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BÂB-ı HÜMÂYUN Skip to content Topkapı Sarayı denilen Sarây-ı Cedîd’in dışarıya açılan en büyük kapısı.
1/2 Müellif: SEMAVİ EYİCE Bölüme Git
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed İstanbul’un fethinden hemen sonra önce Beyazıt’ta Sarây-ı Atîk’i yaptırmış, bir müddet sonra da şehrin en doğudaki ucunda Sarây-ı …
2/2 Müellif: MEHMET İPŞİRLİ Bölüme Git
Teşkilât. Bâb-ı Hümâyun Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtında çeşitli merasimlerin icrası, saray veya hükümete karşı memnuniyetsizlik ve baş kaldırmanın başlang…
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed İstanbul’un fethinden hemen sonra önce Beyazıt’ta Sarây-ı Atîk’i yaptırmış, bir müddet sonra da şehrin en doğudaki ucunda Sarây-ı Cedîd veya Yeni Saray denilen manzumenin yapımını başlatmıştır. Bütün Osmanlı devri boyunca padişahların oturduğu esas mekân olan ve uzun süre devletin idare merkezi durumunu da muhafaza eden bu saray kompleksi geniş bir alanı kaplıyor ve bunun etrafını Sûr-ı Sultânî denilen bir duvar çeviriyordu. Bu sur duvarında açılan kapılar dışarısı ile bağlantıyı sağlıyordu. Bu kapıların en önemlisi, şehrin içinden gelen ana caddenin (Divanyolu) saraya kavuştuğu yerde açılmış olan âdeta bir zafer takı görünümündeki Bâb-ı Hümâyun’dur. Kapı kemeri üstünde bulunan Arapça kitâbede surun, dolayısıyla kapının Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından Ramazan 883’te (Aralık 1478) yaptırılmış olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kemalpaşazâde surun yapımına başlanış tarihini Zilkade 882 (Şubat 1478) olarak vermektedir. Sarayın en büyük giriş kapısı olan ve tören alaylarının yapıldığı Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üzerinde başlangıçta bir de köşk bulunuyordu.
Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üstündeki köşke Fatih Köşkü denildiği de ileri sürülür. Köşk, Yavuz Sultan Selim devrinde (1512-1520) Mısır’dan getirtilen bazı sanatkârlara tahsis edilmiş, ancak daha sonra, bu insanların saray kapısından girip çıkmaları uygun görülmediğinden, onlara başka bir yer tahsis edilerek burası değişik maksatlarla kullanılmıştır (aş.bk.). Alt kattaki odalar ise sarayın kapılarını beklemekle görevli Kapıcılar Ocağı’ndan Sarây-ı Hümâyun kapıcılarına ayrılmıştı.
Kapı kemerinin üstünde yer alan Sultan II. Mahmud’un (1808-1839) tuğrası, onun devrinde burada bazı değişiklikler yapıldığını göstermektedir. Fakat asıl büyük değişiklik Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-1876) döneminde üstteki köşkün yanması üzerine yapılmıştır. Bu sırada köşk tamamen kaldırılarak burası düz bir teras biçimine sokulmuş ve etrafına konsol çıkmalı bir saçak silmesi yapılmış, terasın kenarlarına da çepeçevre şebekeli korkuluklar konulmuştur. Eski bir fotoğraftan, aslında taş olan cephelerin taş taklidi ve aralarda geometrik süslemeli tuğla taklidi şeritler halinde sıvanarak bezendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Sur bedeniyle aynı karakterde olan kapının iki yanındaki nöbetçi hücreleri ise mermer kaplanmak suretiyle değiştirilmiş, aynı üslûpta mermer süs kaplaması arka yüzde de tekrarlanmıştır. Buralara konulan kitâbelerdeki 1284 (1867-68) ve 1285 (1868-69) tarihleri, bu değişikliğin ne zaman yapıldığı hakkında açık bilgi vermektedir.
I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından İstanbul işgal edildiğinde Fransız kuvvetleri bilhassa sarayın Marmara tarafındaki eski askerî depolara el koymuş, Bâb-ı Hümâyun odalarına da Fransız ordusundaki Senegalli askerleri yerleştirmişlerdi. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Rehberi ’nde 1923 yılında bunların çıkardıkları bir yangın sonunda ahşap kısımların yandığı bildirilmektedir.
