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HAŞR SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in elli dokuzuncu sûresi.
Medine döneminde Uhud Gazvesi’nden sonra hicretin 4. yılında nâzil olmuştur. Yirmi dört âyet olup fâsıla ları ب، ر، م، ن harfleridir.
Sûre, ismini ikinci âyetteki “ilk sürgün” anlamına gelen “li evveli’l-haşr” ifadesinden alır. Burada sözü edilen haşrin kıyamet gününde mahşerdeki toplanmayı ifade etmediği, Benî Nadîr adlı yahudi kabilesinin Medine’deki yurtlarından çıkarılıp sürgüne gönderilmesiyle ilgili olduğu, hem sûrenin âyetlerinden hem de tefsir kaynaklarında verilen bilgilerden anlaşılmaktadır. Bundan dolayı sûreye Benî Nadîr sûresi de denmiştir. Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde (“Tefsîr”, 59/1) yer alan bir rivayete göre Saîd b. Cübeyr, Abdullah b. Abbas’ın yanında bu sûreyi Haşr sûresi diye andığında İbn Abbas sûrenin Benî Nadîr adını taşıdığını söylemiştir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Abdullah b. Abbas’ın isim üzerinde titizlikle durmasını, âyetteki haşr sözünün “kıyamet günündeki toplanma” şeklinde anlaşılmasından duyduğu endişeye bağlamaktadır (Fetḥu’l-bârî , XVIII, 266).
Sûrenin nüzûl sebebi, Nadîroğulları’nın daha önce Hz. Peygamber ile imzaladıkları tarafsızlık antlaşmasını bozmalarıdır. Müslümanların Bedir zaferine sevindiklerini ve Tevrat’ta, sancağı yere düşmeyecek olan muzaffer peygamber diye anılan âhir zaman nebîsinin bu peygamber olduğunu söyleyen iki yüzlü müttefikler, Uhud Gazvesi’nin müslümanlar aleyhine sonuçlanması üzerine fikir değiştirmişlerdi. Reisleri Kâ‘b b. Eşref, yanına bazı adamlarını alarak gizlice Mekke’ye gitmiş, müşriklerin reisi Ebû Süfyân ile bir ittifak antlaşması yapmıştı. Bu ihaneti öğrenen Resûl-i Ekrem, onları hiç beklemedikleri bir anda kendi yurtlarında kuşatma altına almıştı. Nadîroğulları, evlerinin muhkem yapılardan meydana gelmiş olmasına ve münafıkların reisi Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl ile Mekke müşriklerinden ve diğer yahudi kabilelerinden gelecek yardımlara güveniyorlardı. Halbuki hiçbir yerden yardım gelmemiş, Allah onların yüreklerine korku düşürmüş ve müslümanların bu kuşatması karşısında çaresiz kalarak yurtlarını terkedip sürgüne râzı olmuşlardı. Müslümanlar ise bu başarıyı birlik ve beraberlik içinde kararlı bir tutumla elde etmişlerdi. Sûrede yer alan bütün âyetler, bir toplumun Allah’a inanıp güvenmek ve O’nun rızâsını gözetmek sayesinde nasıl güçlü bir birlik oluşturacağına dikkat çeker; böyle bir milletin önüne çıkan bütün engelleri aşabileceğini vurgular. Sûrenin asıl amacı müminlere tereddütsüz bir iman, üstün bir ahlâk, sarsılmaz bir mâneviyatla yardımlaşma ve dayanışma ruhu kazandırmaktır.
