Analyzing global competitiveness of Turkish air conditioning industry

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 209 – 234, 30.04.2024

Fatma İzgi , Mustafa Kavacık

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1372141

Öz

The global economy significantly relies on the air conditioning sector, which has been gaining increased importance worldwide and in Türkiye due to the impact of global warming, climate change, and the diminishing energy resources. As a multifaceted industry encompassing air conditioning, heating, installation, insulation, refrigeration and ventilation sector has been adapting to the growing demand for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient solutions. This study analyzes air conditioning industry of Türkiye and its sub-product groups in terms of its ability to compete internationally, spanning from 2001 to 2021. To assess competitiveness, we employed various analytical tools, including Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantages Index (RCA), Vollrath Indices (RXA, RMP, RTA, RC), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantages Index (RSCA), Trade Balance Index (TBI), and Product Mapping method. Notably, there is no research that scrutinize the competitiveness of the Turkish air conditioning industry utilizing the Product Mapping. The study findings emphasize that air conditioning industry of Türkiye has competitiveness. Within the sub-product group, the analysis reveals that Türkiye has competitiveness for 11 products, a near-limit competitiveness for 3 products, and a lack of competitiveness for 10 products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global competitiveness, Air conditioning, Comparative advantages, Product mapping, Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Stigler, J. G. (1965). Essay in The History of Economics. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
• Topallı, N., & Mercan, B. (2016). Rekabet Kavramına Yeni Bir Alternatif Yaklaşım: Sistemik Rekabet. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 856-863.
• Smith, A. (2002). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Readings in Economic Sociology, 6-17.
• Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Library of Economics and Liberty https://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP.html
• Ohlin, B. G. (1933). Interregional and international trade. Cambridge, Harward University Press
• Kenen, P. B. (1965). Nature, capital, and trade. Journal of Political Economy, 73(5), 437-460.
• Keesing, D. B. (1966). Labor skills and comparative advantage. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 249-258.
• Posner, M. V. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), 323-341.
• Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689
• Krugman, P. (1979). A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), 253-266.
• Grossman, E. M., & Helpman, E. (1989). Quality Ladders and product Cycles. NBER Working, 3201.
• Lai, E. L. (1995). The product cycle and the world distribution of income A reformulation. Journal of International Economics, 39(3-4), 369-382.
• Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review, 73-91.
• Moon, H. C., Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (1998). A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of Korea and Singapore. International Business Review, 7(2), 135-150.
• Cho, D. S. (1998). From national competitiveness to bloc and global competitiveness. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 8(1), 11-23.
• Aiginger, K. (2006). Competitiveness: from a dangerous obsession to a welfare creating ability with positive externalities. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 6, 161-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-006-9475-6
• Cho, D. S., Moon, H. C., & Kim, M. Y. (2009). Does one size fit all? A dual double diamond approach to country-specific advantages. Asian Business & Management, 8, 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1057/abm.2008.27
• ITC Trade Map (2022). Exporting and Importing Data of Air Conditioning. https://www.trademap.org/
• Lehtonen, H., & Sipilä, L. (2007). Competitor analysis and strategic marketing planning in a HVAC company: Case company: LVI-Kallio Oy.
• Srikandi, D., Sutopo, W., Hisjam, M., & Istiqomah, S. (2022). Commercializing a Technology Use Global Business Strategy Approach: A Lesson Learned from HVAC Companies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3079-3090.
• Isaac, M., & Van Vuuren, D. P. (2009). Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy, 37(2), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051
• Visintin, F., & Rapaccini, M. (2010). Exploring the linkage between servitization and financial performances: evidences from the HVAC industry. In Proceedings of APMS 2010-International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, 1-8.
• Acül, H. (2009). Türkiye İklimlendirme ve Tesisat Sektöründeki İşletmelerde Ar-Ge ve Yenilik Faaliyetlerinin Yönetimi Üzerine Öneriler. TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri odası, 25-49
• Ors, H., & Yumus, F. (2018). İklimlendirme sektörünün rekabet gücünün belirleyicilerinin belirlenmesi. Press Academia Procedia, 7(1), 326-329. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.908
• Erturan, A. (2019). İklimlendirme işletmelerinde finansal tablolar analizi ve bir uygulama. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Okan University].
