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Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler Skip to content Yıl 2023, Sayı: 19, 53 – 74, 29.12.2023
Mesut Çıtak
https://doi.org/10.23897/usad.1411293
Öz After the Battle of Manzikert on August 26, 1071, the Seljuk Turks made conquest movements in order to make Anatolia a homeland. Castle sieges constituted the majority of these conquest movements. Fortress sieges were battles with their specific tactics and technology, and they were riskier than pitched battles for both the besiegers and the besieged. While pitched battles could take place in shorter periods, siege battles could last for months or even years. In this process, hunger and contagious diseases could occur in the besieging army. For this reason, the siege had to be planned in all detail and to be completed as soon as possible. A superficial, unplanned siege could cause large armies to be defeated by a small number of defenders. Castles, which had become the symbols of the Middle Ages, were spread all over Anatolia. The Anatolian Seljuks were able to seize these castles by planning their siege strategy correctly and using the weapon technology suitable for the siege. In this study, we will try to explain how the Anatolian Seljuks planned the sieges of castles, the stages of the sieges, and the weapons they used in the siege.
Anahtar Kelimeler Fortress, Siege, Seljuk, Siege Weapons, Strategy
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Fahr-İ Mudebbîr Mubârekşâh. (1346). Âdâbu‟l-harb ve‟ş-şecâ’a, Suheylî-yi, A. Neş.) Tahran. Fulcherıus Carnotensıs. (2009). Kudüs Seferi, (Barlas, İ. B. Çev.). İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yay. Gordlevski, V. (1988). Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti, (Yaran, A. Çev.). Ankara: Onur Yay. Göksu, E. (2008). Türkiye Selçuklularında Ordu (Doktora Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Göksu, E. (2019). İslâm Tarihinde Mancınıklar ve Mancınık Teknolojisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Antakiyat, 2/ (2), 159-175. Gurstelle, W. (2004). The Art Of The Catapult. Chicago: Chıcago Reiew Press. Hasan b. Abdülmü’min El- Hôyî. (2018). Hasan b. Abdülmü’min El- Hôyî’nin Kaleminden Selçuklu İnşâ Sanatı, (Yakupoğlu, C.-Musalı, Namıq, Haz.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Hacıgökmen, M.A. (2019). Mecdüddin İshak, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.3, s. 210-211). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Hındley, G. (2009). Medieval Sieges& Siegecraft, Skyhorse Publıshıng. İbn Bibi. (2014). El-Evâmirü’l- Alâ’iyye fi’l- Umûri’l-Alâ’iyye. (Öztürk, M Çev.). Ankara: Türk tarih Kurumu Yay. İbn Kesir. (1994). El Bidaye v’en Nihaye, (Keskin, M. Çev.) C.10., İstanbul: Çağrı Yay. İbnü’l Adim Kemâlüddin. (2014). Zübdetü’l Haleb Min Tarihi Haleb’de Selçuklular. (Sevim,Ali. Çev.) Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. İbnü’l Cevzi. (2014). El-Muntazam Fi Tarihi’l Ümem’de Selçuklular. (Sevim, Ali. Çev.), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. İbnü'l- Esîr. (1991). El Kâmil Fi't- Tarih, (Özaydın, Abdülkerim. Çev.), C. 10, İstanbul: Bahar Yay. Kallek, C. (2004). Men, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C. 29, s. 105-107). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Keegan, J. (1993). Savaş Sanatı Tarihi, (Doruker, F. Çev.), İstanbul: Bilgin Yay. Koca, S. (1997). Sultan I. İzzeddin Keykâvus (1211-1220), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Koca, S. (2011). Selçuklu Devri Türk Tarihinin Temel Meseleleri, Ankara: Berikan Yay. Köymen, M. A. (1970). Alparslan Zamanı Selçuklu Askeri Teşkilatı. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5/ (8-9), 1-73. Müneccimbaşı Ahmed b. Lütfullah. (2001). Câmiu’d- Düvel Selçuklular Tarihi II, (Öngül A. Yay.) İzmir: Akademi Kitabevi Yay. Nızamı, K. A. (1995). Fahreddin Mübârek Şah, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.12, s. 87). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Nuhoğlu, G. (2002). Gaznelilerde Devlet Teşkilâtı, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, (C. 5, s. 287- 310). İstanbul: Yeni Türkiye Yay. Öztürk, Mürsel. (2017). Ömer Hayyam, “Nevruz Nâme”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36/ (61), 149-182. Sakaoğlu, N. (1971). Türk Anadolu’da Mengücekoğulları, İstanbul: Milliyet Yay. Sevim, A. & Merçil, E. (2014). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset, Teşkilat ve Kültür. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sevim, A. (2010). Süleyman Şah I, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.38, s.103-105). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Sevim, A. (2015). Anadolu Fatihi Kutalmışoğlu Süleymanşah. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sıbt İbnu’l- Cevzi. (2011). Mir’âtü’z- Zamân Fî Târîhi’l- Âyân’da Selçuklular. (Sevim, A. Ter.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sun- Tzu. (2008). Savaş Sanatı, (Demir, A. Çev.). İstanbul: Kastaş Yay. Tarîh-i Âl-i Selçuk (Anonim Selçuknâme), (2014). (Halil İbrahim Gök, H. İ-Coşguner, F. Tercüme ve notlar). Ankara: Atıf Yay. Tavkul, U. (1990). Karaçay Malkar Türklerinde Eski İnanışlar, Türk Kültürü Dergisi, 325, 313-320. Tercemetü Kitâbü’l-Hiyel fî’l Hurûb, (797), Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi: Ayasofya, 03187. Turan, O. (2014). Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmi Vesikalar (Metin, Tercüme ve Araştırmalar), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Turan, Osman. (1997). Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk- İslam Medeniyeti, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yay. Usta, A. (2015). Haçlı Seferlerinde Kuşatma, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yay. Uyar, M. (2006). Adab el-Harb ve El- Şeca’a ‘ya Göre Hisar ve Kuşatma Geleneği. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25/ (40), 215-224. Uyumaz, E. (2003). Sultan I. Alâeddîn Keykubad Devri Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Siyasî Tarihi (1220-1237), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Willermus Tyrensıs. (2016). Willermus Tyrensıs’in Haçlı Kroniği, (Ayan, E. Çev.). İstanbul: Ötüken Yay.
Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler Yıl 2023, Sayı: 19, 53 – 74, 29.12.2023
Mesut Çıtak
https://doi.org/10.23897/usad.1411293
Öz Selçuklu Türkleri 26 Ağustos 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı’nın ardından Anadolu’yu yurt edinmek maksadıyla fetih hareketlerinde bulundular. Bu fetih hareketlerinin büyük kısmını kale muhasaraları oluşturmaktadır. Kale muhasaraları kendine özgü taktiği ve teknolojisi olan savaşlar olup hem kuşatan hem de kuşatılan açısından meydan savaşlarına göre daha riskli savaşlardır. Meydan savaşları birkaç saat içinde olup biterken kuşatma savaşları günler hatta aylarca sürebiliyordu. Bu süreç içinde kuşatıcı orduda açlık ve bulaşıcı hastalıklar ortaya çıkabiliyordu. Bu nedenle kuşatmanın baştan sona tüm ayrıntılarıyla planlanması ve en kısa sürede bitirilmesi gerekmekteydi. Gelişigüzel yapılan plansız bir kuşatma kalabalık orduların az sayıdaki savunucular karşısında mağlup olmasına neden olabiliyordu. Ortaçağın simgesi haline gelmiş kaleler Anadolu’nun her yanına yayılmıştı. Anadolu Selçukluları kuşatma stratejisini doğru planlayarak ve kuşatmaya uygun silah teknolojisini kullanarak bahsi geçen bu kaleleri ele geçirebilmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada Anadolu Selçuklularının kale kuşatmasını nasıl planladıklarını, kuşatmanın aşamalarını ve kuşatmada kullandıkları silahların neler olduğunu ortaya koymaya çalışacağız.