Haşr sûresini üç bölüme ayırmak mümkündür. Birinci bölüm (âyet 1-10), göklerde ve yerdeki bütün varlıkların Allah’ın yüceliğini dile getirdiğini, O’nun güçlü ve hikmet sahibi olduğunu bildiren bir âyetle başlar. Savaş yapmadan elde edilen başarının sırf Allah’ın izni ve yardımıyla meydana geldiğini, bunu daha önceden Benî Nadîr yahudilerinin de müslümanların da beklemediğini belirten ikinci âyetin sonunda bu olaydan herkesin ders alması gerektiği vurgulanır. Üçüncü âyette yeminini bozmuş, inanç ve değerlerine bağlılığını yitirmiş bir topluluk için sürgünün en hafif ceza olduğu, aslında böyle bir toplumun dünyada da âhirette de daha ağır cezaları hak etmiş bulunduğu açıklanır. Bunun ardından Allah’ın, andı bozan fâsıkları rezil ve rüsvâ edeceğine dikkat çekilir. 7-8. âyetler, gayri müslimlerden silâh kullanmadan elde edilen ve İslâm devletinin gelir kaynakları arasında yer alan feyin taksim esaslarını belirlemektedir. 7. âyetteki, “Böylece o mallar içinizden yalnız zenginler arasında dolaşan bir imkân olmasın” anlamına gelen bölüm, kamu mallarının sosyal adaleti ve refahı yaygınlaştırma yönünde kullanılmasını gerekli kılması bakımından özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca âyette, gerek fey vb. devlet mallarının kullanımı gerekse diğer dinî, hukukî ve ahlâkî konularla ilgili olarak Hz. Peygamber’in ortaya koyduğu sarih hükümlerin değiştirilemez olduğuna da işaret edilmektedir. Medineli ensarın Mekkeli muhacirlere karşı beslediği kardeşlik duygularını, bunun sonucu olarak kendilerine kucak açıp öz canlarına tercih etmelerini anlatan 9. âyet, İslâm toplumundan beklenen ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in geneline hâkim olan sosyal dayanışma ruhunun karakteristik ifadelerini kapsar. Nitekim 10. âyet, diğer müslümanların da aynı kardeşlik duygularını taşımaları gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca 9. âyette en büyük kurtuluşun insanın bencillikten, nefsinin çıkar düşkünlüğünden uzaklaşması ile elde edilebileceği, 10. âyette de iman edenlerin birbirine karşı yüreklerinde kin tutamayacakları bildirilir.
İkinci bölümde (âyet 11-17) yer alan ve münafıklarla yahudilerin sürgünden önceki ilişkilerinden bahseden âyetler, münafıkların ve Ehl-i kitap’tan oldukları halde imanlarını kaybetmiş olanların birbirlerine nasıl yalan söylediklerini, sözlerinden nasıl döndüklerini ve birbirlerinin aleyhinde nasıl çalıştıklarını gözler önüne serer. Bunların kendi çıkarlarını düşündükleri, asla fedakârlığa yanaşmadıkları, dışarıdan bakılınca bütünlük içinde bir topluluk izlenimi vermelerine rağmen gönüllerinin birbirinden kopuk olduğu anlatılır. Onlar birbirlerini baştan çıkarma hususunda şeytana benzerler; birbirlerini kurtarmaya gelince de herkesin kendi başının çaresine bakması gerektiğini öne sürerler. Bu âyetler, dolaylı olarak müslümanlara böyle olmamaları gerektiği yolunda yapılan uyarılardır. Bu bölüm zalimlerin yerinin ateş olduğunu bildiren bir tehditle son bulur.
Üçüncü bölüm (âyet 18-24), Allah’tan korkmayı ve ebedî hayat için hazırlık yapmayı öğütleyen âyetle başlar. Dünyadaki bütün kötülüklerin Allah’ı ve âhireti unutmaktan ileri geldiğine işaret edilir; müslümanların böyle olmamaları ve fâsıklardan uzak durmaları istenir. Cehennem ehliyle cennet ehlinin eşit olmadığı, esas kurtulanların cennet ehli olduğu vurgulanır. Kur’an’da verilen misaller insanların düşünmesi ve ibret alması için ortaya konmuştur. 21. âyette Kur’an’ın, bir dağa indirilmiş olsaydı dağı parça parça edeceği ifade edildikten sonra tevhid inancının özünü teşkil eden son üç âyette Allah’ın birliği, yüceliği, eşsizliği, rahmet ve merhameti, gücü ve kudreti dile getirilir. Göklerde ve yerdeki her şeyin Allah’ı tesbih ettiğini bildiren âyetle başlayan sûre, yine göklerde ve yerdeki her şeyin Allah’ı tesbihe devam etmekte olduğunu haber veren âyetle son bulur. Aynı şekilde birinci âyet gibi sonuncu âyet de, “O güçlü ve hikmet sahibidir” anlamına gelen ifadeyle biter.
Haşr sûresinde, dış düşmanlara ve içerideki münafıklara karşı dikkatli ve tedbirli olmayı öngören âyetlerin yanında bazı hikmetli öğütlere, hukukî hükümlere, ahlâk ve eğitimle ilgili ilkelere de yer verilmiştir. Bütün bunlardan daha önemlisi tevhid inancıyla ilgili âyetlerdir. Özellikle sûrenin sonunda yer alan ve Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın birliğini, yüceliğini, sonsuz azamet ve merhametini bildiren âyetler, insan kalbine tevhid akîdesini ve Allah sevgisini yerleştirmek amacını gütmektedir. Sûrenin kendisinden önceki iki sûre ile yakın ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Mücâdile sûresi, “Haberiniz olsun, Allah’ın taraftarları mutlaka galip gelecektir” şeklinde bir müjdeyle son bulmaktadır. Haşr sûresinde bu galibiyetlerden birinin nasıl gerçekleştiği anlatılır. Mümtehine sûresinde ise Allah’a ve müminlere düşman olanlarla dostluk kurmamak gerektiğini bildiren âyetlerden sonra izlenecek tutum belirlenir. Haşr sûresindeki genel uyarılar Mümtehine sûresinde ayrıntıları ile açıklanır.
