An Investigation into the Interaction of Smart City Governance and Green Economy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 42, 711 – 727, 29.05.2024

Ahmet Tuz , Egemen Sertyeşilışık , Begüm Sertyeşilışık

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1297450

Öz

Sürdürülebilirliği, yeşil ekonomiyi (YE) ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı (SK) desteklemek için şehirler etkili bir şekilde akıllı şehirlere (AŞ) dönüştürülebilir. AŞ’in YE ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından etkinliği için kentleşme politikaları (KP) önemlidir. Bu makale, AŞ’lerde akıllı şehir yönetişimi (AŞY) ile şehirlerin YE’ye ve sürdürülebilirliğe katkıları yönünde çok katmanlı kavramsal modele (ÇKKM) yönelik temeller üzerine ön öneri geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu makale AŞ, YE, AŞ yönetimi ve sürdürülebilirlik anahtar kelime kombinasyonlarıyla farklı arama motorlarındaki (örn. Web-of-Science, Scopus, Sciencedirect) mevcut literatürü gözden geçirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, AŞ örnekleri ve YE’yi desteklemek için akıllı yönetişim (AY) stratejileri incelenmiştir. Bulgular, AŞ’lerin ve etkili AY’nin YE’ye katkısını ve çok aktörlü ve çok sektörlü bir yaklaşımla stratejik olarak değişen AŞ’nin çok katmanlı doğasını vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçlar ayrıca sürdürülebilirliğin AŞ konseptiyle etkileşime girdiğini ve AŞY’yi YE’yi geliştirmek için destekleyen kapalı bir döngü oluşturduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Ek olarak, bulgular AY ve SK arasındaki etkileşimin bir sonucu olarak YE’nin yaratılmasını destekleyebilen çok katmanlı kavramsal beş anahtar (BİT odaklı kentsel büyüme, iş birliği, entegrasyon, şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik, yeşil performans) ve beş açı (teknolojik, yönetişim, çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik) sağlamaktadır. Bu makale ilgili alanda çalışan belediyeler, şehir plancıları ve araştırmacılar için faydalı olabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeşil Ekonomi, Akıllı Şehir Yönetişimi, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Politikaları, Kentleşme Politikaları

