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İHLÂS SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in yüz on ikinci sûresi.
Çok sayıdaki adları arasında, İslâm dininin temel ilkesi olan tevhid inancının veciz bir ifadesi olduğu için verildiği anlaşılan İhlâs ve aynı zamanda sûrenin ilk âyeti olan “Kul hüvallāhü ahad” en çok kullanılanlarıdır. Sûre özellikle Türk sözlü kültüründe “Kul hüvallah”, bunun da kısaltılmışı olan “Kul hü” şeklinde, ayrıca “İhlâs-ı şerif” diye de anılır. Sûreye, Allah’ın birliği inancını öz olarak ifade ettiği için “tevhid”, aynı inancın İslâm’da temel akîdeyi oluşturması sebebiyle “esâs”, sûrede hiçbir şeyin Allah’a benzetilemeyeceği, O’nun her şeyden başka ve üstün olduğu anlatıldığı için “tecrîd”, Allah’a burada anlatıldığı şekilde inananlar bu sayede kurtuluşa erecekleri için “necât”, kişi bu sûrede anlatıldığı şekilde iman ettiği takdirde Allah’ın sevgisi ve dostluğunu kazanacağı için “velâyet” adları da verilmiştir. Fazla yaygın olmamakla birlikte “tefrid, mârifet, cemâl, nisbet, bereket, berâet, müzekkire, nûr, mânia, eman” gibi isim ve niteliklerin kullanıldığı da belirtilmektedir. İhlâs sûresi Kâfirûn ile birlikte “İhlâseyn” ve “Mukaşkışateyn” (tedavi eden), Felak ve Nâs sûreleriyle birlikte “Muavvizât” (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 14) adlarıyla da anılır. Dört âyetten ibaret olup fâsılası dâl د harfidir.
İbn Mes‘ûd, Hasan-ı Basrî, Câbir b. Abdullah, Mücâhid b. Cebr, Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî gibi birçok müfessir ve âlim İhlâs sûresinin Mekke döneminde nâzil olduğunu ileri sürerken İbn Abbas, Muhammed b. Kâ‘b el-Kurazî, Ebü’l-Âliye er-Riyâhî, Dahhâk b. Müzâhim ve Süyûtî Medine döneminde indiğini söylerler. Önce Mekke’de, ardından ikinci defa olmak üzere Medine’de indiği de ileri sürülmüştür (Süyûtî, el-İtḳān , I, 42, 113-114). Mekkî olduğu görüşünü benimseyenler, Mekke’de müşriklerin Hz. Peygamber’e gelerek, “Bize rabbinin nesebini söyle” dedikleri, Resûl-i Ekrem’in de onlara bu sûreyi okuduğuna dair rivayeti (Müsned , V, 133-134; Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 112/1, 2; Taberî, XXX, 221); Medenî olduğunu söyleyenler, Medineli yahudilerin ulûhiyyetle ilgili bazı sorularına Allah tarafından bir cevap olmak üzere Cebrâil’in Hz. Peygamber’e gelip “Kul hüvallāhü ahad” sûresini okuduğunu bildiren rivayetleri (İbn Hişâm, I, 571-572; Taberî, XXX, 221-222; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXXII, 175; Süyûtî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl , s. 223-224) delil göstermişlerdir. Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin tefsirinde Atâ b. Dînâr ile İbn Abbas’ın rivayeti olarak yer alan (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXXII, 175) Necran hıristiyanları heyetiyle ilgili bir rivayet de sûrenin Medenî olduğunun bir delili olarak ileri sürülmüştür (sûrenin sebeb-i nüzûlüyle ilgili diğer rivayetler için bk. Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Ermeyûnî, s. 15-21). Rivayetlerden anlaşıldığına göre Resûl-i Ekrem, gerek müşriklerin gerekse yahudilerle hıristiyanların Allah hakkındaki sorularına cevap olarak İhlâs sûresini okumuştur. Onun farklı zamanlarda sorulan sorulara bu sûre ile cevap vermesi sûrenin o sırada nâzil olduğunu göstermez. Gerçi yahudilerle ilişkiler Medine’ye hicretten sonra başlamış, Necran hıristiyanlarıyla olan münasebetler de hicretin 3. yılında ve Uhud Gazvesi’nden sonra ortaya çıkmıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda yer aldığına göre, “Bize rabbinin nesebini bildir” diyen müşrik kişi Hendek muhasarası kumandanı olup bu muhasara da hicretin 5. yılında gerçekleşmiştir. Ancak İslâm’ın temel iman ilkesini belirleyen bir sûrenin bu kadar geç bir zamanda gelmiş olabileceği zayıf bir ihtimal olarak görülmektedir. Ayrıca dili, üslûbu ve içeriği de Mekkî sûreleri andırmaktadır. Sûre hangi dinî inanıştan gelirse gelsin, hangi fikir ve felsefî düşünceden kaynaklanmış olursa olsun Allah hakkındaki bütün yanlış inanç ve telakkileri ortadan kaldırmak, Allah’ı doğru sıfatlarıyla ve lâyık olduğu özellikleriyle tanıtmak için inmiştir.