• Topçu, B. A., & Sarıgül, S. S. (2015). Comparative advantage and the product mapping of exporting sectors in Turkey. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(18), 330-348.
• Bashimov, G., & Aydın, A. (2018). Su ürünleri sektörünün rekabet gücünün analizi: Baltık Ülkeleri örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 48-55.
• Bakkalcı, A. C. (2020). Türk otomotiv sektörünün RTA, RSCA, TBI endeksleri ile ürün haritalaması. Widodo’nun modeline farklı bir yaklaşım. The Journal of Social Sciences, 27(27), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.4436
• Bakkalci, A. C. (2018). Küresel sistemde Türk tekstil sektörünün ürün haritalaması yöntemiyle analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 25(3), 569-585. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.410347
• Kesgingöz, H. (2018). The analysis of Turkish agricultural sector by comparative advantage method. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(2), 508-523. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v6i2.267
• Yeldan, M., Kesgingöz, H., & Güçlü, U. (2020). Analysis of Turkey's iron-steel industry in the world trade. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(4), 854-869. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.811175
• Başkol, M. O., & Bektaş, S. (2021). Türkiye demir-çelik sektörünün ürün haritalaması: widodo yöntemiyle bir analiz. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19, 57-84. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.973529
• Ishchukova, N., & Smutka, L. (2013). Comparative advantage: products mapping of the Russian agricultural exports. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 5(3), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.157521
• Khaksar, A. H., Yaghoubi, M., & Kalateharabi, V. (2014). Determining revealed comparative advantage and target markets for Iran's stone fruits. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16(2), 253-264.
• Ishchukova, N., & Smutka, L. (2014). " Revealed" comparative advantage: products mapping of the Russian agricultural exports in relation to individual regions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 13(1), 45-61.
• Pawlak, K. (2018). Comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the US market. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference" Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy", 2, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.22630/ESARE.2018.2.29
• Saeyang, R., & Nissapa, A. (2021). Trade competitiveness in the global market: an analysis of four palm oil products from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(3), 1077-1094
• Tandra, H., Suroso, A. I., Syaukat, Y., & Najib, M. (2022). The determinants of competitiveness in global palm oil trade. Economies, 10(6), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10060132
• Saxena, R., Kumar, A., Singh, R., Paul, R. K., Raman, M. S., Kumar, R., … & Agarwal, P. (2022). Examining export advantages in Indian horticulture: an approach based on product mapping and seasonality. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(2), 161-192. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-12-2021-0310
• Balassa Indexes (2003). Balassa Indexes. 155-156.
• Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and “revealed” comparative advantage. The Manchester School, 33(2), 99-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x
• Vollrath, T. L. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of revealed comparative advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(2), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707986
• Lederman, D., Olarreaga, M., & Rubiano, E. (2008). Trade specialization in Latin America: the impact of China and India. Review of World Economics, 144, 248-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-008-0146-z
• Frohberg, K., & Hartmann, M. (1997). Comparing measures of competitiveness. Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe.
• Sarıçoban, K., & Kösekahyaoğlu, L. (2019). Ticaret sonrası verilerle rekabet gücünün ölçülmesinde kullanılan indeksler üzerine bir literatür taraması. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 47(47), 424-444.
• Gürpınar, K., & Barca, M. (2007). Türk mobilya sektörünün uluslararası rekabet gücü düzeyi ve nedenleri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2(2), 41-61.
• Laursen, K. (2015). Revealed comparative advantage and the alternatives as measures of international specialization. Eurasian Business Review, 5, 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-015-0017-1
• Dalum, B., Laursen, K., & Villumsen, G. (1998). Structural change in OECD export specialisation patterns: de-specialisation and ‘stickiness’. International Review of Applied Economics, 12(3), 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179800000017
• Lafay, G. (1992). The measurement of revealed comparative advantages. In International Trade Modelling, 209-234. Springer US.
• Widodo, T. (2009). Comparative advantage: theory, empirical measures and case studies. Review of Economic and Business Studies (REBS), (4), 57-82.
• HVAC-R Exporters Association (ISIB) (2023). Export Data of January- December-2022. https://isib.org.tr/aylik-ihracat-verileri/
• TOBB, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (2012). Türkiye İklimlendirme Sanayi Sektör Raporu 2012. https://www.tobb.org.tr/documents/yayinlar/2012/Tobb

