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HAC SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in yirmi ikinci sûresi.
Adını, Allah’ın Hz. İbrâhim’e Kâbe’nin ziyaret edilmesiyle ilgili emrini ihtiva eden 27. âyetindeki “hac” kelimesinden alır. Âyet sayısı ihtilâflı olmakla birlikte genellikle kabul edilen Kûfeliler’in tesbitine göre yetmiş sekiz olup (Muhammed Tâhir b. Âşûr, XVII, 183) fâsıla ları ء، ب، ج، د، ر، ز، ط، ظ، ق، م، ن harfleridir. Sûrenin Mekkî veya Medenî olduğu hususunda ihtilâf edilmiştir. Tamamının veya 19-21, 19-22, 39-41. âyetler dışındaki kısmının Mekke döneminde nâzil olduğuna dair rivayetler yanında 52-55. âyetler dışındaki bölümünün yahut hepsinin Medine döneminde indiğine dair rivayetler de bulunmaktadır (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâdü’l-mesîr , V, 401-402; Süyûtî, el-İtḳān , I, 28, 32, 33, 37, 83). Cumhurun görüşüne göre ise bu sûrede Mekkî ve Medenî âyetler karışıktır. Mevdûdî, sûrenin gerek üslûbu gerekse ele aldığı konular itibariyle ilk bölümünün (âyet 1-24) Hz. Peygamber’in Mekke hayatının son döneminde, öteki bölümünün ise (âyet 25-78) Medine döneminin ilk yıllarında nâzil olduğu sonucuna varır ve hem Mekkî hem de Medenî sûrelerin özelliklerini taşıdığını söyler (Tefhîmü’l-Kur’ân , III, 309).
Sûrede Allah’ın birliği, kıyametin kopacağı, öldükten sonra dirilmenin ve Allah huzurunda hesaba çekilmenin kesinliği vurgulandıktan sonra dinin özünden ve haccın amacından sapmalar kınanmaktadır. Çünkü Mekke müşrikleri, Hanîf dininin tevhid ilkesinden olduğu gibi haccın gözettiği kutsal amaçlardan da uzaklaşmışlar, onu bir çeşit toplu eğlenceye, festivale ve panayıra dönüştürmüşlerdi. Sûrede ele alınan konular bu yönleriyle en çok Mekkeliler’i ilgilendirir ve büyük bir kısmının Mekke’de nâzil olduğu görüşüne kuvvet kazandırır. Sûrenin üslûbu, muhtevası, konuları işleyiş tarzı, fâsılalarında sert harflere yer verilmesi gibi özellikler de onun Mekkî sûrelere benzediğini göstermektedir (Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte, I, 243).
Sûrenin adını aldığı 27. âyetle daha sonraki birkaç âyette hac ibadetinin amacından, bazı ilke ve menâsikinden bahsedilmektedir. Bu âyetler haccın farz kılınışını değil Hz. İbrâhim zamanında hangi kutsal amaçları gerçekleştirmek için ortaya konmuş olduğunu belirtmektedir. Haccın en önemli hedeflerinden birinin tevhid inancını yaşatmak ve bu inanç etrafında insanları kaynaştırıp toplum barışını sağlamak olduğuna dikkat çekilmektedir.