İhlâs sûresinin muhtevasıyla ilgili olarak müfessirlerin üzerinde durdukları en önemli konu, ilk iki âyette yer alan “ahad” ve “samed” kelimelerinin anlam ve içerikleridir. Ahad sıfatı Allah’a nisbet edildiğinde O’nun birliğini, tekliğini ve eşsizliğini ifade eder; bu anlamıyla tenzihî veya selbî sıfatları da içerir. Bu sebeple ahad sıfatının bazı istisnalar dışında Allah’tan başkasına nisbet edilemeyeceği düşünülür. Aynı kökten gelen “vâhid” ise Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde Allah’ın sıfatı olarak geçmekle birlikte Allah’tan başka varlıkların sayısal anlamda birliğini ifade etmek için de kullanılmaktadır. Sûrenin ilk âyetinde Allah lafzıyla bütün sübûtî sıfatlara, ahad lafzıyla da selbî sıfatlara işaret edildiği anlaşılmaktadır (ayrıca bk. AHAD ).
Samed kelimesi “bir kavmin ilk atası, herkesin kendisine ihtiyacını arzettiği, fakat kendisinin kimsenin yardımına muhtaç olmadığı ulu başkan” gibi anlamlara gelir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ṣmd” md.). Sûredeki bağlamına göre samed, “var oluş bakımından kimseye muhtaç olmayıp her şeyin varlığını kendisine borçlu olduğu vâcibü’l-vücûd” demektir. Buna göre samed kelimesi doğrudan doğruya ahad isminin açıklaması, daha sonra gelen “doğurmamış ve doğmamıştır” âyeti de samed isminin açıklamasıdır (ayrıca bk. SAMED ). “Onun bir dengi de olmadı” meâlindeki son âyet ise hem birinci âyetin açıklaması hem de bütünüyle sûrenin bir özetidir.
Sûrenin iki ispat cümlesiyle iki nefiy cümlesinden meydana gelmesi, Allah’ın sübûtî sıfatlarıyla selbî sıfatları arasında bir dengenin kurulması gerektiğine işaret eder. Zira sübûtî sıfatlarda aşırı gidip Allah’ı yalnızca teşbih ve temsil yoluyla tanımaya çalışmak sonuçta insanları teşbih ve tecsîme, hatta çok tanrıcılığa götürebildiği gibi selbî sıfatlarla tanımlamada aşırılığa kaçıp O’nu sadece tenzih yoluyla tanıtmanın da insanları büsbütün red ve inkâra götürme tehlikesi taşıdığı görülmüştür. Böylece sûre, bir yandan İslâm’daki tanrı tasavvurunu açık bir biçimde ifade ederken öte yandan dolaylı olarak diğer dinlerdeki tanrı tasavvurlarının yanlışlığını ortaya koymaktadır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in bir din kitabı olduğu ve onun âyetlerinin Allah’ı doğru tanıtmayı ve O’na karşı kulluk görevlerini bildirmeyi hedeflediği dikkate alınınca İhlâs sûresinin bütün sûrelerle ilişkisinin bulunduğu görülür. Meselâ Fâtiha sûresindeki, “Biz ancak sana ibadet eder ve ancak senden yardım dileriz” meâlindeki âyetle Allah’ın samed ismi arasında böyle bir ilişkinin varlığı dikkat çekmektedir. İhlâs’tan sonra gelen Felak ve Nâs sûrelerinde ise insanlar, “samediyyet” diye ifade edilen Allah’ın büyük lutufkârlığından ve koruyuculuğundan istifade etmeye çağrılmaktadır.