1950 yılında Müzeler İdaresi’nce Bâb-ı Hümâyun’da bazı restorasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalar sırasında cepheler raspa edilerek çürüyen taşlar değiştirilmiş, üstteki teras korkulukları kaldırılmış, fakat bunların altındaki konsollu silme bırakılmıştır. Avlu tarafındaki arka cephede ise avluya açılan sivri kemerli üç eyvanı kapatan duvarlar kaldırılmış, buralara demir parmaklıklar konulmuştur. Müzeler İdaresi, Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üstündeki köşk veya kasrın eski resimlerine göre ihyasını da tasarlamış, fakat bu düşünce gerçekleşmemiştir.
16,5 × 39,5 m. ölçülerinde dikdörtgen biçiminde bir kitle teşkil eden Bâb-ı Hümâyun, komşu sur duvarları gibi kesme taştan inşa edilmiş heybetli bir yapıdır. Cephede hâkim unsur, alt kısmında köşelerde yeşil somaki iki sütunçeye dayanan yüksek bir sivri kemerdir. Bunun iki yanında daha alçak birer sivri kemerli nöbetçi hücresi bulunuyordu. 1868 tamirinde bunların içleri ve etrafları mermer kaplanarak dip duvarlarına Türk neo-klasiği üslûbunda birer “ayna” işlenmiştir. Kemerlerin üstlerinde ise birer kitâbe vardır. Bunlardan sağdakinde celî sülüsle “es-Sultânü zıllullāhi fi’l-arz”, soldakinde “Ye’vâ ileyhi küllü mazlûm” (Abdülfettah 1285) yazılmıştır. Büyük kemerin içinde kapı menfezinin üstünde ise Fâtih devrine ait iki kitâbe bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan sivri alınlığı kaplayan ve istif bakımından hat sanatı şaheserlerinden olan celî sülüs müsennâ yazı farklı şekillerde okunmuşsa da doğrusu Hicr sûresinin “İnne’l-müttakīne” diye başlayan 45-48. âyetleridir. Bunun altında dikdörtgen çerçeve içindeki Arapça inşa kitâbesi ise buranın Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından yaptırıldığını ve yapım tarihini belirtmektedir. Kapı nişinin iki yan duvarında yüksekte karşılıklı iki madalyon halindeki yazılar da hat sanatı bakımından çok değerlidir. Bunlardan sağdaki Saf sûresinin 13. âyetinin bir bölümü (nasrun mine’llāhi…) ile “yâ Muhammed” lafzını, soldaki ise Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un yazılarını yazan Fâtih devri büyük hattatlarından Ali Sâfi’nin adını ve künyesini ihtiva etmektedir.
Mermer söveli kapıdan üç bölümlü bir giriş sofasına (veya dehlizine) geçilir. Kapı kanatları dövme demirdendir. Bu sofanın orta kısmını yüksek bir kubbe örter, üç bölümün üstleri ise daha alçak beşik tonozlarla örtülmüştür. Bu giriş sofasının iki yanındaki kapılar, yanlardaki kubbeli odalara ve yukarıdaki asma kat odalarına çıkan merdivenlere açılır. Herhalde evvelce bu merdivenlerden Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üstündeki köşke de çıkılıyordu. Asma kat odaları avlu tarafındaki cephede açılmış pencerelerden ışık almaktadır.
Bâb-ı Hümâyun kitlesinin birinci avluya bakan cephesi de aynı mimari karakterdedir. Burada da kapı ve yanındaki hücreler Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında ön yüzdeki gibi mermer kaplanmış ve yazılarla süslenmiştir. Dış yüzdeki âyetlerden ibaret olan bu yazıları hazırlayan hattat Abdülfettah Efendi’nin (ö. 1896) adı ile öndeki kitâbeden bir yıl farklı olarak 1284 tarihi görülür. Kapı alınlığının içine, ön cephedeki girift istifli yazının aynen benzeri taklit edilerek işlenmiştir. Yay kemerli kapı açıklığının ortasında da Sultan Abdülaziz’in tuğrası bulunmaktadır.
Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üstündeki köşkü sağlam hali ile gösteren eski resimler vardır. Bunların içinde en eskisi, XVI. yüzyılda Seyyid Lokmân’ın Hünernâme ’sindeki minyatürdür. Burada kapı ve köşkün bütün ayrıntıları gösterilmemiştir. Daha sonraları ise İstanbul’da bulunmuş T. Allom, I. Melling ve G. Fossati gibi ressam ve mimarlar da Bâb-ı Hümâyun’u gösteren resimler yapmışlardır. Çizdikleri ve yayımladıkları gravürlere göre bu köşk iki sıra pencere ile aydınlanan, cephelerinde hiçbir çıkması olmayan bir yapı idi. İç düzeni ve süslemesi hakkında herhangi bir bilgi olmamakla beraber Sedat H. Eldem bu köşkün iç mimarisi hakkında tahminlere dayanan bir çizim yapmıştır.
Bâb-ı Hümâyun, üstündeki köşk veya kasrın yok olması ile gerçek hüviyetini bir dereceye kadar kaybetmiş ve 1868 tamirinde cepheleri aslından değişik bir görünüş almış bulunmakla beraber Osmanlı tarihinin en büyük sarayının ana girişi olarak büyük bir tarihî değere sahiptir. İstanbul’da fetihten sonra yerleşen Türk mimarisinin ilk örneklerinden olarak da sanat tarihi bakımından ayrıca önem taşır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. I. Melling, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore , Paris 1819, lv. 12.
Th. Allom – R. Walsh, Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor , London 1838, II, 6-7.
G. Fossati, Aya Sofia , London 1852, lv. 23-24.
Halil Ethem [Eldem], Topkapı Sarayı , İstanbul 1931, s. 10.
Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Rehberi , İstanbul 1933, s. 3-4, rs. 1-3.
Nigâr Anafarta, Hünernâme Minyatürleri ve Sanatçıları , İstanbul 1969, lv. 38.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III-IV , s. 694-701.
a.mlf. – R. Ekrem Koçu, “Bâbıhümayûn”, İst.A , IV, 1765-1771.
Sedad Hakkı Eldem – Feridun Akozan, Topkapı Sarayı: Bir Mimari Araştırma , İstanbul 1982, s. 68-69, lv. 31-33.
Semavi Eyice, Topkapı Sarayı , İstanbul 1985, s. 7.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 359-361 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Teşkilât. Bâb-ı Hümâyun Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtında çeşitli merasimlerin icrası, saray veya hükümete karşı memnuniyetsizlik ve baş kaldırmanın başlangıç yeri ve aynı zamanda suçluların teşhir mahalli olarak önemli bir yer işgal etmiştir.
Burada alışılagelmiş şekildeki merasimlerin başında, Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un toplantı günlerinde yapılan merasim gelirdi. Divan toplantılarının düzenli olarak yapıldığı XVI-XVII. yüzyıllarda divan üyesi olan vezirler, kazaskerler ve devlet erkânı sabah namazını Ayasofya Camii’nde kıldıktan sonra Bâb-ı Hümâyun önünde kendilerine ayrılan mevkilerde yer alırlar, yeniçeri ve diğer bölük ağaları ile saray görevlileri de burada iki sıra halinde dizilirlerdi. Alkış merasiminden sonra duacı ortaya çıkarak dua edip Fâtiha okur, ardından Bâb-ı Hümâyun kapıları açılır, önce yol gösterici olarak kapıcılar kethüdâsı ve reîsülküttâb, arkasından da diğer devlet erkânı girerdi. Daha sonra sadrazamın buradan geçişinde de merasim yapılırdı.
Bayramlarda ise gece yarısından itibaren Bâb-ı Hümâyun açılır, tebrik merasimine katılacak olanlar gelmeye başlarlardı. Seviyelerine göre divanda ve divan dışında kendilerine ayrılan yerlere otururlardı.
Osmanlı sultanlarının sefere hareketlerinden önce tuğ-ı hümâyun Bâb-ı Hümâyun veya çok defa Bâbüssaâde önünde dikilir, burada merasim yapılırdı. Osmanlı şehzadelerinin sancak beyi olarak saraydan çıkışlarında ise genellikle Bâb-ı Hümâyun önünden başlayarak ihtişamlı merasimler icra edilirdi. Nitekim Şehzade III. Mehmed’in sancağa çıkış merasiminin çok ihtişamlı olduğu devrin kaynaklarında belirtilmektedir (Selânikî, s. 142).
