İnovasyon ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği İlişkileri: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3, 429 – 442, 22.07.2024

Ayşe Yamak

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1425487

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde inovasyon ile toplam faktör verimliliği arasındaki ilişkinin 2000-2020 dönemi için araştırılmasıdır.
Yöntem: Toplam faktör verimliliğinin açıklanmasında kendi gecikmeli değeri, patent stoku (inovasyon), orta öğretim kayıt oranı (beşerî sermaye), açıklık (ticari liberalizasyon) ve politik risk endeksi (kurumsal kalite) değişkenlerinin kullanıldığı modelin tahmininde, dinamik model tahmin edicilerinden Sistem Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu kullanılmıştır. Uygulamada olası ekonometrik varsayımlardan sapmaları telafi edecek yaklaşımlar da kullanılarak iktisadi, istatistiksel ve ekonometrik beklentilere uygun modeller raporlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Tahmin sonuçlarına göre, teorik beklentilerle de uyumlu bir şekilde, toplam faktör verimliliğinin gecikmeli değeri ve inovasyon, analizde kullanılan tüm ülke panellerinde toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkiye sahiptir.
Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın inovasyon ve toplam faktör verimliliği arasındaki ilişkiye dair ampirik literatüre temel katkılarının: i) yükselen piyasa ekonomileri, gelişmiş ekonomiler ve yükselen Asya ekonomilerinin karşılaştırmalı bir analizinin yapılması, ii) tahminde güncel istatistiki verilerin kullanılması ve iii) modelde ticari açıklık, politik risk endeksi ve ortaokul kayıt oranı değişkenleri kullanılarak ticari serbestleşme, kurumsal kalite ve beşeri sermaye faktörlerinin toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ar-Ge, İnovasyon, Toplam Faktör Verimliliği, Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, Sistem Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu (GMM), Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri

