 114-133.
• Rodríguez, S. M. (2012). Reporting on Victims of Violence: Press Coverage of the Extrajudicial Killings in Colombia. Signo Y Pensamiento, 31(60), 186–208.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Sedgwick, P. (2013). Convenience sampling. Bmj, 347.
• Stewart, D. W. (1981). The application & misapplication of factor analysis in marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 51-62.
• Tsai, A. C., &Venkataramani, A. S. (2015). Communal bereavement & resilience in the aftermath of a terrorist event: Evidence from a natural experiment. Social science & medicine, 146, 155-163.
• Tyler, T.R. (1988). What is procedural justice? Criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. Law and Society Review, 22, 103-136.
• Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., &Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics & Finance, 20(15), 679-686.
• Wulandari, E. &Arivani, E. (2022). Extra Judicial Killing Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Pidana Islam. Jurnal Al-Hakim: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, Studi Syariah, Hukum Dan Filantropi, 4(1), 15–28.
• Yaghmaie, F. J. A. M. (2003). Content validity and its estimation. Journal of Medical Education, 3(1).

Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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