Sûrenin faziletiyle ilgili olarak Zemahşerî’nin naklettiği, İhlâs sûresinin Kur’an’ın bütününe eşdeğer olduğu yolundaki rivayet (el-Keşşâf , IV, 299) zayıf görülmüşse de Kur’an’ın üçte birine denk olduğuna dair rivayet sahih hadis kitapları ile önemli tefsir kaynaklarında yer almıştır. Bu hadisi yorumlayan âlimlerden bir kısmı İhlâs sûresinin sevabı itibariyle, bir kısmı da konusu ve mânası yönünden Kur’an’ın üçte birine denk olduğunu söylemiştir. İkinci görüşe göre sûre, Kur’an’ın üç ana konusundan ilki olan tevhidle alâkalı olup bu sûrenin anlamını iyice kavrayan ve itikadını onunla oluşturan bir insan Kur’an’ın tevhid ve akaid bölümünü de kavrayıp benimsemiş olur. İmam Gazzâlî Cevâhirü’l-Ḳurʾân ’da (s. 47-48), Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki bilgilerin ana hatlarıyla Allah hakkında bilgi, âhiret bilgisi ve doğru yol bilgisi olmak üzere üçe ayrıldığını, İhlâs sûresinin bunlardan mârifetullah ve tevhid konusunu ihtiva ettiği, Kur’an’daki diğer hükümler bu sûredeki tevhid temeline dayandığı için Kur’an’ın üçte biri değerinde görüldüğünü ifade etmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in namazlarda İhlâs sûresini birkaç defa okuyanları müjdelediği yolunda rivayetler bulunmaktadır (meselâ bk. İbnü’d-Düreys, s. 117-120). Resûl-i Ekrem, Felak ve Nâs sûreleriyle birlikte İhlâs sûresinin de istiâze maksadıyla okunabileceğini ve kendisinin yatarken bu sûreleri okuduğunu bildirmiştir (Müsned , III, 417; Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 14; Nesâî, “İstiʿâẕe”, 1).
İhlâs sûresi tefsir kitaplarında muhtelif yönleriyle ele alınıp geniş olarak tefsir edilmiştir. Ayrıca felsefeden tasavvufa kadar çeşitli ilim dallarında meşhur âlimler tarafından sûre üzerinde pek çok müstakil çalışma yapılmıştır. Hallâc-ı Mansûr’un Tefsîru sûreti Ḳul hüvellāhü eḥad ’i (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 243), İbn Sînâ’nın Tefsîru sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ’ı (Delhi 1311; Tahran 1313; Kahire 1335) ve Tefsîru sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ve’l-Muʿavviẕeteyn ’i (Kahire 1325; Tahran 1332), Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Tefsîru sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ve’l-Muʿavviẕeteyn ’i (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 86; Kütübhâne-i Millî-i Tebrîz, nr. 3575/9), Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin Kitâbü’l-Eḥadiyye olarak da anılan Kitâbü’l-Elif ’i (Kahire 1325; Haydarâbâd-Dekken 1361; Beyrut 1997 [Resâʾilü İbn ʿArabî içinde]), Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Farsça İhlâs sûresi tefsiri (Muhammed Hasan Bükâî, V, 2040-2041), Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin Tefsîru sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ’ı (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2830), Şah Abdülganî’nin Feżâʾilü bismillâh maʿa Tefsîri Ḳul hüvellāh ’ı (Urduca, Leknev 1864), Edirne Müftüsü Fevzi Efendi’nin Mesîrü’l-ḫalâṣ fî tefsîri sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ’ı (İstanbul 1309), Şeyhülislâm Mûsâ Kâzım Efendi’nin İhlâs ve Alak Tefsiri (İstanbul 1334), Harîrîzâde Kemâleddin Efendi’nin el-Mevridü’l-ḫâṣ bi’l-ḫavâṣ fî tefsîri sûreti’l-İḫlâṣ ’ı (İhlâs Sûresi Tefsîri , nşr. Yakup Çiçek, İstanbul 1996), Muallim Nâci’nin Hulâsatü’l-İhlâs ’ı (İstanbul 1304/1887) bu eserlerin önemlilerindendir (diğer çalışmalar için bk. Muhammed Hasan Bükâî, V, 2040-2064).