Kaynakça

  • Abdih, Y. ve Joutz, F. (2006), “Relating the Knowledge Production Function to Total Factor Productivity: An Endogenous Growth Puzzle”, IMF Staff Papers, 53(2), 242-271.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1990), “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”, Working Paper No. 3223, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1998). “Endogenous Growth Theory”, The MIT Press, USA.
  • Anderson, T.W. ve Hsiao, C. (1982). “Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 18, 47-82.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991). “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Baltagi, B.H, Feng, Q. & Kao, C. (2012). “A Lagrange Multiplier test for Cross-sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”. Journal of the Econometrics, 170, 164–177.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005). “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, (3rd Ed.) Wiley, West Sussex, England.
  • Binder, M., Hsiao, C. ve Pesaran, M. H. (2005). “Estimation and Inference in Short Panel Vector Autoregressions with Unit Roots and Cointegration”. Econometric Theory, 21(4), 795-837.
  • Blundell, R. ve Bond, S. (1998). “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bond, S.R. (2002), “Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide to Micro Data Methods and Practice”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 1(2), 141-162.
  • Breusch, T. & Pagan, A. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
  • Comin, D. (2002). “R&D? A Small Contribution to Productivity Growth”. NYU Working Paper, No. S-MF-02-01.
  • Comin, D. (2010). “Total Factor Productivity”. Economic Growth, (Editörler: Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E.), The New Palgrave Economics Collection, Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI:10.1057/9780230280823_32
  • Crespi, G. ve Zuniga, P. (2012). “Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries”, World Development, 40(2), 273-290.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92-116.
  • Grossman G.M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Quality Ladders in the Growth Theory”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43-61.
  • Grossman G.M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy”, The MIT Press, USA.
  • Guellec, D. ve De La Potterie, B.V.P. (2002). “R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries”, OECD Economic studies, 2001(2), 103-126.
  • Hall, R.E. ve Jones, C.I. (1999). "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 83-116.
  • Han, C. ve Phillips, P. (2010). “GMM Estimation for Dynamic Panels with Fixed Effects and Strong Instruments at Unity”, Econometric Theory, 26(1), 119-151.
  • Hansen, L.P. (1982). “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators”, Econometrica, 50(4), 1029-1054, DOI:10.2307/1912775
  • Harris, M.N., Matyas, L. ve Sevestre, P. (2008). “Dynamic Models for Short Panels”, The Econometrics of Panel Data: Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, (Editörler: Matyas, L ve Sevestre, P.), (3rd Ed.), Springer, NY, USA, 249-278.
  • Huang, J., Cai, X., Huang, S., Tian, S. ve Lei, H. (2019). “Technological Factors and Total Factor Productivity in China: Evidence Based on a Panel Threshold Model”, China Economic Review, 54, 271-285. DOI:10.1016/j.chieco.2018.12.001
  • Jones, C. I. (1995). “R & D-Based Models of Economic Growth”. Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), 759-784. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138581
  • Kale, S. ve Rath, B.N. (2018), "Does Innovation Matter for Total Factor Productivity Growth in India? Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach", International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5), 1311-1329, DOI:10.1108/IJoEM-08-2017-0314
  • Karimi, M.S. ve Daiari, E.H. (2018). “Does Institutions Matter for Economic Development? Evidence for ASEAN Selected Countries”, Iranian Economic Review, 22(1), 1-20. DOI:10.22059/ier.2018.65343
  • Kim, J. ve Park, J. (2018). “The Role of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Middle-Income Countries”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(6), 1264-1284, DOI:10.1080/1540496X.2017.1422244
  • Levine, R., Loayza, N. ve Beck, T. (2000), “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality And causes”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 46(1), 31-77.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R. ve Siegel, D. (1991). “The Impact of R&D Investment on Productivity–New Evidence Using Linked R&D–Lrd Data”, Economic Inquiry, 29(2), 203-229, DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01267.x
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42. Mannasoo, K., Hein, H. ve Ruubel, R. (2018). “The Contributions of Human Capital, R&D Spending and Convergence to Total Factor Productivity Growth”, Regional Studies, 52(12), 1598-1611.
  • Miller, S.M. ve Upadhyay, M.P. (2000). “The Effects of Openness, Trade Orientation, and Human Capital on Total Factor Productivity”, Journal of Development Economics, 63(2), 399-423.
  • Morgan Stanley Capital International. (2024). “Emerging Markets Indexes”, https://www.msci.com/documents/1296102/38312924/MSCI+Emerging+Markets+Indexes.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
  • Nadiri, M.I. ve Kim, S. (1996), “International R&D Spillovers, Trade and Productivity in Major OECD Countries”, NBER Working Paper, No. 5801, Cambridge, MA.
  • Ngo, M.N. ve Nguyen, L.D. (2020). “Economic Growth, Total Factor Productivity, and Institution Quality in Low-Middle Income Countries in Asia”, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(7), 251-260.
  • North, D.C. (1990). “Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Peseran, M.H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Peseran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Ganau, R. (2022). “Institutions and the Productivity Challenge for European Regions”, Journal of Economic Geography, 22(1), 1-25, DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbab003
  • Romer, P.M. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. Romer, P.M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102.
  • Saleem, H., Shahzad, M., Khan, M.B. ve Khilji, B.A. (2019). “Innovation, Total Factor Productivity and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Policy Perspective”, Economic Structures, 8,7, DOI:10.1186/s40008-019-0134-6
  • Sargan J.D. (1958). “The Estimation of Economic Relationships Using Instrumental Variables”, Econometrica, 26, 393-415.
  • Scherer, K.R. (1982). “The Nature and Function of Emotion”, Social Science Information, 21(4-5), 507-509, DOI:10.1177/053901882021004001
  • Scherngell, T., Borowiecki M. ve Hu, Y. (2014). “Effects of Knowledge Capital on Total Factor Productivity in China: A Spatial Econometric Perspective”, China Economic Review, 29, 82-94.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
  • Srinivasan, T.N. (2005). “Productivity and Economic Growth in South Asia and China”, The Pakistan Development Review, 44(4), 479-503, DOI:10.30541/v44i4ipp.479-503
  • Ülkü, H. (2004). "R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis", IMF Working Papers, 2004/185, International Monetary Fund.
  • Venard, B. (2013). “Institutions, Corruption and Sustainable Development”, Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2545-2562.
  • Verbic, M., Boris Majcen, B., Ivanova, O. ve Čok, M. (2011). “R&D and Economic Growth in Slovenia: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach with Endogenous Growth”. Panoeconomicus, 58(1), 67-89, DOI:10.2298/PAN1101067V
  • Wu, M. ve Han, X. (2022). “Influence of Economic Openness on Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, Sustainability, 14(20), 13375, DOI:10.3390/su142013375
  • Xiao, Z., Peng, H. ve Pan, Z. (2022). "Innovation, External Technological Environment and the Total Factor Productivity of Enterprises", Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, 62(1), 3-29.
  • Zhuang, J., De Dios, E. ve Martin, A.L. (2010). “Governance and Institutional Quality and the Links with Economic Growth and Income Inequality: With special Reference to Developing Asia”, Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 193.