Hac sûresi dört bölüm halinde ele alınabilir. Birinci bölümde (âyet 1-24) bütün insanlara Allah’tan korkmayı ihtar eden bir emirle söze başlanır ve kıyametin korkunç bir sarsıntıyla kopacağı haber verilir. O gün korkudan her emzikli kadın emzirdiği çocuğunu unutacak, her gebe kadın çocuğunu düşürecek ve insanlar sarhoş olmadıkları halde sarhoş gibi görüneceklerdir (âyet 2). Daha sonraki âyetlerde bir kısım insanların bilgisizce Allah hakkında tartışmaya girişmesi ve şeytana uyup yoldan çıkması kınanır. Allah’ın ölüleri dirilteceğinde şüphesi olanlara bir insanın yaratılışındaki aşamalar hatırlatıldıktan sonra bunun kâinat hadiselerinde de sürekli olarak gerçekleştiğine dikkat çekilir. Ölü toprağa yağmurla hayat veren Allah’ın hak olduğu ve üstün kudretiyle ölüleri dirilteceği kesin biçimde ifade edilir. Bir bilgisi, bir rehberi ve vahye dayalı aydınlatıcı bir kitabı olmadığı halde sırf Allah yolundan saptırmak için büyüklük taslayan inkârcılara, hem dünyada rezil olacakları hem de âhirette yakıcı bir azaba uğrayacakları ihtar edilir. Bunun yanında iman edip iyi davranışlarda bulunan kimselere cennete girecekleri müjdelenir. Bir insanın kendi inancını kâr ve zarar hesabı üzerine kurmaması gerektiğine işaret edildikten sonra (âyet 11), bu açıdan bakıldığında bile hiçbir zarar veremeyen ve herhangi bir fayda sağlayamayan putlara tapmanın anlamsızlığına dikkat çekilir (âyet 12); Allah’a güvenmenin ve O’na sığınmanın önemi vurgulanır (âyet 15). Allah’ın Kur’an’ı âyetler halinde indirdiği; O’nun müminler, yahudiler, Sâbiîler, Mecûsîler ve müşrikler hakkında kıyamet günü ayrı ayrı hükümler vereceği; ay, güneş, dağlar, ağaçlar, hayvanlar gibi akıl ve şuurdan mahrum bütün yaratıklar Allah’a secde ederken insanların bir kısmının inkâra kalkıştığı ve bu yüzden azabı hak ettiği anlatılır. İnkârcı grubun cehennemde karşılaşacağı çetin azap tasvir edilirken müminlerin cennette çeşitli nimetlerle mükâfatlandırılacağı hususu tekrar edilir. Bu bölüm müminler hakkındaki, “Onlar sözün en güzeline yöneltilmişler, övgüye lâyık olan Allah’ın yoluna iletilmişlerdir” meâlindeki âyetle son bulur.
Sûrenin ikinci bölümünde (âyet 25-41) inkâr edenlerden, inkârla yetinmeyip insanları Allah yolundan saptırmak ve haccı engellemek suretiyle küfür ve zulümde ileri gidenlerden söz edilir. Kâbe’nin yapılışında gözetilen tevhid akîdesi gibi kutsal amaçlar ve haccın sağladığı dünyevî ve uhrevî faydalarla kurban konusu ele alınır. Allah’ın koyduğu kurallara ve yasaklara saygılı davranmanın önemi üzerinde durularak asıl amacın kalplerde takvâyı pekiştirmek olduğu vurgulanır (âyet 32). İyilerin kötülere karşı mücadelesi olmasa yeryüzündeki mâbedlerin yıkılıp yok edileceği, bundan dolayı zulme uğrayan müminlerin kendilerini ve inançlarını savunmak için savaşabilecekleri bildirilir. Bu bölüm, bütün işlerin sonunun Allah’a ait olduğunu vurgulayan bir âyetle sona erer.
İkinci bölümde yer alan 30-32. âyetler, Kur’an’ın öngördüğü iman ve ahlâkın en mühim terimlerinden olan “takvâ” kavramına açıklık getirmesi bakımından özel bir önem taşır. Burada Allah’ın kanunlarına saygılı olmak, putperestlikten uzaklaşmak, yalancı şahitlikten kaçınmak, tevhide bağlanmak ve İslâm’ın alâmetleri olan temel değerlere tâzim göstermekten söz edildikten sonra, “Bunlar kalplerin takvâsındandır” denilmekte ve böylece takvâ kavramının, “Allah tarafından konulan din ve ahlâk kurallarına gönülden saygı gösterme” anlamına geldiği bildirilmektedir. Aynı yaklaşım, sûrenin bu bölümünde yer alan, “Kurbanlarınızın etleri de kanları da Allah’a ulaşmaz; fakat O’na sizin takvânız ulaşır” meâlindeki 37. âyette de görülmektedir. Medine’de nâzil olduğu anlaşılan 39. âyetle müslümanlara ilk defa müşriklere karşı silâhlı mücadeleye girişmelerine izin veriliyordu. 40. âyette ise müslümanların mescidleriyle birlikte manastırlar, kiliseler ve havraların da dokunulmazlığına işaret edilmektedir.