Ayrıca İhlâs sûresiyle ilgili tez çalışmaları yapılmış ve makaleler de yazılmıştır. Ahsen Esatoğlu’nun İhlâs Sûresi Metni, Dil Özellikleri ve Sözlük adlı yüksek lisans teziyle (1987, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) M. Şerefettin’in (Yaltkaya) “Tefsîr-i Sûre-i İhlâs li-İbn Sînâ” (Sırât-ı Müstakîm , V/106 [1326 r./1328], s. 21-25), S. M. Zwemer’in “Sūrat al-Ikhlās” (MW , XXVI [1936], s. 325-328), Edwin E. Calverley’in “The Grammar of Sūratu’l-Ikhlās” (St.I , VIII [Paris 1957], s. 5-14), Cl. Schedl’in “Probleme der Koranexegese: Nochmals samad in Sūre 112,2” (Isl. , LVIII/1 [1981], s. 1-14), Uri Rubin’in “Al-Samad and the High God. An Interpretation of Sūra CXII” (a.g.e. , LXI/2 [1984], s. 197-217), Arne A. Ambros’un “Die Analyse von Sūre 112: Kritiken, Synthesen, neue Ansätze” (a.g.e. , LXIII/2 [1986], s. 219-247) ve Mehmet Paçacı’nın “De ki: Allah Bir’dir-İhlas Sûresi’nin Sami Geleneği Perspektifinden Bir Tefsiri” (İslâmiyât , I/3 [1998], s. 49-71) adlı makaleleri zikre değer çalışmalardandır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 29; III, 417; V, 133-134.
Dârimî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 21, 22, 24.
Buhârî, “Eymân”, 3, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 13, 14, “Tevḥîd”, 1.
Müslim, “Müsâfirîn”, 259, 261.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Vitir”, 18.
İbn Mâce, “Edeb”, 52.
Tirmîzî, “Tefsîr”, 112/1, 2, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 11.
Nesâî, “İftitâḥu’ṣ-ṣalât”, 69, “İstiʿâẕe”, 1.
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ṣmd” md.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 571-572.
İbnü’d-Düreys, Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Gazve Bedîr), Dımaşk 1408/1988, s. 108-120, 123-124.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , XXX, 221-222.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 243.
Gazzâlî, Cevâhirü’l-Ḳurʾân ve dürerüh (nşr. Lecne), Beyrut 1411/1990, s. 47-48.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , IV, 299.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXXII, 174-185.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , VIII, 538-545.
Süyûtî, Esbâbü’n-nüzûl , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), s. 223-224.
a.mlf., el-İtḳān (Bugā), I, 42, 113-114.
Yûsuf b. Abdullah el-Ermeyûnî, el-Ḳavlü’l-muʿtemed fî tefsîri ḳul hüve’llāhü eḥad (M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf), Beyrut 1418/1997, s. 15-21.
Muhammed Hasan Bükâî, Kitâbnâme-i Büzürg-i Ḳurʾân-ı Kerîm , Tahran 1376, V, 2040-2064.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 537-538 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.