The Relationship Between Innovation and Total Factor Productivity: An Econometric Analysis on Emerging Market Economies

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3, 429 – 442, 22.07.2024

Ayşe Yamak

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1425487

Öz

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between innovation and total factor productivity in emerging market economies for the period 2000-2020.
Methodology: System Generalized Method of Moments, one of the dynamic model estimators, was used to estimate the model in which total factor productivity is explained by its own lagged value, patent stock (innovation), secondary education enrollment rate (human capital), openness (trade liberalization) and political risk index (institutional quality) variables. In addition, approaches to compensate for possible deviations from econometric assumptions in estimation are also used, and models that align with economic, statistical, and econometric expectations are reported.
Findings: According to the estimation results, consistent with the theoretical expectations, the lagged value of total factor productivity and innovation have a positive and significant effect on total factor productivity in all country panels investigated in the analysis.
Originality: The main contributions of this study to the empirical literature on the relationship between innovation and total factor productivity are considered to be: i) conducting a comparative analysis of emerging market economies, advanced economies and emerging Asian economies, ii) using recent statistical data in estimation, and iii) examining the effects of trade liberalization, institutional quality and human capital factors on total factor productivity by using openness, political risk index and secondary school enrollment rate variables in the model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

R&D, Innovation, Total Factor Productivity, Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), Emerging Market Economies