Kaynakça

• Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: definitions, dimensions, performance and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1),3-21.
• Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart city policies: a spatial approach. Cities, 41(1), 3-11.
• Anthopoulos, L. G. (2015). Defining smart city architecture for sustainability. 14th IFIP Electronic Government (EGOV) and 7th Electronic Participation (ePart) Conference (p. 140-147). Thessaloniki, Greece.
• Appio, F. P., Lima, M., & Paroutis, S. (2019). Understanding smart cities: innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 1-14.
• Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2012). A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2(1), 135-148.
• Barns, S. (2018). Smart cities and urban data platforms: designing interfaces for smart governance. City, Culture and Society, 12, 5-12.
• Barrionuevo, J. M., Berrone P., & Ricart, J. E. (2012). Opportunities for urban development smart cities sustainable progress. Iese Insight, 14(14), 50-57.
• Batty, M., Axhausen, K. W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis G., & Portugali, Y. (2012). Smart cities of the future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214(1), 481-518.
• Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017). Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 183–212.
• Bollier, D. (1998). How smart growth can stop sprawl: A fledgling citizen movement expands. Essential Books.
• Caragliu, A., Bo, C.D., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82.
• Dameri, R. P., Benevolo, C., Veglianti, E., & Li, Y. (2019). Understanding smart cities as a glocal strategy: a comparison between Italy and China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 26-41.
• European Commission. (2020). Oslo European green capital 2019-final report. Retrieved March 01, 2023 from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/wp-content/uploads/2020/Oslo_European_Green_Capital_2019_final_report.pdf
• Forum for the Future. (2023). The five capitals – a framework for sustainability. Retrieved March 12, 2023 from https://www.forumforthefuture.org/the-five-capitals
• Gabrys, J. (2014). Programming environments: Environmentality and citizen sensing in the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(1), 30-48.
• Girardi, P., & Temporelli, A. (2017). Smartainability: a methodology for assessing the sustainability of the smart city. Energy Procedia,111, 810 – 816.
• Hammer, S., Lamia, K. C., Alexis, R., Marissa, P. (2011). Cities and green growth: a conceptual framework. Retrieved March 08, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/49330120.pdf
• Han, M. J. N., & Kim, M. J. (2021). A critical review of the smart city in relation to citizen adoption towards sustainable smart living. Habitat International, 108, 102312.
• IESE. (2017). IESE cities in motion index. Retrieved March 04, 2023 from https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0442-E.pdf?_gl=1*14bjdyk*_ga*NzkyMDkyMTI0LjE2NjM3Njg2Nzg.*_ga_1ZPBDBC6NV*MTY4NDgzMTk3Mi4yLjAuMTY4NDgzMTk3Mi4wLjAuMA
• IMD (2023). IMD smart city index report 2023. Retrieved March 04, 2023 from https://imd.cld.bz/IMD-Smart-City-Index-Report-20231
• Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Raman, K. R. (2019). Smart cities: advances in research—an information systems perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 47, 88-100.
• JLL. (2014). Tokyo on the World Stage. Retrieved March 05, 2023 from https://www.us.jll.com/en/research/cities-research
• Kinelski, G., Stęchły, J., & Bartkowiak, P. (2022). Various facets of sustainable smart city management: selected examples from Polish metropolitan areas. Energies, 15(9), 2980.
• Komninos, N. (2011). Intelligent cities: variable geometries of spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International, 3(3), 172 – 188.
• Komninos, N. (2019). Smart cities and connected intelligence: Platforms, ecosystems and network effects (1st Ed.). Routledge.
• Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P., & Arribas, D. (2012). Smart cities in perspective – a comparative European study by means of self-organizing maps. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 229-246.
• Lombardi, P. L., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 37 – 149.
• Lopes, N. V. (2017, July). Smart governance: A key factor for smart cities implementation. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities (ICSGSC) (p. 277-282). Singapore.
• Makiela, Z. J., Stuss, M. M., Mucha-Kuś, K., Kinelski, G., Budziński, M., & Michałek, J. (2022). Smart city 4.0: sustainable urban development in the metropolis GZM. Sustainability, 14(6), 3516, 2-19.
• MINERVA. (2015). Tokyo smart city development in perspective of 2020 olympics opportunities for EU-Japan cooperation and business development. Retrieved March 05, 2023 from https://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/smart2020tokyo_final.pdf
• Monzon, A. (2015). Smart cities concept and challenges: bases for the assessment of smart city projects. International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS) (p. 1-11). Lisbon, Portugal.
• Mutiara, D., Yuniarti, S., & Pratama, B. (2018, March). Smart governance for smart city. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (p. 012073). Medan, Indonesia.
• Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times (p. 282-291).
• Nordic Innovation. (2015). Nordic urban strength and challlenges, how do we perceive ourselves when it comes to developing sustainable, smart liveable cities?. Retrieved March 11, 2023 from https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1314616/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• OECD. (2013). OECD Green growth studies green growth in cities. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/green-growth-in-cities_9789264195325-en#page1
• OECD. (2014). Cities and climate change policy perspectives national governments enabling local action. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/Cities-and-climate-change-2014-Policy-Perspectives-Final-web.pdf
• OECD. (2016a). Paris action plan for inclusive growth in cities. Retrieved March 17,2023 from https://www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/champion-mayors/internationalandregionalevents/Binder2.pdf
• OECD. (2016b). Inclusive growth in cities campaign: a roadmap for action the New York proposal for inclusive growth in cities. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/about/inclusive-cities-campaign/NY%20Proposal%20-%20English.pdf
• Our World in Data. (2024). Urbanization. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#all-charts
• PLAN Amsterdam. (2011). Economically strong and sustainable structural vision: Amsterdam 2040. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/47476337/amsterdam-2040
• Praharaj, S., & Han, H. (2019). Cutting through the clutter of smart city definitions: a reading into the smart city perceptions in India. City, Culture and Society, 18, 100289.
• Razaghi, M., & Finger, M. (2018). Smart governance for smart cities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 106(4), 680-689. IEEE.
• Ruhlandt, R. W. S. (2018). The governance of smart cities: a systematic literature review. Cities, 81, 1–23.
• Scholl, H. J., & AlAwadhi, S. (2016). Creating smart governance: the key to radical ICT overhaul at the City of Munich. Information Polity, 21(1), 21-42.
• Smart London Plan. (2017). Using the creative power of new technologies to serve London and improve Londoners’ lives. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/smart_london_ plan.pdf
• Šurdonja, S., Giuffrè, T., & Deluka-Tibljaš, A. (2020). Smart mobility solutions–necessary precondition for a well-functioning smart city. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, 604-611.
• Tarek, S., & Nasreldin, T. I. (2022). Towards applying smart mobility solutions in Egypt: an integrative framework and a case study application. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 101987.
• UNECE. (2020). People-smart sustainable cities. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/SSC%20nexus_web_opt_ENG_0.pdf
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2011). Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication – a synthesis for policy makers. Retrieved December 18, 2023 from www.unep.org/greeneconomy
• United Nations. (2012). The future we want. Retrieved December 18, 2023 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf
• United Nations. (2023). The sustainable development goals report special edition. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100
• Van Bastelaer, B. (1998, October). Digital cities and transferability of results. In 4th EDC Conference on digital cities, (p. 61-70). Salzburg.
• Vienna University of Technology (2022). European smart cities. Retrieved March 08, 2023 from https://www.smart-cities.eu
• Yigitcanlar, T., & Lee, S. H. (2014). Korean ubiquitous-eco-city: a smart-sustainable urban form or a branding hoax?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 100-114.
• Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Buys, L., Ioppolo, G., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E. M., & Yun, J. J. (2018). Understanding ‘smart cities’: intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework. Cities, 81, 145-160.
• Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Foth, M., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E., & Ioppolo, G. (2019). Can cities become smart without being sustainable? A systematic review of the literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 348-365.
• Zygiaris, S. (2013). Smart city reference model: assisting planners to conceptualize the building of smart city innovation ecosystems, Journal of Knowledge Economy, 4, 217-231