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 209 – 234, 30.04.2024

Fatma İzgi , Mustafa Kavacık

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1372141

Öz

Kaynakça

• Stigler, J. G. (1965). Essay in The History of Economics. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
• Topallı, N., & Mercan, B. (2016). Rekabet Kavramına Yeni Bir Alternatif Yaklaşım: Sistemik Rekabet. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 856-863.
• Smith, A. (2002). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Readings in Economic Sociology, 6-17.
• Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Library of Economics and Liberty https://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP.html
• Ohlin, B. G. (1933). Interregional and international trade. Cambridge, Harward University Press
• Kenen, P. B. (1965). Nature, capital, and trade. Journal of Political Economy, 73(5), 437-460.
• Keesing, D. B. (1966). Labor skills and comparative advantage. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 249-258.
• Posner, M. V. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), 323-341.
• Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689
• Krugman, P. (1979). A model of innovation, technology transfer, and the world distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(2), 253-266.
• Grossman, E. M., & Helpman, E. (1989). Quality Ladders and product Cycles. NBER Working, 3201.
• Lai, E. L. (1995). The product cycle and the world distribution of income A reformulation. Journal of International Economics, 39(3-4), 369-382.
• Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review, 73-91.
• Moon, H. C., Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. (1998). A generalized double diamond approach to the global competitiveness of Korea and Singapore. International Business Review, 7(2), 135-150.
• Cho, D. S. (1998). From national competitiveness to bloc and global competitiveness. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 8(1), 11-23.
• Aiginger, K. (2006). Competitiveness: from a dangerous obsession to a welfare creating ability with positive externalities. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 6, 161-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-006-9475-6
• Cho, D. S., Moon, H. C., & Kim, M. Y. (2009). Does one size fit all? A dual double diamond approach to country-specific advantages. Asian Business & Management, 8, 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1057/abm.2008.27
• ITC Trade Map (2022). Exporting and Importing Data of Air Conditioning. https://www.trademap.org/
• Lehtonen, H., & Sipilä, L. (2007). Competitor analysis and strategic marketing planning in a HVAC company: Case company: LVI-Kallio Oy.
• Srikandi, D., Sutopo, W., Hisjam, M., & Istiqomah, S. (2022). Commercializing a Technology Use Global Business Strategy Approach: A Lesson Learned from HVAC Companies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3079-3090.
• Isaac, M., & Van Vuuren, D. P. (2009). Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy, 37(2), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051
• Visintin, F., & Rapaccini, M. (2010). Exploring the linkage between servitization and financial performances: evidences from the HVAC industry. In Proceedings of APMS 2010-International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, 1-8.
• Acül, H. (2009). Türkiye İklimlendirme ve Tesisat Sektöründeki İşletmelerde Ar-Ge ve Yenilik Faaliyetlerinin Yönetimi Üzerine Öneriler. TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri odası, 25-49
• Ors, H., & Yumus, F. (2018). İklimlendirme sektörünün rekabet gücünün belirleyicilerinin belirlenmesi. Press Academia Procedia, 7(1), 326-329. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.908
• Erturan, A. (2019). İklimlendirme işletmelerinde finansal tablolar analizi ve bir uygulama. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Okan University].
• Topçu, B. A., & Sarıgül, S. S. (2015). Comparative advantage and the product mapping of exporting sectors in Turkey. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(18), 330-348.
• Bashimov, G., & Aydın, A. (2018). Su ürünleri sektörünün rekabet gücünün analizi: Baltık Ülkeleri örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 48-55.
• Bakkalcı, A. C. (2020). Türk otomotiv sektörünün RTA, RSCA, TBI endeksleri ile ürün haritalaması. Widodo’nun modeline farklı bir yaklaşım. The Journal of Social Sciences, 27(27), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.4436
• Bakkalci, A. C. (2018). Küresel sistemde Türk tekstil sektörünün ürün haritalaması yöntemiyle analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 25(3), 569-585. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.410347