Anahtar Kelimeler Kale, Kuşatma, Selçuklu, Kuşatma Silahları, Strateji
Kaynakça Alptekin, C. (1990). Selçuklu Devletinin Askeri Teşkilatının Eyyubi Devleti Askeri Teşkilatına Tesiri. Belleten, 54/ (209), s.117-120. Anna Komnena. (1996). Alexıad, (Umar, B. Çev.). İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitapevi. Aristakes Lastivertli. (2019). Ermeni Bir Rahibin Gözünden Selçuklular ve Anadolu’nun Fethi. (Arslan, İ. Çev.). İstanbul: Post Yay. Ayönü, Y. (2014). Selçuklular ve Bizans, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Balcı, İ. (2020). Muhasara, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C. 31, s. 9-11). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Buyruk, H. (2016). Konumu Geçmişi ve Kimliği ile Anavarza . Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi , 6 (3) , 695-710. Campbell D. B. (2006). Besieged, New York: Osprey Publishing. Demirkent, Işın. (2020). Misis, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C. 30, s. 178-181), İstanbul, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Eyice, S. (2001). Kale, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C. 24, s. 234-242). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Fahr-İ Mudebbîr Mubârekşâh. (1346). Âdâbu‟l-harb ve‟ş-şecâ’a, Suheylî-yi, A. Neş.) Tahran. Fulcherıus Carnotensıs. (2009). Kudüs Seferi, (Barlas, İ. B. Çev.). İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yay. Gordlevski, V. (1988). Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti, (Yaran, A. Çev.). Ankara: Onur Yay. Göksu, E. (2008). Türkiye Selçuklularında Ordu (Doktora Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara. Göksu, E. (2019). İslâm Tarihinde Mancınıklar ve Mancınık Teknolojisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Antakiyat, 2/ (2), 159-175. Gurstelle, W. (2004). The Art Of The Catapult. Chicago: Chıcago Reiew Press. Hasan b. Abdülmü’min El- Hôyî. (2018). Hasan b. Abdülmü’min El- Hôyî’nin Kaleminden Selçuklu İnşâ Sanatı, (Yakupoğlu, C.-Musalı, Namıq, Haz.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Hacıgökmen, M.A. (2019). Mecdüddin İshak, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.3, s. 210-211). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Hındley, G. (2009). Medieval Sieges& Siegecraft, Skyhorse Publıshıng. İbn Bibi. (2014). El-Evâmirü’l- Alâ’iyye fi’l- Umûri’l-Alâ’iyye. (Öztürk, M Çev.). Ankara: Türk tarih Kurumu Yay. İbn Kesir. (1994). El Bidaye v’en Nihaye, (Keskin, M. Çev.) C.10., İstanbul: Çağrı Yay. İbnü’l Adim Kemâlüddin. (2014). Zübdetü’l Haleb Min Tarihi Haleb’de Selçuklular. (Sevim,Ali. Çev.) Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. İbnü’l Cevzi. (2014). El-Muntazam Fi Tarihi’l Ümem’de Selçuklular. (Sevim, Ali. Çev.), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. İbnü'l- Esîr. (1991). El Kâmil Fi't- Tarih, (Özaydın, Abdülkerim. Çev.), C. 10, İstanbul: Bahar Yay. Kallek, C. (2004). Men, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C. 29, s. 105-107). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Keegan, J. (1993). Savaş Sanatı Tarihi, (Doruker, F. Çev.), İstanbul: Bilgin Yay. Koca, S. (1997). Sultan I. İzzeddin Keykâvus (1211-1220), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Koca, S. (2011). Selçuklu Devri Türk Tarihinin Temel Meseleleri, Ankara: Berikan Yay. Köymen, M. A. (1970). Alparslan Zamanı Selçuklu Askeri Teşkilatı. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5/ (8-9), 1-73. Müneccimbaşı Ahmed b. Lütfullah. (2001). Câmiu’d- Düvel Selçuklular Tarihi II, (Öngül A. Yay.) İzmir: Akademi Kitabevi Yay. Nızamı, K. A. (1995). Fahreddin Mübârek Şah, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.12, s. 87). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Nuhoğlu, G. (2002). Gaznelilerde Devlet Teşkilâtı, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, (C. 5, s. 287- 310). İstanbul: Yeni Türkiye Yay. Öztürk, Mürsel. (2017). Ömer Hayyam, “Nevruz Nâme”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36/ (61), 149-182. Sakaoğlu, N. (1971). Türk Anadolu’da Mengücekoğulları, İstanbul: Milliyet Yay. Sevim, A. & Merçil, E. (2014). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset, Teşkilat ve Kültür. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sevim, A. (2010). Süleyman Şah I, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (C.38, s.103-105). İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yay. Sevim, A. (2015). Anadolu Fatihi Kutalmışoğlu Süleymanşah. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sıbt İbnu’l- Cevzi. (2011). Mir’âtü’z- Zamân Fî Târîhi’l- Âyân’da Selçuklular. (Sevim, A. Ter.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Sun- Tzu. (2008). Savaş Sanatı, (Demir, A. Çev.). İstanbul: Kastaş Yay. Tarîh-i Âl-i Selçuk (Anonim Selçuknâme), (2014). (Halil İbrahim Gök, H. İ-Coşguner, F. Tercüme ve notlar). Ankara: Atıf Yay. Tavkul, U. (1990). Karaçay Malkar Türklerinde Eski İnanışlar, Türk Kültürü Dergisi, 325, 313-320. Tercemetü Kitâbü’l-Hiyel fî’l Hurûb, (797), Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi: Ayasofya, 03187. Turan, O. (2014). Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmi Vesikalar (Metin, Tercüme ve Araştırmalar), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Turan, Osman. (1997). Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk- İslam Medeniyeti, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yay. Usta, A. (2015). Haçlı Seferlerinde Kuşatma, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yay. Uyar, M. (2006). Adab el-Harb ve El- Şeca’a ‘ya Göre Hisar ve Kuşatma Geleneği. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25/ (40), 215-224. Uyumaz, E. (2003). Sultan I. Alâeddîn Keykubad Devri Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Siyasî Tarihi (1220-1237), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay. Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1988). Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. Willermus Tyrensıs. (2016). Willermus Tyrensıs’in Haçlı Kroniği, (Ayan, E. Çev.). İstanbul: Ötüken Yay. Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Selçuklu Tarihi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Mesut Çıtak Bir kuruma bağlı değildir 0000-0002-3920-4874 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 19
Kaynak Göster APA Çıtak, M. (2023). Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi (19 ), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.23897/usad.1411293 AMA Çıtak M. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler. usad. Aralık 2023;(19):53-74. doi:10.23897/usad.1411293 Chicago Çıtak, Mesut. “Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem Ve Teknikler”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 19 (Aralık 2023): 53-74. https://doi.org/10.23897/usad.1411293. EndNote Çıtak M (01 Aralık 2023) Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 19 53–74. IEEE M. Çıtak, “Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler”, usad , sy. 19, ss. 53–74, Aralık 2023, doi: 10.23897/usad.1411293. ISNAD Çıtak, Mesut. “Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem Ve Teknikler”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 19 (Aralık 2023), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.23897/usad.1411293. JAMA Çıtak M. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler. usad . 2023;:53–74. MLA Çıtak, Mesut. “Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem Ve Teknikler”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 19, 2023, ss. 53-74, doi:10.23897/usad.1411293. Vancouver Çıtak M. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Döneminde Kale Kuşatmalarında Uygulanan Yöntem ve Teknikler. usad. 2023(19):53-74.
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