An Investigation into the Interaction of Smart City Governance and Green Economy

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 42, 711 – 727, 29.05.2024

Ahmet Tuz , Egemen Sertyeşilışık , Begüm Sertyeşilışık

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1297450

Öz

Cities can be effectively transformed into smart cities (SCs) to support sustainability, green economy (GE) and sustainable development (SD). Urbanization policies are important for SCs’s effectiveness in GE and sustainability. The study aims to propose suggestion on preliminary pillars of the multi-layered conceptual model towards contribution of smart governance (SG) in SCs to GE and sustainability. Therefore, the study reviews the literature in different search engines (e.g., Web-of-Science, Scopus, Sciencedirect) with keyword combinations of SC, GE, SC governance and sustainability. The study examines SC examples and SG strategies to support GE. The findings highlight the contribution of SC and effective SG to the GE and the multi-layered nature of SC that changes strategically through a multi-actor and multi-sectoral approach. The results emphasize that sustainability interacts with the SC, creating a closed loop that supports SC governance to develop GE. Furthermore, the results provide preliminary suggestion on main pillars of the conceptual model as five aspects (technological, governance, environmental, social, economic) and five keys (ICT-led urban-growth, collaboration, integration, transparency & accountability, green performance) that can support GE because of the interactions of SG and SD. The study can be beneficial for municipalities, urban planners, and researchers in the relevant field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Green Economy, Smart City Governance, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Policies, Urbanization Policies