Kaynakça

  • Abdih, Y. ve Joutz, F. (2006), “Relating the Knowledge Production Function to Total Factor Productivity: An Endogenous Growth Puzzle”, IMF Staff Papers, 53(2), 242-271.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1990), “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”, Working Paper No. 3223, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1998). “Endogenous Growth Theory”, The MIT Press, USA.
  • Anderson, T.W. ve Hsiao, C. (1982). “Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Models Using Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 18, 47-82.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991). “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51.
  • Baltagi, B.H, Feng, Q. & Kao, C. (2012). “A Lagrange Multiplier test for Cross-sectional Dependence in a Fixed Effects Panel Data Model”. Journal of the Econometrics, 170, 164–177.
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2005). “Econometric Analysis of Panel Data”, (3rd Ed.) Wiley, West Sussex, England.
  • Binder, M., Hsiao, C. ve Pesaran, M. H. (2005). “Estimation and Inference in Short Panel Vector Autoregressions with Unit Roots and Cointegration”. Econometric Theory, 21(4), 795-837.
  • Blundell, R. ve Bond, S. (1998). “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143.
  • Bond, S.R. (2002), “Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Guide to Micro Data Methods and Practice”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 1(2), 141-162.
  • Breusch, T. & Pagan, A. (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
  • Comin, D. (2002). “R&D? A Small Contribution to Productivity Growth”. NYU Working Paper, No. S-MF-02-01.
  • Comin, D. (2010). “Total Factor Productivity”. Economic Growth, (Editörler: Durlauf, S.N., Blume, L.E.), The New Palgrave Economics Collection, Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI:10.1057/9780230280823_32
  • Crespi, G. ve Zuniga, P. (2012). “Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries”, World Development, 40(2), 273-290.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92-116.
  • Grossman G.M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Quality Ladders in the Growth Theory”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43-61.
  • Grossman G.M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy”, The MIT Press, USA.
  • Guellec, D. ve De La Potterie, B.V.P. (2002). “R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries”, OECD Economic studies, 2001(2), 103-126.
  • Hall, R.E. ve Jones, C.I. (1999). "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 83-116.
  • Han, C. ve Phillips, P. (2010). “GMM Estimation for Dynamic Panels with Fixed Effects and Strong Instruments at Unity”, Econometric Theory, 26(1), 119-151.
  • Hansen, L.P. (1982). “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators”, Econometrica, 50(4), 1029-1054, DOI:10.2307/1912775
  • Harris, M.N., Matyas, L. ve Sevestre, P. (2008). “Dynamic Models for Short Panels”, The Econometrics of Panel Data: Fundamentals and Recent Developments in Theory and Practice, (Editörler: Matyas, L ve Sevestre, P.), (3rd Ed.), Springer, NY, USA, 249-278.
  • Huang, J., Cai, X., Huang, S., Tian, S. ve Lei, H. (2019). “Technological Factors and Total Factor Productivity in China: Evidence Based on a Panel Threshold Model”, China Economic Review, 54, 271-285. DOI:10.1016/j.chieco.2018.12.001
  • Jones, C. I. (1995). “R & D-Based Models of Economic Growth”. Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), 759-784. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138581
  • Kale, S. ve Rath, B.N. (2018), "Does Innovation Matter for Total Factor Productivity Growth in India? Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach", International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5), 1311-1329, DOI:10.1108/IJoEM-08-2017-0314
  • Karimi, M.S. ve Daiari, E.H. (2018). “Does Institutions Matter for Economic Development? Evidence for ASEAN Selected Countries”, Iranian Economic Review, 22(1), 1-20. DOI:10.22059/ier.2018.65343
  • Kim, J. ve Park, J. (2018). “The Role of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Middle-Income Countries”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(6), 1264-1284, DOI:10.1080/1540496X.2017.1422244
  • Levine, R., Loayza, N. ve Beck, T. (2000), “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality And causes”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 46(1), 31-77.
  • Lichtenberg, F.R. ve Siegel, D. (1991). “The Impact of R&D Investment on Productivity–New Evidence Using Linked R&D–Lrd Data”, Economic Inquiry, 29(2), 203-229, DOI:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01267.x
  • Lucas, R.E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3-42. Mannasoo, K., Hein, H. ve Ruubel, R. (2018). “The Contributions of Human Capital, R&D Spending and Convergence to Total Factor Productivity Growth”, Regional Studies, 52(12), 1598-1611.
  • Miller, S.M. ve Upadhyay, M.P. (2000). “The Effects of Openness, Trade Orientation, and Human Capital on Total Factor Productivity”, Journal of Development Economics, 63(2), 399-423.
  • Morgan Stanley Capital International. (2024). “Emerging Markets Indexes”, https://www.msci.com/documents/1296102/38312924/MSCI+Emerging+Markets+Indexes.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2024).
  • Nadiri, M.I. ve Kim, S. (1996), “International R&D Spillovers, Trade and Productivity in Major OECD Countries”, NBER Working Paper, No. 5801, Cambridge, MA.
  • Ngo, M.N. ve Nguyen, L.D. (2020). “Economic Growth, Total Factor Productivity, and Institution Quality in Low-Middle Income Countries in Asia”, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(7), 251-260.
  • North, D.C. (1990). “Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Peseran, M.H. (2004). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Peseran, M.H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Ganau, R. (2022). “Institutions and the Productivity Challenge for European Regions”, Journal of Economic Geography, 22(1), 1-25, DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbab003
  • Romer, P.M. (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. Romer, P.M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102.
  • Saleem, H., Shahzad, M., Khan, M.B. ve Khilji, B.A. (2019). “Innovation, Total Factor Productivity and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Policy Perspective”, Economic Structures, 8,7, DOI:10.1186/s40008-019-0134-6
  • Sargan J.D. (1958). “The Estimation of Economic Relationships Using Instrumental Variables”, Econometrica, 26, 393-415.
  • Scherer, K.R. (1982). “The Nature and Function of Emotion”, Social Science Information, 21(4-5), 507-509, DOI:10.1177/053901882021004001
  • Scherngell, T., Borowiecki M. ve Hu, Y. (2014). “Effects of Knowledge Capital on Total Factor Productivity in China: A Spatial Econometric Perspective”, China Economic Review, 29, 82-94.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
  • Srinivasan, T.N. (2005). “Productivity and Economic Growth in South Asia and China”, The Pakistan Development Review, 44(4), 479-503, DOI:10.30541/v44i4ipp.479-503
  • Ülkü, H. (2004). "R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis", IMF Working Papers, 2004/185, International Monetary Fund.
  • Venard, B. (2013). “Institutions, Corruption and Sustainable Development”, Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2545-2562.
  • Verbic, M., Boris Majcen, B., Ivanova, O. ve Čok, M. (2011). “R&D and Economic Growth in Slovenia: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach with Endogenous Growth”. Panoeconomicus, 58(1), 67-89, DOI:10.2298/PAN1101067V
  • Wu, M. ve Han, X. (2022). “Influence of Economic Openness on Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, Sustainability, 14(20), 13375, DOI:10.3390/su142013375
  • Xiao, Z., Peng, H. ve Pan, Z. (2022). "Innovation, External Technological Environment and the Total Factor Productivity of Enterprises", Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, 62(1), 3-29.
  • Zhuang, J., De Dios, E. ve Martin, A.L. (2010). “Governance and Institutional Quality and the Links with Economic Growth and Income Inequality: With special Reference to Developing Asia”, Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 193.

Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uygulamalı Ekonomi (Diğer)
BölümAraştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayşe Yamak T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı 0009-0002-2506-3131 Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi22 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi25 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi25 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APAYamak, A. (2024). İnovasyon ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği İlişkileri: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Verimlilik Dergisi, 58(3), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1425487

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