Bâb-ı Hümâyun aynı zamanda Osmanlı tarihinde saraydan veya Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’dan çeşitli isteklerde bulunan, divanın icraatını engellemek isteyen ve idareye kafa tutan yeniçeri ve bölük halkının toplantı ve nümayiş yeri olmuştur. Meselâ II. Bayezid’in şehzadeleri Ahmed ile Selim arasındaki ihtilâflarda Ahmed’i istemeyen yeniçeriler; ayrıca II. Selim’in tahta çıkışı sırasında askerler ve IV. Murad’ın saltanatı sırasında Sadrazam Hâfız Ahmed Paşa ve diğer bazı devlet erkânının başlarını isteyen zorbalar Bâb-ı Hümâyun önünde toplanarak pazarlık yapmak istemişlerdir. Patrona İsyanı’nda (1730) âsilerin istediği üç vezirin cesetleri öküz arabaları üzerinde Bâb-ı Hümâyun’dan çıkarılarak kendilerine teslim edilmiş, Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın naaşı ise Bâb-ı Hümâyun önünde isyancıların beklediği meydana konulmuştur. Ancak daha sonra Patrona Halil ile isyana katılan zorbaların cesetleri de Bâb-ı Hümâyun’dan aynı şekilde çıkarılmıştır.
Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un önü aynı zamanda bir teşhir alanı olarak da kullanılmıştır. Âsilerin ve eşkıyanın kafalarının ibret için burada teşhir edilip günlerce kaldığı olurdu (Ayvansarâyî, s. 186, 189).
Bütün bunların yanında Bâb-ı Hümâyun üzerindeki köşk muhallefât hazinesinin muhafazası için de kullanılmıştır. Hazinedarbaşının nezâretinde bulunan bu hazine Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un sağındaki odada muhafaza edilirdi. Ayrıca Bâb-ı Hümâyun odaları bir süre defter-i hâkānî mahzeni yani arşiv dairesi olarak da kullanılmıştır.
Topkapı Sarayı ile Bâb-ı Hümâyun’u bekleyen ve sarayın güvenliğinden sorumlu olan kapıcıların bir kısmına Bâb-ı Hümâyun kapıcıları denilirdi. Bunların sayısını XVII. yüzyıl başlarında Ayn Ali 417 (Risâle-i Vazîfehorân , s. 93), ondan biraz sonra Koçi Bey 400 olarak göstermektedir (Risâle , s. 18). XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında beş bölük halindeki Bâb-ı Hümâyun kapıcılarının sayılarının hayli azaldığı görülmektedir.
Osmanlılar döneminde çeşitli diplomatik görevlerle veya seyyah olarak İstanbul’a gelenler rapor veya seyahatnâmelerinde bu âbidevî binadan sık sık bahsetmişlerdir. Ancak özellikle XIX. yüzyılda, kısa süre İstanbul’da kalıp eksik ve yanlış bilgiler edinen bazı Batılı seyyahlar Bâb-ı Hümâyun tabirini yanlışlıkla Bâbıâli için kullanmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , Cevdet-Zabtiye, nr. 2335.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , bk. İndeks.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , II, 89, 95, 124.
Ayn Ali, Risâle-i Vazîfehorân , s. 93.
Koçi Bey, Risâle , s. 18.
D’Ohsson, Tableau général , VII, 78.
Ayvansarâyî, Mecmûa-i Tevârih (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk), İstanbul 1985, s. 186, 189.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 221.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , I, 422-423; II, 371-372; III, 1.
Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı , tür.yer.
a.mlf., Merkez-Bahriye , tür.yer.
Münir Aktepe, Patrona İsyanı (1370) , İstanbul 1958, s. 151-152, 154, 176, 179.
U. Heyd, “Bāb-ı Humāyūn”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 836-837.
a.mlf., “Bâb-ı Hümâyûn”, UDMİ , III, 797-798.
A. Sh. Shahbazı, “Bāb-e Homāyūn”, EIr. , III, 284-285.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 361-362 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.