Kaynakça

• Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: definitions, dimensions, performance and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1),3-21.
• Angelidou, M. (2014). Smart city policies: a spatial approach. Cities, 41(1), 3-11.
• Anthopoulos, L. G. (2015). Defining smart city architecture for sustainability. 14th IFIP Electronic Government (EGOV) and 7th Electronic Participation (ePart) Conference (p. 140-147). Thessaloniki, Greece.
• Appio, F. P., Lima, M., & Paroutis, S. (2019). Understanding smart cities: innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 1-14.
• Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2012). A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2(1), 135-148.
• Barns, S. (2018). Smart cities and urban data platforms: designing interfaces for smart governance. City, Culture and Society, 12, 5-12.
• Barrionuevo, J. M., Berrone P., & Ricart, J. E. (2012). Opportunities for urban development smart cities sustainable progress. Iese Insight, 14(14), 50-57.
• Batty, M., Axhausen, K. W., Giannotti, F., Pozdnoukhov, A., Bazzani, A., Wachowicz, M., Ouzounis G., & Portugali, Y. (2012). Smart cities of the future. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 214(1), 481-518.
• Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017). Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 183–212.
• Bollier, D. (1998). How smart growth can stop sprawl: A fledgling citizen movement expands. Essential Books.
• Caragliu, A., Bo, C.D., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82.
• Dameri, R. P., Benevolo, C., Veglianti, E., & Li, Y. (2019). Understanding smart cities as a glocal strategy: a comparison between Italy and China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 26-41.
• European Commission. (2020). Oslo European green capital 2019-final report. Retrieved March 01, 2023 from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/wp-content/uploads/2020/Oslo_European_Green_Capital_2019_final_report.pdf
• Forum for the Future. (2023). The five capitals – a framework for sustainability. Retrieved March 12, 2023 from https://www.forumforthefuture.org/the-five-capitals
• Gabrys, J. (2014). Programming environments: Environmentality and citizen sensing in the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(1), 30-48.
• Girardi, P., & Temporelli, A. (2017). Smartainability: a methodology for assessing the sustainability of the smart city. Energy Procedia,111, 810 – 816.
• Hammer, S., Lamia, K. C., Alexis, R., Marissa, P. (2011). Cities and green growth: a conceptual framework. Retrieved March 08, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/49330120.pdf
• Han, M. J. N., & Kim, M. J. (2021). A critical review of the smart city in relation to citizen adoption towards sustainable smart living. Habitat International, 108, 102312.
• IESE. (2017). IESE cities in motion index. Retrieved March 04, 2023 from https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0442-E.pdf?_gl=1*14bjdyk*_ga*NzkyMDkyMTI0LjE2NjM3Njg2Nzg.*_ga_1ZPBDBC6NV*MTY4NDgzMTk3Mi4yLjAuMTY4NDgzMTk3Mi4wLjAuMA
• IMD (2023). IMD smart city index report 2023. Retrieved March 04, 2023 from https://imd.cld.bz/IMD-Smart-City-Index-Report-20231
• Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Raman, K. R. (2019). Smart cities: advances in research—an information systems perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 47, 88-100.
• JLL. (2014). Tokyo on the World Stage. Retrieved March 05, 2023 from https://www.us.jll.com/en/research/cities-research
• Kinelski, G., Stęchły, J., & Bartkowiak, P. (2022). Various facets of sustainable smart city management: selected examples from Polish metropolitan areas. Energies, 15(9), 2980.
• Komninos, N. (2011). Intelligent cities: variable geometries of spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International, 3(3), 172 – 188.
• Komninos, N. (2019). Smart cities and connected intelligence: Platforms, ecosystems and network effects (1st Ed.). Routledge.
• Kourtit, K., Nijkamp, P., & Arribas, D. (2012). Smart cities in perspective – a comparative European study by means of self-organizing maps. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 229-246.
• Lombardi, P. L., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 37 – 149.
• Lopes, N. V. (2017, July). Smart governance: A key factor for smart cities implementation. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities (ICSGSC) (p. 277-282). Singapore.
• Makiela, Z. J., Stuss, M. M., Mucha-Kuś, K., Kinelski, G., Budziński, M., & Michałek, J. (2022). Smart city 4.0: sustainable urban development in the metropolis GZM. Sustainability, 14(6), 3516, 2-19.
• MINERVA. (2015). Tokyo smart city development in perspective of 2020 olympics opportunities for EU-Japan cooperation and business development. Retrieved March 05, 2023 from https://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/default/files/publications/docs/smart2020tokyo_final.pdf