Üçüncü bölümde (âyet 42-57) Hz. Peygamber’e karşı inkârda direnen müşriklerin durumu ele alınır. Fakat bunun yalnızca son peygamberle ilgili bir mücadele olmadığı, Hz. Nuh’tan beri bütün peygamberlerin buna benzer direnişlerle karşılaştıkları anlatılır. Eski beldelerin inkâr, kötülük ve zulüm yüzünden yıkıldığı, gezip dolaşanların yeryüzünün birçok yerinde hâlâ görülen o harabelerden ders almaları gerektiği hatırlatılır. Hiçbir peygamberin kötülerin şerrinden ve şeytanın vesvesesinden uzak kalmadığı, ancak bu kötü tesirlerin Allah’ın yardımıyla etkisiz hale geldiği bildirilir. İlim ehlinin esasen Kur’an’ın Allah katından gelmiş bir hakikat olduğuna inanacakları ve onların hidayete erdirilecekleri ifade edildikten sonra cehalete dayalı inkârın tehlikeli ve çıkmaz yol olduğuna işaret edilir. Bu bölümün son iki âyetinde inkârcılarla iman ehlinin durumları ve âkıbetleri şöyle haber verilir: “O gün mülk Allah’ındır. O insanlar arasında hüküm verir. Bu hüküm gereği iman edip iyi davranışlarda bulunanlar naîm cennetlerindedir. İnkâr edip âyetlerimizi yalanlayanlara gelince onlar için de alçaltıcı bir azap vardır” (âyet 56-57).
Dördüncü bölüm (âyet 58-78) sûrenin bir özeti gibidir. Bu bölüm Allah yolunda öldürülen veya göçe zorlanan, açlık ve yokluk çeken insanlara Allah’ın yardımını vaad eden âyetlerle başlar. Hakka tapanlarla bâtıla uyanların bir tutulmayacağı vurgulanır. Allah’ın her şeye gücünün yettiği hatırlatılır. Bundan şüphe edenlerin göklerde ve yeryüzünde O’nun kudretini sergileyen kâinat olaylarına dikkat etmeleri istenir ve ilâhî kudretin kevnî delillerinden bazı örnekler verilir. Birinci bölümde dile getirilen, Allah’ın her şeye kādir olduğuna ve kendisinden başka ilâh bulunmadığına delâlet eden tevhid gerçeği (âyet 6) burada yeniden beyan edilir: “Böyledir. Çünkü Allah hakkın ta kendisidir. O’nun dışında taptıkları ise bâtılın ta kendisidir. Gerçek şu ki Allah uludur, büyüktür. Görmedin mi ki Allah gökten yağmur indirdi de bu sayede yeryüzü yeşeriyor. Gerçekten Allah çok lutufkârdır, her şeyden haberdardır. Göklerde ve yerde ne varsa O’nundur. Hakikaten yalnız Allah zengindir, övgüye lâyıktır” (âyet 62-64). Allah’tan başka tapınılan putların hepsi bir araya gelse dahi bir sinek bile yaratmaya güçlerinin yetmeyeceği şeklinde putperestleri aşağılayıcı bir örnek verilir. Bu âyetler, hicret öncesinde Mekke müşriklerine yapılan son ihtarlar gibi görünmektedir. Câhil insanlara bilgi ve akıl yürütme yoluyla yapılabilecek bir tebliğin artık faydalı olmayacağı görüldüğünden, öldürülen ve hicrete zorlanan müslümanların bundan böyle savaş yoluyla haklarını koruyacakları ilân edilir. Allah’ın kadrini ve kudretini idrakten âciz olan müşriklerin Allah’a inananların haklarını da gözetemeyeceği anlatılır. Daha sonra müminlere Allah’a secde etmeyi, rükû etmeyi, birbirlerine iyilik yapmayı, Allah yolunda gayret gösterip cihad etmeyi emreden, müslümanların Allah tarafından bu işler için seçilmiş olduğunu, Allah’ın onları zora koşmadığını, ancak müslüman olmanın, İbrâhim dininden sayılmanın gereğinin bunları yapmak olduğunu bildiren âyetlerle devam eden sûre, “Artık namazı kılın, zekâtı verin, Allah’a sımsıkı sarılın, sizin yâriniz O’dur; O ne güzel yâr, ne güzel yardımcıdır” öğüdüyle sona erer.