Haşr sûresinin faziletiyle ilgili olarak kaynaklarda bazı bilgiler yer almaktadır. Sûrenin özellikle son üç âyeti, Allah’ın yüceliğini dile getiren isim ve sıfatlardan meydana geldiği için İslâm imanının temelini oluşturur. Birçok hadis mecmuasında (meselâ bk. Müsned , V, 26: Dârimî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 22; Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 22;) kaydedilen bir hadise göre, sabahleyin üç defa, “Eûzü billâhi’s-semîi’l-alîmi mine’ş-şeytâni’r-racîm” dedikten sonra Haşr sûresinin sonundaki üç âyeti okuyan kimse için Allah Teâlâ 70.000 melek görevlendirir, bu melekler akşama kadar ona dua ederler. Bu kimse eğer o gün ölürse şehid olarak can vermiş olur. Hadiste aynı müjde âyetleri akşamleyin okuyanlar için de tekrar edilmiştir. Ancak Tirmizî bu hadisi “garîb” olarak nitelendirmiş, başka bir senedinin bilinmediğini söylemiştir. Diğer taraftan hadisin senedinde yer alan râvilerden Hâlid b. Tahmân için kaynaklarda, “Zayıftır; ölümünden önceki son on yılda hadisleri birbirine karıştırıyordu ve her getirileni rivayet ediyordu” gibi değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır (Mizzî, VIII, 94-96; Zehebî, I, 232). Bununla birlikte sabah namazlarından sonra Haşr sûresinin son üç âyetinin okunması bir gelenek haline gelmiştir. Deylemî, Abdullah b. Abbas’tan gelen şu rivayete yer verir: “Allah’ın ism-i a‘zamı Haşr’in sonundaki altı âyettedir” (el-Firdevs , I, 416). Ancak ism-i a‘zamı başka sûrelerde gösteren rivayetler de vardır (Hâkim, I, 504-506).
İngiliz şarkiyatçısı Richard Bell’in, Haşr sûresiyle ilgili bir makalesinde (bk. bibl.) sûredeki bazı âyetlerin yerlerinin uygun olmadığını ileri sürerek kendince farklı bir tertip düşünmesi, şarkiyatçıların Kur’an’ın vahye dayanmadığı şeklindeki bakış açısının ve bazı önde gelen Batılı araştırmacılar tarafından da tenkit edilen Kur’an’ın tertibiyle ilgili mesnetsiz iddialarının (DİA , V, 423-424) bir sonucu olarak değerlendirilmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ḥşr” md.
Müsned , V, 26.
Dârimî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 22.
Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 59/1.
Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 22.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek , I, 504-506.
Vâhidî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl , Kahire 1379/1959, s. 236-239.
Deylemî, el-Firdevs , Beyrut 1406/1986, I, 416.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , VIII, 94-96.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , I, 232.
Abdürrezzak el-Kâsânî, Te’vilât-ı Kâşâniyye (trc. Ali Rıza Doksanyedi, s.nşr. M. Vehbi Güloğlu), Ankara 1987, III, 165-170.
Fîrûzâbâdî, Beṣâʾir (nşr. M. Ali en-Neccâr), Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), II, 468-469.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî (Sa‘d) , XVIII, 266.
Süyûtî, el-İtḳān , Kahire 1381/1961, I, 21.
a.mlf., Esbâbü’n-nüzûl (Tefsîrü’l-Celâleyn içinde), Beyrut, ts. (Darü’l-ma‘rife), s. 755.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , XXVIII, 38-65.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , VI, 4806-4885.
Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Tanrı Buyruğu , İstanbul 1947, II, 842-847.
Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte, Ehdâfü külli sûre ve maḳāṣıdühâ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Kahire 1980, II, 239-251.
Richard Bell, “Sūrat al-Hashr: A Study of its Composition”, MW , XXXVIII/1 (1948), s. 29-42.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 16. cildinde, 424-426 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.