• Monzon, A. (2015). Smart cities concept and challenges: bases for the assessment of smart city projects. International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS) (p. 1-11). Lisbon, Portugal.
• Mutiara, D., Yuniarti, S., & Pratama, B. (2018, March). Smart governance for smart city. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (p. 012073). Medan, Indonesia.
• Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times (p. 282-291).
• Nordic Innovation. (2015). Nordic urban strength and challlenges, how do we perceive ourselves when it comes to developing sustainable, smart liveable cities?. Retrieved March 11, 2023 from https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1314616/FULLTEXT01.pdf
• OECD. (2013). OECD Green growth studies green growth in cities. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/green-growth-in-cities_9789264195325-en#page1
• OECD. (2014). Cities and climate change policy perspectives national governments enabling local action. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/Cities-and-climate-change-2014-Policy-Perspectives-Final-web.pdf
• OECD. (2016a). Paris action plan for inclusive growth in cities. Retrieved March 17,2023 from https://www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/champion-mayors/internationalandregionalevents/Binder2.pdf
• OECD. (2016b). Inclusive growth in cities campaign: a roadmap for action the New York proposal for inclusive growth in cities. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/about/inclusive-cities-campaign/NY%20Proposal%20-%20English.pdf
• Our World in Data. (2024). Urbanization. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#all-charts
• PLAN Amsterdam. (2011). Economically strong and sustainable structural vision: Amsterdam 2040. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/47476337/amsterdam-2040
• Praharaj, S., & Han, H. (2019). Cutting through the clutter of smart city definitions: a reading into the smart city perceptions in India. City, Culture and Society, 18, 100289.
• Razaghi, M., & Finger, M. (2018). Smart governance for smart cities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 106(4), 680-689. IEEE.
• Ruhlandt, R. W. S. (2018). The governance of smart cities: a systematic literature review. Cities, 81, 1–23.
• Scholl, H. J., & AlAwadhi, S. (2016). Creating smart governance: the key to radical ICT overhaul at the City of Munich. Information Polity, 21(1), 21-42.
• Smart London Plan. (2017). Using the creative power of new technologies to serve London and improve Londoners’ lives. Retrieved March 17, 2023 from https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/smart_london_ plan.pdf
• Šurdonja, S., Giuffrè, T., & Deluka-Tibljaš, A. (2020). Smart mobility solutions–necessary precondition for a well-functioning smart city. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, 604-611.
• Tarek, S., & Nasreldin, T. I. (2022). Towards applying smart mobility solutions in Egypt: an integrative framework and a case study application. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 101987.
• UNECE. (2020). People-smart sustainable cities. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/SSC%20nexus_web_opt_ENG_0.pdf
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2011). Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication – a synthesis for policy makers. Retrieved December 18, 2023 from www.unep.org/greeneconomy
• United Nations. (2012). The future we want. Retrieved December 18, 2023 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf
• United Nations. (2023). The sustainable development goals report special edition. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2023.pdf
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. Retrieved February 08, 2024 from https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100
• Van Bastelaer, B. (1998, October). Digital cities and transferability of results. In 4th EDC Conference on digital cities, (p. 61-70). Salzburg.
• Vienna University of Technology (2022). European smart cities. Retrieved March 08, 2023 from https://www.smart-cities.eu
• Yigitcanlar, T., & Lee, S. H. (2014). Korean ubiquitous-eco-city: a smart-sustainable urban form or a branding hoax?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 100-114.
• Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Buys, L., Ioppolo, G., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E. M., & Yun, J. J. (2018). Understanding ‘smart cities’: intertwining development drivers with desired outcomes in a multidimensional framework. Cities, 81, 145-160.
• Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., Foth, M., Sabatini-Marques, J., da Costa, E., & Ioppolo, G. (2019). Can cities become smart without being sustainable? A systematic review of the literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 348-365.
• Zygiaris, S. (2013). Smart city reference model: assisting planners to conceptualize the building of smart city innovation ecosystems, Journal of Knowledge Economy, 4, 217-231

Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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