Sûrede ifade edilen iman, şirk, ibadet, cihad gibi konuların üç ana çerçevede anlatıldığı görülür. Bunlar hicret, savaş ve hacdır. Her üçünde de insanın yerini yurdunu terkedip uzaklara gitmesi, çeşitli zahmetlere katlanması, insanların kader birliği etmesi söz konusudur. Kader birliği ise millet ve ümmet olmanın, bir toplum haline gelmenin temel şartıdır. Müslümanlar, müşriklerden gördükleri zulüm ve haksızlık, uğradıkları can ve mal kaybı, çektikleri sıkıntı ve çile sonunda hicret etmeseydi aralarındaki sevgi ve dayanışma bu kadar güçlü olmayacaktı. İnsanların Allah yolunda kader birliği etmesi, daha önce birbirine düşman olan kabilelere mensup bulunmalarına rağmen onları bir cemaat haline getirmiştir. Hz. Peygamber klasik anlamda bir devlet kurmak isteseydi Hâşimî sülâlesinin gücüne dayanmak zorunda kalacaktı. Halbuki Resûl-i Ekrem, inanç ve kültür temeli üzerine kurulan yepyeni bir ümmet meydana getirmiştir. Sûre, kökenleri farklı insanların ümmet olmak için nelere sahip bulunmaları ve neler yapmaları gerektiği konusunda âdeta bir gündem belirlemektedir. Hicret öncesinde inmeye başlayan sûre, müslümanları güçlü bir birlik oluşturmaya ve onları hicret sonrasında ortaya çıkacak devletin kuruluşuna hazırlar gibidir.
Sûrenin fazileti hakkında ashaptan Ukbe b. Âmir el-Cühenî’den şu hadis nakledilmiştir: Ukbe diyor ki: Hz. Peygamber’e, “Ey Allah’ın resulü! Hac sûresi, içindeki iki secde ile mi diğer sûrelere üstün kılınmıştır?” diye sordum. Resûlullah, “Evet, o secdeleri yapmayacak olanlar onları okumasınlar” dedi (Müsned , IV, 151, 155; Ebû Dâvûd, “Sücûdü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 1, Tirmizî, “Cumʿa”, 54). Sözü edilen iki secde 18 ve 77. âyetlerde geçmektedir. Ancak 77. âyetteki secde ihtilâflıdır. İbn Abbas’tan, sûrede bir veya iki secde bulunduğu yönünde farklı rivayetler gelmiştir (Süyûtî, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr , VI, 4). Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler’e göre sûrenin sadece 18. âyetinde secde vardır. Şâfiîler’le Hanbelîler ise her iki secdeyi de kabul ederler (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâdü’l-mesîr , V, 454; Kurtubî, XII, 1, 98). Bunun yanında, Übey b. Kâ‘b’dan rivayet edilip bazı tefsir kitaplarında yer alan (meselâ bk. İbn Hacer, III, 136; Beyzâvî, II, 114) ve Hâc sûresini okuyan kişinin pek çok hac ve umre yapmış gibi ecir kazanacağını ifade eden hadisin mevzû olduğu kabul edilmiştir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Mevżûʿât , I, 239-241; Zerkeşî, I, 432; İbn Hacer, III, 136).
Hac sûresi üzerinde şu çalışmalar yapılmıştır: Ahmed Hüsâmeddin, Ḥüccetü’l-ḥücec fî tefsîri sûreti’l-Ḥac (İzmir 1333); Hüseynî Muhammed Ebû Ferha, Tefsîru sûreti’l-Ḥac (Kahire 1970); İbrâhim ed-Desûkī Hamîs, Min Esrâri sûreti’l-Ḥac (Kahire 1986); Seyyid Muhammed Desûkī, Tefsîru sûreti’l-Ḥac (Kahire 1987).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâdü’l-mesîr , V, 401-402, 454.
a.mlf., el-Mevżûʿât (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), Medine 1386/1966, I, 239-241.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , XII, 1, 98.
Beyzâvî, Envârü’t-tenzîl ve esrârü’t-teʾvîl , İstanbul 1314, II, 94-114.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , V, 400.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân , I, 432.
İbn Hacer, el-Kâfi’ş-şâf fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’l-Keşşâf (Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf içinde), Kahire 1373/1953, III, 136.
Süyûtî, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr fi’t-tefsîr bi’l-meʾs̱ûr , Beyrut 1403/1983, VI, 3, 4.
a.mlf., el-İtḳān (Bugā), I, 28, 32, 33, 37, 83.
Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , III, 434.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , XVII, 109-213.
M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, et-Taḥrîr ve’t-tenvîr , Tunus 1984, XVII, 179-353.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , IV, 3379-3425.
Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Tanrı Buyruğu (İstanbul 1943), İstanbul 1980, s. 393-403.
Mevdûdî, Tefhîmü’l-Kur’ân (trc. Muhammed Han Kayanî v.dğr.), İstanbul 1968, III, 309-358.
Seyyid Kutub, Fî Ẓılâli’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1405/1985, IV, 2404-2447.
Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte, Ehdâfü külli sûre ve maḳāṣıdühâ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Kahire 1986, I, 243-249.
Zuhûr Ahmed Azhar, “Ḥac”, UDMİ , VII, 925-926.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 420-421 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.