• Kesgingöz, H. (2018). The analysis of Turkish agricultural sector by comparative advantage method. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(2), 508-523. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v6i2.267
• Yeldan, M., Kesgingöz, H., & Güçlü, U. (2020). Analysis of Turkey's iron-steel industry in the world trade. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(4), 854-869. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.811175
• Başkol, M. O., & Bektaş, S. (2021). Türkiye demir-çelik sektörünün ürün haritalaması: widodo yöntemiyle bir analiz. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19, 57-84. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.973529
• Ishchukova, N., & Smutka, L. (2013). Comparative advantage: products mapping of the Russian agricultural exports. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 5(3), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.157521
• Khaksar, A. H., Yaghoubi, M., & Kalateharabi, V. (2014). Determining revealed comparative advantage and target markets for Iran's stone fruits. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16(2), 253-264.
• Ishchukova, N., & Smutka, L. (2014). " Revealed" comparative advantage: products mapping of the Russian agricultural exports in relation to individual regions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 13(1), 45-61.
• Pawlak, K. (2018). Comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the US market. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference" Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy", 2, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.22630/ESARE.2018.2.29
• Saeyang, R., & Nissapa, A. (2021). Trade competitiveness in the global market: an analysis of four palm oil products from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(3), 1077-1094
• Tandra, H., Suroso, A. I., Syaukat, Y., & Najib, M. (2022). The determinants of competitiveness in global palm oil trade. Economies, 10(6), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10060132
• Saxena, R., Kumar, A., Singh, R., Paul, R. K., Raman, M. S., Kumar, R., … & Agarwal, P. (2022). Examining export advantages in Indian horticulture: an approach based on product mapping and seasonality. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(2), 161-192. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-12-2021-0310
• Balassa Indexes (2003). Balassa Indexes. 155-156.
• Balassa, B. (1965). Trade liberalisation and “revealed” comparative advantage. The Manchester School, 33(2), 99-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x
• Vollrath, T. L. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of revealed comparative advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(2), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707986
• Lederman, D., Olarreaga, M., & Rubiano, E. (2008). Trade specialization in Latin America: the impact of China and India. Review of World Economics, 144, 248-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-008-0146-z
• Frohberg, K., & Hartmann, M. (1997). Comparing measures of competitiveness. Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe.
• Sarıçoban, K., & Kösekahyaoğlu, L. (2019). Ticaret sonrası verilerle rekabet gücünün ölçülmesinde kullanılan indeksler üzerine bir literatür taraması. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 47(47), 424-444.
• Gürpınar, K., & Barca, M. (2007). Türk mobilya sektörünün uluslararası rekabet gücü düzeyi ve nedenleri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2(2), 41-61.
• Laursen, K. (2015). Revealed comparative advantage and the alternatives as measures of international specialization. Eurasian Business Review, 5, 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-015-0017-1
• Dalum, B., Laursen, K., & Villumsen, G. (1998). Structural change in OECD export specialisation patterns: de-specialisation and ‘stickiness’. International Review of Applied Economics, 12(3), 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179800000017
• Lafay, G. (1992). The measurement of revealed comparative advantages. In International Trade Modelling, 209-234. Springer US.
• Widodo, T. (2009). Comparative advantage: theory, empirical measures and case studies. Review of Economic and Business Studies (REBS), (4), 57-82.
• HVAC-R Exporters Association (ISIB) (2023). Export Data of January- December-2022. https://isib.org.tr/aylik-ihracat-verileri/
• TOBB, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği (2012). Türkiye İklimlendirme Sanayi Sektör Raporu 2012. https://www.tobb.org.tr/documents/yayinlar/2012/Tobb

Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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